myapd;a kq;kjdofha uq,sl újdoh udlaiajdoh iu.hs uydpd¾h uefkac¾ mdkafâha isxy, mßj¾;kh( Wmq,a rxð;a fyajdú;dk.uf.a yska wohhkdxyh" le, h úyajúohd,h Ndú; Yío ixfla;( i`coa`col WÉpdrKh = ` ^f`ï" id`pd& (aw) WÉpdrKh = _ ^ ¾" fpdafí& Abstract This discussion deals with the impact of Post Modernism on Hindi literature. Professor Devendra Chaube (Centre of Indian Languages, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi) interviews Professor Manager Pandey on the subject, and it was published in the monthly Hindi literary magazine Aajkal (2006) in India. Professor Pandey is a renowned critic in the field of Modern Hindi Literature, who pioneered the fields of Marxist criticism and creative writing in Hindi literature. He authored several books on Hindi literary criticism. He retired from his academic life as a Senior Professor of the Centre of Indian Languages, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, India. ìydrfha f.damd,a.xê Èia;%slalfha.ïudkhl 1941 iema;eïn¾ 23 Èk Wm;,enQ uydpd¾h uefkac¾ mdkafâha kjè,a,sfha msysá cjdy¾,d,a fkayare úyajúohd,fha Ndr;Sh NdId wohhkdxyfha fchiag uydpd¾hjrhd f,i fiajh lf<ah' Tyq kq;k yska idys;h úpdrlhka w;r by<skau ms<s.eksug,la jqfjl= jk w;r" woh;k yska idys;h úpdr fcia;%fha udlaiajd úpdrh iy ksu_dkd;aul f,alkh iïnkaofhka kj uxfm;a újr lr ÿka idys;horfhl= f,i o ms<s.efkhs' znla;s wdkafoda,ka ;:d iq¾odia ld ldjhz" zyíoa ¾ l¾ïz" zidys;h ¾ b;sydia ls odiaáz" zidys;h fla iudêydia;% ls N+ñldZ" zwkne id`pdz wdè ld;s Tyq úiska úrñ; jvd;a l;dnyg,la jq ld;skah' zwdêl,az yska idys;h iy ixiald;sl udislh" 2006 iema;eïn¾ l,dmfhys m< flrekq" yska idys;h úpdrlhl= iy m%nkaol;d rplhl=o jk cjdy¾,d,a fkayare úyajúohd,fha Ndr;Sh NdId wohhkdxyfha uydpd¾h foafõkaø fpdafí úiska iuld,sk idys;h úpdr Odrdjka ms<sn j uydpd¾h mdkafâha iu. mj;ajk,o fuu iïuql idlépdj isxy,g mßj¾;kh lf<a le,ksh úyajúohd,fha yska wohhkdxyfha wxydêm;s uydpd¾h Wmq,a rxð;a fyajdú;dk.uf.a' uydpd¾h foafõkaø fpdafí( ux ys;kafk uydpd¾h;=uks wms wfma l;dny fvßvdf.ka mgka.;af;d;a fyd hs' Tyq mjik wdldrhg zzb;sydih,shq fohls' tys lsisÿ ksyañ; w¾:hla ke;af;ah'zz fvßvdf.a fï m%ldyh;a iu. zmyapd;a kq;kjdohz hkak Tn ú.%y lrkafka l=uk wdldrhgo@ uydpd¾h mdkafâha( fvßvd myapd;a kq;kjdoh ms<s.kak flfkla fkfuhs' ta tlalu zmyapd;a kq;kjdohz lshk tfl;a lsisÿ ksyañ; w¾:hla olskakg keye' myapd;a kq;kjd úpdrlhka hehs lshk fndfyda wh ms<s.;a; ldrkhla jkafka ;uka myapd;a kq;kjd ka fkdjk njhs' tu ksid fvßvdf.a fï m%ldyh myapd;a kq;kjd woyila f,i ms<s.kakg wudrehs' fï m%ldyh ms<sn j fjku meyeè,s lsíula l<fyd;a th f;areï.kakg yels fõú' fvßvd ;ukaf.a m%ldyhg wkqj jeämqru jeo.;alula ;sfnkafka wksyañ;;djghs' zmdgz