Trends in the Wireless Industry Dennis A. Roberson WiNCom - Wireless Network & Communications Research Center Illinois Institute of Technology Illinois Institute of Technology 1
Fundamental Challenge Spectrum Scarcity! Illinois Institute of Technology 2
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Conundrum! Most of the Spectrum Illinois Institute of Technology 4
Conundrum! Most of the Spectrum In most of the Places Illinois Institute of Technology 5
Conundrum! Most of the Spectrum In most of the Places Most of the Time Illinois Institute of Technology 6
Conundrum! Most of the Spectrum In most of the Places Most of the Time is completely unused! Illinois Institute of Technology 7
Conundrum! Most of the Spectrum In most of the Places Most of the Time is completely unused! For your purposes, So far, so good! Illinois Institute of Technology 8
New York City (August 2004 - during Republican Convention) Illinois Institute of Technology 9
High Utilization (Public Safety Band) High Bandwidth, Spread Spectrum High Bandwidth, Signal Spread Spectrum Signal High Bandwidth, Spread Spectrum Signal 17% Duty Cycle 17% Duty Cycle 17% Duty Cycle Upper Bound (Frequency Resolution 65 MHz/501=130 Upper Bound khz/bin) (Frequency Resolution 65 MHz/501=130 khz/bin) Upper Bound (Frequency Resolution 65 MHz/501=130 khz/bin) 50% Duty Cycle is too High, 19% Utilization Measured Using Small Frequency Bins (450-455 MHz) Courtesy of Mark McHenrry, Shared Spectrum Illinois Institute of Technology 10
Measured Spectrum Occupancy At Seven Locations Riverbend Park, Great Falls, VA Tysons Corner, VA NSF Roof, Arlington, VA New York City NRAO, Greenbank, WV SSC Roof, Vienna, VA Chicago, IL Average 13.1% 17.4% <10.0% NSF 0.0% 25.0% 50.0% 75.0% 100.0% Spectrum Occupancy Illinois Institute of Technology 11
As the Wireless Industry would see it, the Fundamental Challenge is: Regulated Spectrum Scarcity! Illinois Institute of Technology 12
Environment Regulated Spectrum Scarcity Real Spectrum Abundance Space / Time -Couple with - The Quadruple Whammy! => Exponential Growth in Spectrum Use Illinois Institute of Technology 13
Fundamental Challenge The Quadruple Whammy Number of Applications Penetration Duty Cycle Performance Demands Application per band no longer works! Illinois Institute of Technology 14
Most Successful Wireless Application (to date): Easily the Cell phone! Illinois Institute of Technology 15
Cell Phone Statistics* Global Cell Phone Users > 2 Billion New Cell Phone Sales > 1 Billion (2006) #1 Cell Phone Country China > 400M European Union > 450M U.S. > 200M Recorded usage in 221 Countries SMS Messages - 235M (36/user/month) *2006 (or earlier) statistics all numbers are larger today Illinois Institute of Technology 16
Radios per Cell Phone Increasing! Six Cellular Bands (.8,.9, 1.7, 1.8, 1.9, 2.1 GHz) GPS Receiver Bluetooth Wi-Fi Family Radio Wi-Max? Illinois Institute of Technology 17
Other Wireless Technologies Wi-Fi Sales ~200M (2006) => > 250+M (2007) Wi-Fi Hotspots > 150K (U.S.) => FREE Bluetooth ~ 600M (2006) Microwave Ovens ~ 90M (U.S.) Garage Door Openers ~ 3M / year Zigbie 1M (2005) -> Ubiquity (e.g. Fire Extinguishers) WiMAX Just Starting - $550M -> $5.5 (2010) Illinois Institute of Technology 18
Still Other Consumer Wireless Technologies / Devices AM / FM / Satellite Radio Television Cordless Phones Baby Monitors Television Clickers Citizen Band Radio Family Radio Car Door Openers / Starters Automotive Radar Wireless Pay Fobs RFID Game Controllers Wireless Last Mile Ultrawideband Interconnections Illinois Institute of Technology 19
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Number of Applications Growing / Dramatic Pace of Enhancements IEEE 802 LAN / MAN Standards Committee formed February 1980 Active 802 Wireless Working Groups include:.11,.15,.16,.20,.21,.22 Current 802.11 (Wi-Fi) Wireless LAN standards include: a, b, c, d, e, f, g, h, i, j, k, l, m, n, p, r, s, T, u, v, w, y (plus 802.11.2007) Illinois Institute of Technology 21
