GALILEO Research and Development Activities Second Call Area 1B Interference Detection Mitigation and Isolation Statement of Work Rue du Luxembourg, 3 B 1000 Brussels Tel +32 2 507 80 00 Fax +32 2 507 80 01 www.galileoju.com - 1 -
TABLE OF CONTENT 1 INTRODUCTION...3 1.1 ACRONYMS...3 1.2 CONTEXT...3 1.2.1 Interference Characteristics and Sources...4 1.2.2 Robustness Against Interference...4 1.2.3 Technical Solutions...5 2 DESCRIPTION OF WORK...6 2.1 2.2 CONSOLIDATION OF GALILEO INTERFERENCE TYPES...6 CONSOLIDATION OF PROPOSED TECHNICAL IMPLEMENTATION DESIGN AND DEVELOPMENT 7 2.3 2.4 IMPLEMENTATION AND TESTING...7 CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS...8 3 SCHEDULE & MILESTONES...8 4 MANAGEMENT...8-2 -
1 INTRODUCTION In recent years there has been a rapid growth in the utilisation of GNSS across a diverse range of application areas. However, coupled to this expansion in use has been the expansion in awareness that GNSS is potentially vulnerable to sources of interference. This has caused particular concern in the domain of Transportation, as indicated for example by the US Department of Transport s undertaking of a report entitled Vulnerability Assessment of the Transportation Infrastructure Relying on GPS. Whilst this report dealt specifically with the issue of GPS usage within the transport infrastructure of the US, the fact that Galileo shares a number of design commonalities with GPS, means that the subject area remains equally valid for Galileo globally. Galileo will however have some important differentiators between its-self and GPS, such as multiple civil frequencies, integrity and encryption of some civil signals, which improve performance over current GNSS standards in terms of interference, performance monitoring and resistance to production of misleading information. Whilst these characteristics shall provide undoubted improvements, there remains scope to further improve the situation at ground level through the introduction of complementary techniques and developments in the user equipment. It is the objective of this SOW to focus on the issue of Interference, in order to improve Galileo s performance with respect to Detection, Mitigation and Isolation. This should hopefully in turn lead to the increased acceptance of Galileo across a number of application domains where otherwise its use could potentially be more limited. 1.1 Acronyms AOA BOC FDOA GNSS GPS GOC GSTB SOW TDOA Angle Of Arrival Binary Offset Carrier Frequency Difference Of Arrival Global Navigation Satellite System Global Positioning System Galileo Operating Company Galileo System Test Bed Statement Of Work Time Difference Of Arrival 1.2 Context The following section presents a brief overview of the subject area and highlights some Galileo related issues. - 3 -
1.2.1 Interference Characteristics and Sources Interference that could in the future affect Galileo may have a number of different characteristics, including: Narrow Band Interference, Broad Band Interference, Out of Band Interference, In Band Interference, Pulsed Interference, Constant Interference. Furthermore, various combinations of the afore mentioned characteristics are possible and, in addition to this, the interference sources themselves may well be static or dynamic and be located in rural or urban environments. Another factor to consider is that of the application, as the specifics of each application is likely to reduce the variety of interference characteristics that may be experienced. It is also true that the specifics of the application also define the extent of the effect of interference (e.g. Safety Of Life operations are likely to be more drastically effected by interference than a Mass Market application). As such it is therefore important to identify the most likely sources of interference to Galileo s signals and services, map these to the specifics of the application domain and understand the potential tolerances and effect of this interference in this application setting when addressing the issue of interference and Galileo. 1.2.2 Robustness Against Interference There are various levels to which Galileo will in the future address the issue of interference. At the first level it is important to have the ability to DETECT interference, as this information can at least be used to alert the user as to the potential for a degraded level of performance. At a second level, once a source of interference has been detected it is possible to MITIGATE its effect, resulting in a reduction or indeed eliminate of the adverse effects that it may have on the positioning performance. Whilst therefore mentioned steps reduce the impact of interference, they do not contribute at all to its removal. As previous cases of GPS interference have demonstrated, it can prove to be very difficult to locate the source and deal with it appropriately. As such the third level where Galileo may add robustness is to ISOLATE interference sources. Such a function could prove to be a very useful component for the timely removal of such sources and could actively contribute to the increased usage of GNSS and Galileo in the future. - 4 -
1.2.3 Technical Solutions With respect to Interference Detection and Mitigation, developments and products in the domain of GNSS receivers and antennas are currently commercially available. Further development and improvement are proposed in the Safety of life Receiver development Statement of Work. This being the case, it is important to avoid simple duplication of these developments in the frame of this activity. In addition to new and novel concepts for Interference Detection and Mitigation, it may also be possible to build upon existing techniques, but where this is the case the development shall focus on the technological differentiators that Galileo shall bring, including: Broadband Signals, BOC Modulation, Multiple Civil Frequencies, Pilot Tones, Galileo Code Structure, Encryption, Intentional jamming, Selective jamming. In addition to this it is important to simultaneously consider the context in which GNSS, and in particular Galileo, may well be used in the future. By means of example, all Galileo related market surveys indicate the integration of GNSS into mobile chips sets for both Location Based Service type applications and also as an integral part of Emergency Call Location techniques (E-112 / E-911). This brings with it restrictions on the GNSS hardware (chip and antenna) in terms of cost, size and power consumption, as well as the operational environment, which is largely urban and indoor. A second example is that of increased utilisation in the use road domain for Road Tolling, which could bring with it attempts for deliberate local dynamic jamming by individuals in an attempt to avoid fee payment. The subject of Isolation (localisation) of interference sources is somewhat less developed, and as such could present some clear opportunities for Galileo to facilitate new and innovative techniques and solutions. The localisation of interference sources by definition implies the combination of observations from more than one location as part of some TDOA, FDOA or AOA computation process. As such this kind of functionality could be considered in the development of Galileo s Local Infrastructure that is collectively referred to as the Galileo Local Component. Clearly this concept shall bring with it various technological issues that are likely to include: In the Field Measurement Mechanism, o Type of observations to be taken, o Frequency of observations to be taken, o Distribution (density and orientation) of observation sites. Interface Mechanism, o Networking requirements, o Latency requirements. - 5 -