fyj;a z,shk foh$ks¾udk ld;shz (text) hkak ms<sn j ksyañ; w¾:hla ke;' fuh Tnf.a m%yakh yd ne ;sfnkakla' fï wdldrhg myapd;a kq;kjdoh yd iïnkaoj ia:dmkh fldg we;s u;jdohkays;a lsisÿ ksyañ; w¾:hla.eí ù ke;h hkak meyeè,sj m%ldy l< yelshs' myapd;a kq;kjdoh iïnkaofhka úúo meyeè,s lsíï olskakg,efnkj' ud okafk keye fuh w;syfhdala;shlao lsh," ta;a myapd;a kq;kjdoh iïnkaofhka l;d lrk msßi fldf;lao" ta yd iudkju woyiao wikakg,efnkj' fvßvdf.a m%ldyh ikao¾n lsysmhla ;=< f;areï.eksu wjyhhs' 236
zmdgz hkafkka wms woyia lrkafk,så; mdg fyj;a,shk foaj,a$ks¾udk (texts)' mqrdkfha,shejqkq oe iïnkaofhka kj jhdlhdjka bèßm;a lrñka kj od¾yksl odiaáhl úldikh isÿ jqkd' o¾ykh úifhè fuh wms y kd.kafk fndfyda ld,hla mqrd ye jevqkq iïm%odhla yeáhghs' uf.a woyfia yeáhg fvßvdf.a fï m%ldyfhys uq,slju o¾ykh yd iïnkao fuu iïm%odh we;=<;a ù ;sfnkj' zmdgz hkafkys wfkla iajremh idys;h ld;sj, olskakg,efnkj' myapd;a kq;kjdofhè f,allhdg jeo.;alula fokafk keye' úpdrlhka fom,la jk frda,kaâ nd;a iy *Qflda mjikafk f,allhdg jeo.;alula u wkjyh nj;a" jeo.;a jkafka Tyq úiska,shk,o foh njhs' frda,kaâ nd;a mjik wdldrhg zf,allhdf.a urkfha jákdlu u; Tyq,shQ oe iy mdglhd ms<sn jeo.;alu ia:dms; fjkj'z,shk,o foh iy mdglhd w;r we;s iïnkaoh mukla úpdrfha m%odk flakaøia:dkh jk w;r" f,allhd iy,shq foh w;r we;s iïnkaohg ;ekla ysñjkafk keye' fujeks ;;a;ajhla hgf;a mdglhd ksrka;rj fjkia fjkj' yeu hq.hlu kj mdglhd mer rpkdjka.ek kj w¾:l:k imhkj' tu ksid fvßvdf.a fï m%ldyh yd iïnkao tla idolhla kï idys;hhsl rpkdj, w¾:h iïnkaofhka jk úúo;ajhhs' fvßvdf.a u;hg wkqj ish,a,u zixisoaëkaz yeáhg ie,lsu wmg nrm;< wmyiqjla we;s lrkakla' Tyq lshk wdldrhg Nothing is outside text or beyond text. fï lshk wdldrhg f,dalfha isÿ jk ieu isÿ ùulau" we;s jk ;;a;ajhlau" fï ish,a,u zmdgz (texts) yeáhghs ie,flkafk' fukak fu;eka mgka ;uhs znhdkl w¾: úm¾hdihz isÿ jkakg mgka.kafk' Tyq lshk wdldrhg wmsg ms<s.kakg isoao fjkjd" brdlfha wfußldkq wdl%ukh hk isoaêh ztl mdghlaz f,i.;fyd;a" tys tla w¾:hla ckdêm;s fcda¾ê nqya bèßm;a lrkj" wfkla w¾:h bèßm;a lrkafk brdl ck;dj' b;sydih kue;s l%shdoduh ;=< fï u; fol w;r >Ügkhla mj;skjd' m%yakhla mek k.skafka fï u; folgu msáka isák lsishï mqoa.,fhl=g fï u; folska tlla ms<s.eksug isÿ jk úghs' ulaksido h;a" fï zisÿ ùuz kue;s mdgfhys w¾: folla we;s nj lsu mukla m%udkj;a fjkafk ke;s ksid' ta tlalu w¾: folla we;s nj lsfuys;a lsisÿ w¾:hla ke;s ksid' msáka isák mqoa.,hdg lshkakg isÿ fjkjd Tyq f;areï.kakd ksjerè w¾:h l=ulao lsh,' tu ksid fvßvdf.a fï m%ldyfhys w¾:h ms<sn wúksyañ;;djla we;s w;r" úpdrlhdf.a iodpdrj;a Ndjh ms<sn wúksyañ;;djla olskakg,efnkj' fujeks ;;a;ajhla hgf;a zw¾:hz" zwk¾:hz njg m;a fjkj' bkaèhdfõ W;a;¾ m%foaya