Government & Emergency Services Wireless Drivers Same Quadruple Whammy Trend Enhancing Efficiency & Safety of Personnel is a Mantra Public Safety 911 Drive Advanced Warfighter Initiatives From interference perspective lower impact only based on numbers of participants and geographic specificity of engagements Illinois Institute of Technology 22
Environment Regulated Spectrum Scarcity! Real Spectrum Abundance Space / Time - Couple with - The Quadruple Whammy! - Rapid Applications Growth, Deployments, Duty Cycle, Performance Exponential Growth in Spectrum Usage Application / Band no longer viable Illinois Institute of Technology 23
Three Regulatory Solutions 1. Creation of Unlicensed Bands (esp. ISM / UNII 0.9, 2.4, 5 GHz) 2. Underlays (e.g. Ultrawideband UWB min. 500 MHz bandwidth) 3. Overlays (e.g. Cognitive Radio Frequency Agile / Smart Radios / Software Defined Radio) Illinois Institute of Technology 24
Unlicensed Band 16% Duty Cycle Courtesy of Mark McHenrry, Shared Spectrum Illinois Institute of Technology 25
Interference Courtesy of Wilbur Vincent, Illinois Institute of Technology Naval Post Graduate School 26
The New No. 1 Problem! Interference! Illinois Institute of Technology 27
Problem Statement Wireless Interference is radically increasing - trend accelerating! Density of radiating devices (esp. ISM / UNII) Spectrum sharing (diverse waveforms) Wireless Interference threatens Capacity Performance Connectivity Illinois Institute of Technology 28
The New No. 1 Problem! Interference both the Good News and the Bad News! Illinois Institute of Technology 29
Environment Regulated Spectrum Scarcity! Real Spectrum Abundance Space / Time - Couple with - The Quadruple Whammy! => Exponential Growth in Spectrum Usage / Interference Impacts => Dramatic Opportunities for Dynamic Spectrum Re-use i.e. Cognitive Radio Illinois Institute of Technology 30
The Challenges Where to apply cognitive radio technology? (Spectrum / Space / Time) What information can be made available to facilitate this usage? What technique to use to optimally apply the technology? Illinois Institute of Technology 31
Information Needs Transmit Power Power Spectral Density Unique Directionality / Orientation Timing Duty Cycle Time of Day / Day of Week Transmitter / Receiver Modulation Scheme(s) Intelligence Power Mgmt. / Directionality Receiver Selectivity Applications Characteristics / Criticality Illinois Institute of Technology 32
Cognitive Radio Four Opportunity Classes 1. Unused i.e. unoccupied spectrum 2. Well-used with Holes i.e. fixed signals, with defined time and/or space gaps 3. Randomly Used i.e. utilized bands with time / space based capacity available 4. Use with Care! i.e. infrequently used critical use spectrum (military / emergency services) Illinois Institute of Technology 33
Spectrum Observatory Characteristics Unobstructed line of sight to area under investigation (e.g. Chicago Loop) Adequate power, antennas / mounting space and appropriate lightening protection Available Radio Room to house spectrum capture / analysis equipment and researchers High Speed Internet connection Illinois Institute of Technology 34
Spectrum Occupancy Studies Chicago November 2005 and July 2007 October 2010 Illinois Institute of Technology 35
Downtown Chicago Chicago Measurement Site 3 miles Measurement location - IIT Illinois Institute of Technology 36
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IIT Tower Top View Antenna location Illinois Institute of Technology 38
Discone Antenna 30 MHz to 1 GHz Illinois Institute of Technology 39
Discone Antenna Chicago Skyline / IIT Campus Illinois Institute of Technology 40
Spectrum Observatory Control Room Illinois Institute of Technology 41
Class 2 (also 1) TV Band (2-6) - 24 hour scan 71% 2 2 1 2 2 Illinois Institute of Technology 42