Isolation Computation Mechanism, o Synchronisation of observations, o Computation technique. Utilisation of Results, o Information dissemination. An additional issue that any such system may well touch upon is the potential role of complementary bodies such as the GOC, Radio Regulation Bodies etc. Whilst this is an important aspect, and should not be forgotten within the scope of work to be undertaken within this activity, the primary emphasis shall remain technologically based, as the potential role and function with the Galileo Mission at least shall be addressed in a complementary activity to this. 2 DESCRIPTION OF WORK Section 4 outlines the broad scope of the work envisaged. It does not attempt to fully detail the work to be undertaken in this domain, as each proposal received in response to this SOW is free to propose its own technical solutions. The primary objective of the activity can be summarised as to focus on new technologies and techniques enabled by and applied to the Galileo differentiators. The solutions must also consider and be applicable to all Galileo frequency bands. 2.1 Consolidation of Galileo Interference Types As highlighted in Section 3 of this SOW, there are various types of interference that may have an affect on Galileo services. It is thus important, as a first step in any interference activity to be undertaken, to identify and quantify the most likely types and sources of interference to the various Galileo Frequency Bands (L1, E5ab and E6) and all the Galileo Services This consolidation shall map Galileo signals and service against interference types and shall also indicate the areas in which each proposed technical solution shall have an effect (clearly emphasis shall be placed on the most critical aspects for Galileo as well as aspects where Galileo s differentiators can be utilised). This mapping shall in turn act as the basis for a more comprehensive analysis to be undertaken as this initial step in the activity its self. - 6 -
2.2 Consolidation of Proposed Technical Implementation Design and Development Having identified the most important types of interference for Galileo, mapped them to the appropriate signals and services, and indicated the role that each proposed technological solution will have in reducing this effect; the next phase of work shall be the consolidation of the designs for the technological solutions proposed, as well as a refinement of the development process anticipated. As a minimum this process should include, but not necessarily be limited to: Requirements Analysis, An Initial Technological Description, o Outline system design, o Galileo differentiators to be utilised, o Added value above existing state of the art. Development Plan, o Testing to be undertaken, o Mechanism to Incorporate Galileo, GSTBV2, ESA Signal Facilities (e.g. Galileo Signal Generator) etc, o Type of and means of interference to be introduced, Licensing issues to be addressed. Reuse and Development Strategy, o Means by which techniques could be implemented, o Applications and institutions to target. It is important to fully consider the Galileo differentiators in this process, and to anticipate the potential operational scenarios of GNSS in the future. Clearly there is also likely to be a differentiation between Mass Market, Professional and Safety Of Life application environments, and the potential impact of this on this process should be addressed. 2.3 Implementation and Testing Having refined the design of the technical solutions proposed, the implementation and testing of each technique shall be undertaken. This shall be performed in line with the strategy elaborated in the previous phase of the activities, and should lead to each technical solution being developed to the maximum extent possible. It is important to consider throughout this process the links to and integration with specific future Galileo Applications. This activity shall be the primary focus for the study. - 7 -
2.4 Conclusions and Recommendations As an end to this activity it is important to deliver a comprehensive set of conclusions and recommendations that should as a minimum address: Suggestions for further technical developments, Suggestions For/Impacts On Core System, o SIS, o Service Centre, o Local Component, o Other. 3 SCHEDULE & MILESTONES The overall schedule for this activity shall be 24 months. Within this overall schedule, the following draft set of milestones are suggested, with the GIR marking the end of the Interference Consolidation, and the CDR marking the end of the Implementation Planning. Table 1: Initial Milestone Plan. MILESTONE MONTHS FROM KOM KOM KICK OFF MEETING 0 GIR GALILEO INTERFERENCE REVIEW 2 CDR CRITICAL DESIGN REVIEW 6 Y1R YEAR 1 REVIEW 12 Y2MTR YEAR 2 MID TERM REVIEW 18 FR FINAL REVIEW 24 4 MANAGEMENT This activity consists in providing the overall management for the entire contract. The activities to be performed as a minimum are: Technical project coordination Contractual management Organization and coordination of internal communication flow Documentation management Tracking project status Establish and maintain travel plan Review and verification of deliverables Organization of progress meetings (calling notice, agenda, chairing and reporting) - 8 -
Organization of reviews Identify needs for interfaces with external entities Identify and coordinate with ongoing complementary activities, likely to include: o Other consortia involved in other activities within the umbrella of Galileo related FP6 activities e.g. Galileo Mission Evolution Activities, Service Centre prototype development, o Other related activities performed in the frame of the Galileo project e.g. update and refinements of the Galileo SISICD, o Other Interference studies. The contractor shall report on its activity every 3 months. - 9 -