m%dka;fha wfhdaohd k.rfha msysá zndíí uqia,sï m,a,shz úkdy lsíu tla zisÿ ùulaz ke;fyd;a zmdghlaz f,i.;fyd;a" yskaÿjd ka tys olskafk ztla w¾:hlaz" uqia,sïjre olskafk z;j;a w¾:hlaz' z;=kajeks w¾:hlaz olskjd rfü m%cd;ka;%jdoh n,dfmdfrd;a;= jk ck;dj' fï zw¾: ;=kuz ksjerèhs' lsisjla lsj hq;=u ke;s jqk;a" ;u;ukaf.a iodpdrd;aul j.lsfuka ;uka ñèh hq;= fjkj' ta ksid fvßvdf.a m%ldyfhys,siaikiq.;sh wêlhs' tjeks reî iys; jdlhhka (idiomatic sentences) ksid fujeks wk;=reodhl ;;a;ajhka we;s ùu isÿ fjkjd' uydpd¾h foafõkaø fpdafí( woh;k Ndr;fha úúo úpdr Odrdjka flakaø fldg.ksñka úúo jdo-újdo olskakg,efnkj' tajd w;r myapd;a kq;kjdoh yd iïnkao újdohka Tn olskafk fldfyduo@ uydpd¾h mdkafâha( ud okakd ;rug ieu bkaèhdkq NdIdjlu myapd;a kq;kjdoh iïnkaofhka idlépd isÿ flfrkjd" jdo---újdo isÿ flfrkjd' wms ta ish foa.ek okafk keye' Tn okafk;a keye' ta;a yska yd bx.%sis hk NdId foflys isÿ jk jdo--újdo wms okakj' bx.%sis niska flfrk myapd;a kq;kjdoh yd iïnkao újdohka" ngysr rgj, isÿ flfrk myapd;a kq;kjd újdoj,u ;j;a úia;rd;aul ;;a;ajhla ú;rhs' uu tfyu lshkafk" myapd;a kq;kjdoh iïnkaofhka lsishï w ;a fohla lshk--lrk bkaèhdfõ lsisu bx.%sis f,allfhl=f. fmd;la olskak,eì, keye' yska niska isÿ flfrk myapd;a kq;kjdoh yd iïnkao újdoj, ;;a;ajh b;du my;a uügulhs ;sfhkafk' 237
yskaèfhys myapd;a kq;kjdoh.ek lsisÿ.euqre úpdrhla isÿ fj,du keye' ug fmfkk wdldrhg myapd;a kq;kjdoh.ek yskaèfhka hula,shejqkdo" ta ish,a, bx.%sis niska myapd;a kq;kjdoh.ek m< jq foaj,a kej; bèßm;a lsíula ú;rhs' yska úpdrlhl= jk iqëya mfpdaí myapd;a kq;kjdoh.ek,shk flfkla' ta;a Tyq myapd;a kq;kjdoh.ek,shkafk zmyapd;a kq;kjd NdIdfjkauhs'Z ta ksid Tyq,shk,smsj,ska myapd;a kq;kjdoh ms<sn lsishï Ñ;%hla mdghlhka bèßfha ;enqk;a" th meyeè,s ;;a;ajhl we;s Ñ;%hla fkdfjhs' újdoh.ek lshkjd kï meyeè,sju lsj hq;=hs" myapd;a kq;kjdohg mokï jk uq,sl újdoh we;af;a udlaiajdoh iu.hs' bkaèhdkq udlaiajd ka myapd;a kq;kjdoh u;= lrk m%yakj,g id¾:l ms<s;=re ÿkakdh lshd uu úyajdi lrkafk keye' ud okakd ;rug uydpd¾h rkaë¾ isxya iy tacdê ueyauqoa hk fofokd mukla myapd;a kq;kjdoh iïnkaofhka.euqßka újdohla lsíug W;aidyhla.;a;d' ta ksid ud lshkafk" myapd;a kq;kjdoh kshudldrfhka f;areï.eksug yd f;areï lr fï wjyh;dj yska f,allhka Ndr.; hq;= j.lsula f,i ;sfnk njhs' úpdrh iy úfõpkh hk ikao¾nhkays by; woyig jeo.;alula Èh hq;af;a fufiah' lsishï u;jdohla jerè nj ;udg jegyqk;a" th ms<s fkdf.k isákjdg jvd l< hq;= jeo.;a ld¾hh jkafka" tu u;jdoh fndre lsíuhs" mqiaila nj fmkajd uhs' hula ms<sfkdf.k isàu ;=< nqoaêuh m%h;akhla olskak,efnkak keye' ta;a tu u;jdoh fndre lsíu ;=< nqoaêuh W;af;ackhla" m%h;akhla wjyhfhkau olskakg,efnkj' ta ksid yskaèfhys udlaiajd f,allhka myapd;a kq;kjdoh