vii TABEL OF CONTENTS CHAPTER TITLE PAGE TITLE i DECLARATION ii DEDICATION iii ACKNOWLEDGMENT iv ABSTRACT v ABSTRAK vi TABLE OF CONTENTS vii LIST OF TABLES xii LIST OF FIGURES xiii LIST OF SYMBOLS xvi LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS xvii LIST OF APPENDICES vii 1 INTRODUCTION 1.1 Introduction 1 1.2 Problem Statement 2 1.3 Objective 3 1.4 Scope of Research 4 1.5 Research Methodology 4 1.6 Specification 5 1.7 Thesis Outline 6
viii 2 LITERATURE REVIEW 2.1 Introduction 7 2.2 Microstrip patch antenna 9 2.3 Microstrip patch antenna properties 2.3.1 Characteristic Impedance 2.3.2 Reflection coefficient 2.3.3 VSWR and Return Loss (RL) 2.3.4 Radiation pattern 2.3.5 Half Power Beamwidth (HPBW) 2.3.6 Bandwidth 2.3.7 Polarization 2.3.8 Radiating Microstrip Patch 11 11 12 12 13 16 16 17 17 2.4 Microstrip patch Antenna Application 19 2.5 Active Integrated Antennas 2.5.1 Oscillator type AIA 2.5.2 Frequency Conversion type AIA 2.5.3 Amplifier type AIA 20 21 22 22 2.6 Low Noise Amplifier 23 2.6.1 Low noise amplifier design 24 2.6.2 Gain & Noise Parameters 26 2.6.3 Quarter-wave stubs 27 2.6.4 Quarter-wave transformers 28 2.6.5 Microstrip radial stub 29 2.6.6 Amplifier s Biasing Circuit Design 30 2.7 Previous works 31 2.8 Summary 35
ix 3 DESIGN METHODOLOGY 3.1 Introduction 36 3.2 Square Patch Design Calculation for Single Frequency 36 3.3 Dual Band Active Integrated Antenna Design 42 3.4 Design Methodology 42 3.5 Materials Selection 46 3.6 Prototype Fabrication 46 3.7 Dual band microstrip monopole antenna for WLAN 46 3.7.1 Design specification of dual band microstrip monopole antenna for WLAN 46 3.7.2 Simulation of dual band microstrip monopole antenna for WLAN 3.7.3 Fabrication of dual band microstrip monopole antenna for WLAN 3.7.3.1 Generate mask on transparency 3.7.3.2 Photo exposure process 3.7.3.3 Etching in developer solution 3.7.3.4 Etching in Ferric Chloride 3.7.3.5 Soldering the probe 3.7.4 Measurement equipment 52 3.8 Low Noise Amplifier Design for Dual Operating Frequency (2.4GHz) and (5.8GHz) 52 3.8.1 Dual Band Active Integrated Antenna 53 Design 3.8.2 3.8.3 3.8.4 3.8.5 3.8.6 Specifications and design Impedance matching network Low noise Amplifier s DC Bias network Stability Analysis Schematic and layout 53 54 55 55 56 3.9 Active Antenna design 59 48 49 49 49 49 50 50
x 4 RESULTS COMPARISON AND ANALYSIS 4.1 Introduction 61 4.2 Dual-band miniaturized printed monopole antenna for wireless local area network 61 4.2.1 Layout Dimensions 62 4.2.2 Return Loss 63 4.2.3 Radiation pattern 65 4.3 Simple printed dual-band planar monopole antenna for Wireless Local Area Network 69 4.3.1 Layout Dimensions 70 4.3.2 Return Loss 71 4.3.3 Radiation pattern 72 4.4 Compact ring monopole antenna with double meander lines is proposed for wireless local area networks applications in IEEE 802.11b/g/a system 77 4.4.1 Layout Dimensions 77 4.4.2 Return Loss 78 4.4.3 Radiation pattern 80 4.5 The dual-band miniaturized printed microstrip monopole antenna for integration in modem wireless systems 84 4.5.1 Layout Dimensions 84 4.5.2 Return Loss 85 4.5.3 Radiation pattern 86 4.6 Comparison between the models 91 4.7 Simulation and results of low noise amplifier 4.7.1 GAIN (S21) at 2.4GHz and 5.8GHz 4.7.2 Return loss at (S11) 2.4GHz and 5.8GHz 4.7.3 Output return loss (S22) at 2.4 and 5.8GHz 4.7.4 Noise Figure Measurement at 2.4& 5.8GHz 91 92 93 94 94