Class 3 900 MHz Unlicensed Band 9% Illinois Institute of Technology 43
Class 3 (Chicago) 2.4 GHz Unlicensed Band 31% Illinois Institute of Technology 44
Class 3 (New York) 2.4 GHz, Unlicensed Band 16% Duty Cycle Illinois Institute of Technology 45
Class 3 (Dublin) 2.4 GHz, Unlicensed Band Illinois Institute of Technology 46
Class 4 (&1? - Chicago) Civilian / Military Government Bands <1% Illinois Institute of Technology 47
Classes 1 and 3 (Chicago) Sirius and XM Satellite Radio Illinois Institute of Technology 48
Class 2 (also 1 - Chicago) Broadcast Television Illinois Institute of Technology 49
Measured Spectrum Occupancy in Chicago and New York City PLM, Amateur, others: 30-54 MHz TV 2-6, RC: 54-88 MHz Air traffic Control, Aero Nav: 108-138 MHz Fixed Mobile, Amateur, others:138-174 MHz TV 7-13: 174-216 MHz Maritime Mobile, Amateur, others: 216-225 MHz Fixed Mobile, Aero, others: 225-406 MHz Amateur, Fixed, Mobile, Radiolocation, 406-470 MHz TV 14-20: 470-512 MHz TV 21-36: 512-608 MHz TV 37-51: 608-698 MHz TV 52-69: 698-806 MHz Cell phone and SMR: 806-902 MHz Unlicensed: 902-928 MHz Paging, SMS, Fixed, BX Aux, and FMS: 928-906 MHz IFF, TACAN, GPS, others: 960-1240 MHz Amateur: 1240-1300 MHz Aero Radar, Military: 1300-1400 MHz Space/Satellite, Fixed Mobile, Telemetry: 1400-1525 MHz Mobile Satellite, GPS, Meteorologicial: 1525-1710 MHz Fixed, Fixed Mobile: 1710-1850 MHz PCS, Asyn, Iso: 1850-1990 MHz TV Aux: 1990-2110 MHz Common Carriers, Private, MDS: 2110-2200 MHz Space Operation, Fixed: 2200-2300 MHz Amateur, WCS, DARS: 2300-2360 MHz Telemetry: 2360-2390 MHz U-PCS, ISM (Unlicensed): 2390-2500 MHz ITFS, MMDS: 2500-2686 MHz Surveillance Radar: 2686-2900 MHz Chicago New York City Class 1/4 Opportunities NSF 0.0% 25.0% 50.0% 75.0% 100.0% Spectrum Occupancy Illinois Institute of Technology 50 Aug 2004 / Nov 2005
Academic Opportunities Wireless comm. and networking classes Introduction to Real Spectrum Usage Numerous Homework Opportunities In-depth Occupancy Analysis Research Data sets Directed research Basis for Cognitive Radio / adv. studies Illinois Institute of Technology 51
Government / Policy Benefits Baseline + trends information by band (including noise floor) Open Source / Wiki enhancements for information capture techniques Open / available unbiased information Provides basis for decision-making Opportunity for detailed investigations Variety of Open studies to enhance confidence in information Illinois Institute of Technology 52
Next Steps Perfect measurement techniques / system Characterize urban environments - baseline and trends (starting in Chicago) Spectrum / Space / Time - Noise Floor! Initiate Sensor Network investigations Establish efficient means of communicating captured information (web +) Understand networking stack relationships Illinois Institute of Technology 53
Opportunities Apply knowledge to Cognitive Radio development, deployment & operation Spectrum Observatory / Sensor System Fully Characterize Opportunity Classes Interference Source Spatial Positioning Application Signatures Enhanced Simulation Capability Noise Studies for Research Community Illinois Institute of Technology 54
Questions? Illinois Institute of Technology 55
The Proposed Solution A national (global) system of Spectrum Observatories combined with sensor networks and a dedicated broadcast control channel. Illinois Institute of Technology 56
Vision: Establish a U.S. National System of Spectrum Observatories and Sensor Arrays to monitor and predict spectral activity Map of US with Spectrum Observatories Illinois Institute of Technology 57
Beginning with the Major Urban Centers Illinois Institute of Technology 58
Multi-faceted Views Devices Transmitters Intentional Homo / Heterogeneous Unintentional Receivers Protocol layers Performance implications Cognitive strategies Illinois Institute of Technology 59