ms<sfkdf.k isàug fndfyda jev lghq;= l<;a" th fndrejlehs Tmamq lsíug Tjqka lr we;af;a b;du;a w,am jev fldgila' uydpd¾h foafõkaø fpdafí( myapd;a kq;kjdoh ;yjqre lrkakg bèßm;a lrk ;¾l ;uhs" thska ia:dksh iajdh;a;;dj fyj;a ia:dksh ksoyi yd úflakaøslrkh ms<sn miqìu Yla;siïmkak jqkd hehs lsu' ta tlal u myapd;a hg;aúð;jd idys;hh" f;jk f,dalfha idys;hh" ldka;dj yd l idys;hh" o,s;a fyj;a msä; idys;hh wdè úihhka uoh.; ;;a;ajhlg meñkshd hehs lsu wdèh' Tn;=ud fï ;¾lj,g fldf;la ÿrg tlõ fjkjdo@ uydpd¾h mdkafâha( Tn lshk m%odk.eg ;=kla yskaèfhys jf.au f,dal idys;hfhys;a idlépd fjñka meje;=kd myapd;a kq;kjdoh meñfkkakg fndfyda ld,hlg fmr isgu' ldka;d iajdëk;ajh yd mrdëk;ajh ms<sn újdoh" bkaèhdkq iudc ikao¾nfhys o,s;ajre fyj;a msä; l=,yskhkaf.a iajdëk;ajh yd mrdëk;ajh ms<sn újdoh ke;fyd;a ta yd ne Kq msä; idys;hh ms<sn m%yakh" ta iu.u iudcfha flakaø.; mqoa.,hkag tfrys iudcdka;sl mqoa.,hkaf.a wr.,h wdè ish,a, myapd;a kq;kjdoh tkakg fndfyda l,lg fmr isgu ;snqkq újdohka' myapd;a kq;kjdoh lshkafk kslïu kslï jpkhla fkfjhs' úpdr iïm%odhla f,i tys b;sydih foi ne jfyd;a tys wdrïnh isÿ jq nj fmfkkafk 1980 wdikakfhaè' Bg állg l,ska *Qflda fuhg tl;= fldg ne jfyd;a fuys b;sydih 70 oylh olajd Èfjkj' wfkla w;g yefudau okak ldrkhla ;uhs myapd;a kq;kjdoh úpdr Odrdjla f,i ia:dms; lrkakg m%isoao m%xy úpdrlfhl= jq,sfhda;d¾ ;u Postmodern Condition kue;s ld;sfhka ormq W;aidyh' kuq;a" ldka;d iajdëk;ajh iïnkaofhka uq f,dalhu me;a;lska ;sín;a yska idys;hfhys fuh 40 oylfha isgu wvq--jeä jyfhka olskakg,efnk újdohla' uydfoaù j¾ud lsú hf.a m%isoao ld;sh zyaßxä,d ls lä`hdz ^l%shdodufha mqrela& 1935 jir wdikakfha weh úiska,shk,o,sms tl;=jla" fuh fmd;la f,i m%ldyhg m;a jqfka 1942 hs' thska lshefjkafk" yska idys;hfha fukau bkaèhdfj ldka;djkaf.a iajdëk;ajh ms<sn m%yakh" rfü iajdëk;ajh ms<sn m%yakh;a iu. iïnkao ù ;snqkq wdldrhhs' bka miafi Tng oel.kakg mq jka fukak fï jeo.;a ldrkh' ta lshkafk" yska idys;hfhys ldka;d iajdëk;ajh iïnkaofhka jk idys;hhg,efnk by< n,meula,efnkafk ldka;djkaf.a ks¾udkys,s;ajfhkqhss' yska idys;hfhys ldka;djkaf.a ks¾udkys,s;ajh ms<sn b;sydih-m%udkd;aulj w,am jqj;a- we;af;kau iefyk mer hs' tfy;a" tys jvd;a úêu;a wdrïnhla olakg,efnkafk kj lúh" kj flál;dj hk idys;h Odrdjkaf.a wd.ukh;a iu.hs' 238
o,s;a fyj;a msä; idys;hh.ek lshkjd kï" yska idys;hhg fuh meñfkkafk ;rula miqld,skjhs' tfy;a" iaòr iajremhlska jf.au idys;hdx.hla f,i urdá NdIdjg msä; idys;hh tl;= fjkafk myapd;a kq;kjdohg fndfyda l,lg fmrhs' yskaèfha msä; idys;hh.ek,shk f,allhkag myapd;a kq;kjdofhka hï n,meula,eî we;ao" urdá NdIdfõ msä; idys;hfhka Tjqkag,eî we;s n,meu ta ish,a,gu jvd jeähs' wms oeka i,ld n,uq" iudcfha flakaø.; mqoa.,hkag