xi 5 CONCLUSION AND FUTURE WORK 5.1 Conclusion 96 5.2 Proposed Future Works 97 REFERENCES 98 Appendices A - F 101-129
xii LIST OF TABLES TABLE NO. TITLE PAGE 3.1 Square microstrip patch antenna parameters 41 3.2 Four models of Dual Band Microstrip Monopole Antenna for WLAN 47 3.3 Low noise amplifier specification 54 4.1 Simulation result (model1) 64 4.2 Measurement result (model1) 64 4.3 Simulation result (model2) 72 4.4 Measurement result (model2) 72 4.5 Simulation result (model3) 79 4.6 Measurement result (model3) 79 4.7 Simulation result (model4) 86 4.8 Measurement result (model4) 86 4.9 The cooperation measurement result between four models 91
xiii LIST OF FIGURES FIGURE NO. TITLE PAGE 2.1 Various antennas 8 2.2 Common Shapes of Microstrip Patch Elements 9 2.3 Structure of a Microstrip Patch Antenna 10 2.4(a) Three-dimensional antenna radiation polar pattern 15 2.4(b) Two-dimensional antenna radiation pattern 15 2.5a Geometry for analyzing the Edge-Fed Microstrip Patch Antenna 18 2.5b Side view showing the electric fields 18 2.5c Top view showing the fringing electric fields that are responsible for radiation 19 2.6 Configuration of active integrated microstrip antenna 20 2.7 LNA conjugates matching 24 2.8 LNA Circuit layout 26 2.9 ADS models of open and short circuit stub 28 2.10 The layout of a radial stub 29 2.11 Amplifier biasing circuit layout 30 3.1 Structure of a patch antenna 37 3.2 Inset feed technique 40 3.3 Integrated Receiving Antennas 42 3.4 Circuit pattern on transparency 50 3.5 Photo exposure machine 50 3.6 Etching in developer solution 51 3.7 Etching in ferric chloride 51
xiv 3.8 Soldering process 51 3.9 Hand held spectrum analyzer 52 3.10 Source matching 54 3.11 Load matching 54 3.12 DC Bias network 55 3.13 ADS simulation with S2P data of the initial design 57 3.14 Linecale a utility of ADS 57 3.15 Complete schematic of low noise amplifier design with matching network 58 3.16 Layout of the low noise amplifier 59 3.17 Layout of the active antenna 60 4.1 Layout dimensions (model1) 62 4.2 Simulated and measured Return loss (model1) 64 4.3(a) Simulated E-field radiation pattern at 2.4 GHZ (model1) 65 4.3(b) Simulated H-field radiation pattern at 2.4GHZ (model1) 66 4.3(c) Simulated E-field radiation pattern at 5.8GHZ (model1) 66 4.3(d) Simulated H-field radiation pattern at 5.8GHZ (model1) 67 4.3(a) Measured E-field radiation pattern at 2.4 GHZ (model1) 67 4.4(b) Measured H-field radiation pattern at 2.4GHZ (model1) 68 4.4(c) Measured E-field radiation pattern at 5.8GHZ (model1) 68 4.4(d) Measured H-field radiation pattern at 5.8GHZ (model1) 69 4.5 Layout dimensions (model1) 70 4.6 Simulated and measured Return loss (model2) 71 4.7(a) Simulated E-field radiation pattern at 2.4 GHZ (model 2) 73 4.7(b) Simulated H-field radiation pattern at 2.4GHZ (model 2) 73 4.7(c) Simulated E-field radiation pattern at 5.8GHZ (model 2) 74 4.7(d) Simulated H-field radiation pattern at 5.8GHZ (model 2) 74 4.8(a) Measured E-field radiation pattern at 2.4 GHZ (model 2) 75 4.8(b) Measured H-field radiation pattern at 2.4GHZ (model 2) 75 4.8(c) Measured E-field radiation pattern at 5.8GHZ (model 2) 76 4.8(d) Measured H-field radiation pattern at 5.8GHZ (model 2) 76