tfrys iudcdka;sl mqoa.,hkaf.a wr.,h' fuh we;af;kau úisfjks ishjfia fojeks fyda f;jeks oylhkays idlépdjg,la jqjla' ví,sõ' î' fhaüiaf.a lúhl tk 'Centre cannot hold' zuohh" th jg lr we;s oe r jd f.k isákakg wfmdfydi;ahz hkafkka fï ldrkh meyeè,shs' iudcfha flakaø.; mqoa.,hkag tfrys iudcdka;sl mqoa.,hkaf.a wr.,h ms<sn újdoh myapd;a kq;kjd úpdrfha;a" ks¾udkys,s;ajfh;a olskakg ;snqkd' ta ksidu myapd;a kq;kjdoh ksid ldka;djkaf.a iajdëk;ajh" msä; idys;hh fyj;a uohh yd fl<jrj,a ms<sn újdohka wdrïn jqkd hehs lsu ug oefkk yeáhg ksjerè keye' tlla lsj hq;=hs" myapd;a kq;kjd Ñka;kfhka by; ls fï m%yakj,g lsishï Woõjla,enqKd' ulaksido h;a" fï.eg ish,a,u fndfyda ld,hlg fmr isgu újdodmkak úihhka fj,d ;snqkd ksid' myapd;a kq;kjdoh fï ish,af,ys jeo.;alu kj iajremhlska ;yjqre lrkakg Woõ jqkd' zmqoa., iajdh;a;;djz fyj;a mqoa., ksoyi" ck lkavdhïj, iaj;ka;%;dj" iudcdka;sl mqoa.,hkaf.a Yla;sh.ek Tjqkag wjfndao ùu wdèh myapd;a kq;kjdofha Woõfjka jvd;a fyd ka f;areï lr fokq,enqjd' ta ksid ud lshkafka fï ish u újdohka mer hs' kuq;a myapd;a kq;kjdoh fï újdohka ish,a,g kj mkakrhla,nd u i yd Woõ l<d' uydpd¾h foafõkaø fpdafí( udlaiajd Ñka;kh mokï jqfka wd¾ól úyaf,aikhla u;hs' kuq;a myapd;a kq;kjdoh wd¾ól mcih flfrys WodiSk njla fmkakqï lrkjd' wd¾òl mcih flfrys WodiSk Ndjhla oelaùu ksid myapd;a kq;kjdoh úfõpkhg,la lsíug udlaiajd úpdrlhka fm<ö we;ehs lsu i;hhla fkdfjhso@ uydpd¾h mdkafâha( ldrkh yß' n,kak" myapd;a kq;kjdoh we;af;kau iudôh jhqyhg jeo.;alula fokafk keye' ta yskaou j¾.hkag jeo.;alula fokafk;a keye' ug oefkk yeáhg myapd;a kq;kjdoh ;=<u wka;¾ úfrdaohla$úixjdohla olskakg mq jka' Tng mq jka Wfoa isg yekaoe fjk;=re ziudcdka;sl mqoa.,hkaz.ek l;d lrkak" ta;a zks¾ok mka;shz.ek l;dj wd iekska kyh yl= jd.kak mgka.kakj' Okjd l%ufhè iudcdka;slhka fjkafk ks¾ok mka;shhs' kuq;a udlaiajd ka myapd;a kq;kjdoh úfõpkhg,la lf<a" myapd;a kq;kjd ka iudchsh" foaymd,ksl u;jdo".egqï iy lsishï jq wdldrhl zñ ula$úuqla;shlaz,nd.eksfï W;aidyhg lsisÿ jeo.;alula foñka fkdfjhs' Tjqka jeä jyfhkau lrkafka b;du ;on, u;jdohka" woyia yeáhg ms<s.eksu mukhs" újdo uügñka tajd ms<s.eksu mukhs' tajd iudchsh uügfï wksjd¾hfhkau Ndú;hg.; hq;= foaj,a jqj;a" Tjqka th ms<s.kafk keye' ug fï wjia:dfjè u;la fjkafk wfußldkqjl= jk fjda,ag¾ fnkacñka lshmq l;djla" zokjdoh iy ks¾ok mka;sh w;r igk mj;skafka úpdrlhkaf.a uki ;=< fkdj" iudch ;=<h'z iudch ;=< mj;sk fï igk" lsisÿ wdldrhlska myapd;a kq;kjd kaf. ms<s.eksug,lafjkafk keye' ug fuys u;la fjkafk *Qflda lshmq fohla" ztla;rd wjia:djl wms yeu flfklau wnhka;ßl wr.,hlg ueèjkafkuqz hkak' uki ;=< isÿ jk wr.,h myapd;a kq;kjd ka ms<s.kakd w;r" iudch ;=< fï wr.,h mej;su iy th ;SrKd;aul ;;a;ajhlg <Õd ùu wdèh Tjqkag lsisÿ jeo.;alula ke;s foaj,a mukhs' fndfyda l,lg fmr yska idys;hlrejl= jk chayxl¾ m%idoa zldudhksz ldjhfhys fuh lshd ;sfnkj( foaf`jda ls úcha odkf`jda ls ydf`rda ld fyda;d hqoaè ryd ix>¾ia iod W¾ wka;¾ f`ï Ôú;a hy ks;h úreoaè ryd 239
foúhkag,enq ch wiqrhka mrojd mej;= h hqoaoh merÿkqjqka w;r.egqu iod;kslh yoj; ;=< ksr;=rej Ôj;ajk tksfklg úreoaoj fuys f;areug wkqj ukqihhkaf.a Ñka;kh ;=< fyd -krl ;;a;ajhka-foúhka yd wiqrhka f,i ye kafjk- ms<sn tlsfkl w;r wr.,hla È.ska È.gu mj;skj' chyxl¾ m%idoaf.a fï lshukg wjqreÿ 50lg -60lg miafi b;d kùk ldrkhla f,i *Qflda fuhu lshkj' udlaiajd ka myapd;a kq;kjdohg úreoao jkafka myapd;a kq;kjd uqla;sh$úuqla;sh lsishï u;hlg fyda W;aidyhlg jeo.;alula fkdfok ksihs' myapd;a kq;kjd ka fud<hg jy,a ùu.ek l;d l<;a" iudôh yd foaymd,k jy,alu.ek l;d lrkafk keye' tjeks jy,a njlska ñ u i yd flfrk wr.,hg jeo.;alula fokafk;a keye' tksid fndfyda whf.a woyi ù ;sfnkafka zmyapd;a kq;kjdoh úiska yeu fohlau nqoaêuh újdoj,g mukla isud fldg ;nd igkaldó Ñka;khg wxynd.h je< ùfï W;aidyhla orkq,en we;s njhsz' iudcfha we;s.egqï iy wr., nqoaêuh újdoj,ska úi h fkdyelshs' uydpd¾h foafõkaø fpdafí( myapd;a kq;kjd ka zy%uh jeh lsíuz zfiajdjz hk kñka y kajkjd" fï.ek Tnf.a u;h l=ulao@ uydpd¾h mdkafâha( m%xyfha ysáhd m%isoao iudc úohd{fhla" ue;lè Tyq ñh.shd' Tyq lsõfõzmdkaä;hd;aul Ydia;%h.%yKh lsífï ;;a;ajhz myapd;a kq;kjdofha olskak mq jka lsh,hs' tys woyi jqfka" zy%uh jeh lsíuz hkakg zfiajhz hk jpkh Ndú; lsífuka ziqrdleuz hk woyi w;=reoyka lsíuhs' ziqrdleuz hk woyi u;= fkdflfrk úg zigklaz we;s ùul=;a isÿ fkdúh yelshs' ta ksid ud È.ska È.gu lshd isákafk zmyapd;a kq;kjdoh hkq we;a; jyfhkau Okjdofha j¾;udk meje;au wdrcid lrkakd jq úpdr OdrdjlsZh hkakhs' uydpd¾h foafõkaø fpdafí( myapd;a kq;kjd ka lshk wdldrhg ks¾ok mka;shla oeka iudch ;=< keye' Tjqka ish fokd uohu mka;shg we;=<;a fj,d' fï.ek Tn fudlo lshkafk@ uydpd¾h mdkafâha( ug ysf;kafk zfufyu fjkafk we;af; ysfkka fjkak we;sz' fudlo" yskj,è fjk foaj,a kj;a;kak wmsg nefk' Ndr;h jeks rgl,ci.kkla lïlrejka wkd: fj,d" oioilg jeä f.dúhka m%udkhla ishèúkid f.k ;sfhkj' fï Tlafldu ;ukaf. Ôúf;ka ksoyia fj,d zuohu mka;shgz we;=<;a fj,do@ lsh, tfyu lshk whf.ka wykak fk' fï fudav u;h.ek ux fudkjo lshkafk@ Tn.syska ta f.dúhkaf.ka wykak''' oeka b;sx fldfyduo Tn tfyu wykafk" ta wh oeka Èúkidf.k bjrhs' ta whf.a f.j,a-fodrj,aj, whg kx lshkak mq jka fjhs" urekq wh uohu mka;shg we;=<;a jqkdo! tfyu ke;akï fmf¾;hkag tl;= jqkdo! lsh,' fïjd meyeè,sju ish,a,kau uq,d lrk m%ldyhla' fïjd zlmálu mqrjk,o m%ldyz lsh, ;uhs y kajkak isÿ jkafk' uydpd¾h foafõkaø fpdafí( yska idys;h úpdrfhys kq;k;ajh iy kq;kjdoh ms<sn idlépd flrekd' j¾;udkfha myapd;a