xv 4.9 Layout dimension (model 3) 78 4.10 Simulated and measured Return loss (model3) 79 4.11(a) Simulated E-field radiation pattern at 2.4 GHZ (model 3) 80 4.11(b) Simulated H-field radiation pattern at 2.4GHZ (model 3) 80 4.11(c) Simulated E-field radiation pattern at 5.8GHZ (model 3) 81 4.11(d) Simulated H-field radiation pattern at 5.8GHZ (model 3) 81 4.12(a) Measured E-field radiation pattern at 2.4 GHZ (model 3) 82 4.12(b) Measured H-field radiation pattern at 2.4GHZ (model 3) 82 4.12(c) Measured E-field radiation pattern at 5.8GHZ (model 3) 83 4.12(d) Measured H-field radiation pattern at 5.8GHZ (model 3) 83 4.13 Layout dimensions (model 4) 84 4.14 Simulated and measured Return loss (model4) 85 4.15(a) Simulated E-field radiation pattern at 2.4 GHZ (model 4) 87 4.15(b) Simulated H-field radiation pattern at 2.4GHZ (model 4) 87 4.15(c) Simulated E-field radiation pattern at 5.8GHZ (model 4) 88 4.15(d) Simulated H-field radiation pattern at 5.8GHZ (model 4) 88 4.16(a) Measured E-field radiation pattern at 2.4 GHZ (model 4 89 4.16(b) Measured H-field radiation pattern at 2.4GHZ (model 4) 89 4.16(c) Measured E-field radiation pattern at 5.8GHZ (model 4) 90 4.16(d) Measured H-field radiation pattern at 5.8GHZ (model 4) 90 4.17 GAIN (S21) 92 4.18 Return loss (S11) 93 4.19 Output return loss (S22) 94 4.20 Noise figure 95
xvi LIST OF SYMBOLS Zo - Characteristic Impedance ZL - Load Impedance Zin - Input Impedance RL - Return Loss S11 - S parameter from port 1 to port 1 - Wavelength g or d - Dielectric guided wavelength o - Free space wavelength tan - Dielectric loss tangent f - Frequency fc - Resonant Frequency reff - Effective dielectric constant o - Dielectric constant of free space r or d - Relative Dielectric constant / permittivity W or a - Conductor width W/L - Patch conductor width over length ratio h - Height of dielectric layer I - Current V - Voltage pf / F - Piko Farade / Farade T - Reflection coeffic
xvii LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS ADS - Advanced Design System AIA - Active Integrated Antenna AIA with LNA - Active Integrated Antenna with Low Noise Amplifier BW - Bandwidth CAD - Computer Aided Design db - Decibel GHz - Giga Hertz MHz - Mega Hertz L - Length LAN - Local Area Network RF - Radio Frequency W - Width Z0 - Characteristic Impedance G - Gain LNA - Low Noise Amplifier ISM - Industrial Science Medical MIC - Microwave Integrated Circuit MMIC - Monolithic Microwave Integrated Circuit VSWR - Voltage Standered Wave Ratio RL - Return Loss HPBW - Half Power Beam Width DBS - Direct Broadcast Services EM - Electromagnetic UV - Ultraviolet NF - Noise Figure MOM - Method of Moment
xviii LIST OF APPENDICES APPENDIX TITLE PAGE A Dual-band miniaturized printed monopole antenna for wireless local area network (WLAN) 101 B Simple printed dual-band planar monopole antenna for Wireless Local Area Network (WLAN) 102 C D Compact ring monopole antenna with double meander lines is proposed for wireless local area networks (WLAN) The dual-band printed microstrip monopole antenna for integration in modem wireless systems 103 104 E F MGA-21108,Broadband Fully Integrated Matched Low-Noise Amplifier MMIC(Data sheet) Published Papers 105 126