kq;kjdofha wd.ukh idys;h iy iudc h:d¾:hka iu. fld;rï mefykjdo@ uydpd¾h mdkafâha( uu ms<s.kakj" j¾;udkfha yska idys;h úpdrfhys myapd;a kq;kjdoh ms<sn idlépd jeä jyfhka isÿ fjkjd' kuq;a ud okak ;rug yskaèfhys lsisÿ myapd;a kq;kjd úpdrlfhla kï keye' uu tfyu lshkafka iqëya mfpdaí kue;s yska úpdrlhd isyshg k.d.ksñka' thg tl fya;=jla jkafka" myapd;a kq;kjd úpdr WmlrKj,skau úfõpkhg,la lsífï wjyh;dj olajd myapd;a kq;kjd ks¾udkys,s;ajh ÈhqKqjg m;a ù ke;s ùuhs' ta ksid fï iïmq¾k újdoh oeä úfõpkhla njg m;afjkjd fjkqjg woyia uügñka mj;sk njhs fmfkkafk' ta;a" kq;k;ajh iy kq;kjdoh yd iïnkao újdoh.euqre uügfï úfõpkd;aul újdohla' ukao h;a" kq;k ks¾udkys,s;ajh 240
iy kq;kjd ks¾udkys,s;ajh ÈhqKq ùu;a iu.u kq;k iy kq;kjd úfõpkh;a ÈhqKq jqkd' yskaèfhys fï fcia;%h yd iïnkao b;sydih fndfydau we;g Èfjkakla' yskaèfha wdrïnl idys;h úpdrlhl= jk rdïpkaø Y=la,af.a mgka j¾;udkfha kdïj¾ isxya olajd fï ;;a;ajh olskak mq jka' oeka n,kak" kq;k;ajh.ek l;d lrk fldg" udlaiajdoh;a kq;k;ajfhau ;j;a iajremhla yeáhghs ug fmfkkafk' udlaiajd ka kq;kjdohg tfrysj lghq;= l<;a" kq;k iy kq;kjdoh hk lrekq fol fjka fldg.eksu wjyhhs' ta ksid uu udlaiajdoh kq;k úpdrodrdjka w;r ;shkj" yenehs kq;kjdoh thska fjka fldg ;nkj' hï ks¾udkys,s;ajhla kq;k;ajh iy kq;kjdoh iu. yskaèfhys ÈhqKq jqkdo" tjeks ks¾udkys,s;ajhla iy úfõpkhla ;ju;a myapd;a kq;kjdofhka fm%arkhla,nd ÈhqKqjg m;a jq njla yska idys;hfhys olskakg keye' uydpd¾h foafõkaø fpdafí( Tn;=ud tla;rd iïuql idlépdjl mejiqjd zúfõplfhl=g lsishï jdohla Woõ,nd fokafk" hï ;rula ÿrg ks¾udkhl w¾:j;a Ndjh yd tys id¾:l;ajh f;areï.eksug iyh,efnk ;=re muklahz lsh,' myapd;a kq;kjdos ikao¾nhg wkqj fuh fldf;la ÿrg i;ho@ uydpd¾h mdkafâha( myapd;a kq;kjd ikao¾nhg wkqj fuh y kajkak yels jkafk" zyq<fõa mdù hk woyia w,a,df.k ;ukaf.a Ôjfkdamdh i,id.eksug lrk W;aidyhlaZlsh,hs' udlaiajdofhka ke;skï udlaiajd úpdr odiaáfhka Tng mq jka mer idys;hh jqj;a úpdrhg,la lrkak' fndfyda fokd ld,sodif.ka wdrïn fldg Nla;s hq.h miq lrñka Pdhdjd fyj;a frduekaála hq.h olajd idys;hh udlaiajd odiaá fldakhg wkqj úpdrhg,la fldg ;sfnkj' udlaiajd odiaá fldakhg wkqj udlaiajd fkdjk ks¾udk úpdrhg,la lsífï hï wdldr jq yelshdjla mj;skjdo" tfukau" myapd;a kq;kjd odiaáfhka myapd;a kq;kjd fkdjk ks¾udk iy mer ks¾udk úpdrhg,la lsífï yelshdjlao mj;skjd' kuq;a fuh id¾:l fjkak kï" uq,skau myapd;a kq;kjdofha úêu;a w¾:djfndaohla ;yjqre úh hq;=hs' uf.a lkiai,a,g fya;= jk lrekla kï" ;ju;a yska idys;hfhys myapd;a kq;kjdoh yd iïnkao úêu;a w¾:djfndaoh bm we;s njla olakg fkdue;s ùuhs' idys;hhsl ikaao¾nfha myapd;a kq;kjdoh ;yjqre lrk lrekla kï zydia;%shz yd zckz hkak w;r lsisÿ fjkila ke;s njhs' kq;k yska lúfhl= jk kd.d¾cqka) úiska,shk,o zuka;%z kï lúfha fuh olskakg mq jka' kd.d¾cqka zckz yd zydia;%shz hk WNh ;;a;ajhka tlsfkl iïnkao lrkakg b;du;a id¾:l W;aidyhla ord ;sfnkj' fuu W;aidyh yryd Tyq w;syh ;shqkq foaymd,k w¾:hla iys; zuka;%z kï ldjhh,sõjd' myapd;a kq;kjdofha wnhka;rfhys we;s zydia;%shz yd zckz hkafkys oajkaoajh iy fï WNh md¾yjhkaf.a talñ;sfhys we;s ixls¾k;ajh flfkl=g f;areï.eksug yels kï" Tyq kd.d¾cqkaf.a fï ldjhh ksjerè f,i úpdrhg,la lrdú' kuq;a" wohhkfha myiqj i yd myapd;a kq;kjdoh jd.a reîhla (an idiom) f,i.%ykh lr.eksfuka mukla yska úpdr l,djg hym;la jkafka kï keye' uydpd¾h foafõkaø fpdafí( tla;rd ld,hl udlaiajd úpdrodrdj yska idys;hhg hdhq;= ÈYdj fmka jqjd mukla fkdj tys ;;a;ajh fjkia lsífuys,d w;syh jeo.;a ld¾hndrhla bgq l<d' Tn;=ud ys;kjo myapd;a kq;kjdoh tjeks ld¾hndrhla bgq lrdú lshd@ uydpd¾h mdkafâha( udlaiajd úpdrodrdj yska úpdrfha yd yska idys;hfha.uka uõ fjkia lsífï,d w;syh jeo.;a ld¾hndrhla bgq l<d' thg fya;= jq ldrkhla ;uhs udlaiajd úpdrodrdj idys;hhsl odiaá fldakhlska mukla iukaú; fkdùu' th idys;hhsl odiaá fldakhlska jf.au iudchsh" ixiald;sl yd foaymd,ksl odiaá fldakj,ska o iukaú; jqjla' fujeks mq,a odiaáhla iys;j udlaiajd úpdrodrdj yska idys;hhg w; fmdjd tys.uka u. fjkia lsíug hï ld¾h Ndrhla bgq l<d' tfy;a" myapd;a kq;kjdoh fujeks tald.%;djla we;s lr.eksu ms<s.kafk keye' ;j;a ldrkhla kï udlaiajd úpdr odiaáfha úldikh Ndr;fha isÿ jqfha ck wr., yd iïnkao ¾> w;s;hla we;s iïm%odhla iu. tald;aóh ùfukqhs' tjeksu jq ks¾udkys,s;ajhl úldikhlao isÿ jqkd' yskaèfhys 241
;ju;a myapd;a kq;kjd ks¾udkys,s;ajhla úldikh fj,d keye' ud l,ska ls kd.d¾cqka lúhdf.a zuka;%z kue;s lúh rpkd lroa Tyq lsishï myapd;a kq;kjdohla.ek ys;kakg ke;sj we;s' myapd;a kq;kjdoh hkak l=ulaoehs Tyq oek isáfh keye' ud okakd ;rug yskaèfha isák tlu myapd;a kq;kjd ks¾udklrejd jkafka yska kjl;dlrejl= jk ufkday¾ YHdï fcdayshs' Tyq ;ukaf.a kjl;d myapd;a kq;kjd ks¾udk f,i ms<s.kakj' we;a; jyfhkau" myapd;a kq;kjd úpdr Odrdjla kshudldrfhka ia:dms; jq wjia:djl " myapd;a kq;kjd ks¾udkys,s;ajhl úldikhla isÿ úh yels nj uu úyajdi lrkj' idrdxy jyfhka lshf;d;a" myapd;a kq;kjd úpdr odiaáhg tla;rd wdldrhl jeo.;a ld¾hndrhla bgq lrkakg yelsfõú' thg flèklj;a udlaiajd úpdrodrdjg,enqkq ia:dkh fkd,enqk;a" thg fjk;a wdldrhl ld¾hndrhla bgq lsífï yelshdj mj;skafka" m<uqj" myapd;a kq;kjdofha Yla;sh iy tys isudjka ms<sn meyeè,s wjfndaohla mej;su" fojekqj" myapd;a kq;kjd ks¾udkys,s;ajhla úldikh ùu iy f;jeksj" fï fldgia fol w;r oajkaoajd;aul iïnkaohla ks¾udkh ùu hk lrekq iïmq¾k jqjfyd;a mukhs' ) kd.d¾cqka bkaèhdfõ isg meñk me,shf.dv úohd,xldr msßfjfkys fn!oao NslaIqjla f,i meúèj fn!oao wohdmkh,enqfjls' Tyq yska idys;hfhys fy%aiag ks¾udklrefjl= f,i ms<s.efka' 242