Protection and control Sepam range Sepam Testing
Contents chapter/page Sepam tests protection function tests / to /5 testing equipment, test wiring diagram / to /8 commissioning tests /9 test and setting record sheets / to /4 Sepam - Testing
Sepam tests When commissioning Sepam, it is not necessary to test the metering and protection functions individually. Sepam has been designed and developed to provide the following functions: c protection, c metering, c program logic. Each of the functions has been fully tested. In addition, Sepam has a highly efficient self-testing system which continuously checks function integrity (e.g. no settings outside the tolerance range, etc.). The product is ready to use, which simplifies commissioning. By simply testing a function, the user is assured of overall device operation, provided the device has been correctly installed. It is therefore sufficient to check that Sepam has been installed properly. The following are checked: c parameter setting, c current and voltage sensor connections, c switchgear control and annunciation connections. The chapter entitled commissioning tests describes the simple, exhaustive method that is applied for checking. Individual testing of each protection and control function is no longer essential. However, should the testing of a function prove to be necessary, please refer to the section entitled function tests. Sepam - Testing
Protection function tests Content NSI code chapter/page protection function tests / introduction / measurement and testing method / 5-5 phase overcurrent protection /4 5V-5V voltage restrained overcurrent protection /7 5N-5N earth fault protection /9 5-5 percentage-based single-phase overcurrent / 67 directional overcurrent protection / 67N directional earth fault protection /4 67NC directional earth fault protection for compensated /6 networks 49 thermal overload protection /8 5G-5G sensitive earth fault protection /5 46 negative sequence / unbalance /6 66 starts per hour /8 5LR excessive starting time and locked rotor protection / 7 phase undercurrent protection / 7 phase-to-phase undervoltage protection / 7R remanent undervoltage protection / 7D - 47 positive sequence undervoltage and phase /4 rotation direction check protection 59 phase-to-phase overvoltage protection /5 59N neutral voltage displacement protection /6 8L underfrequency protection /8 8H overfrequency protection /9 8R rate of change of frequency protection /4 7P under power protection /4 P real overpower protection /4 Q reactive overpower protection /45 49T - 8 temperature monitoring by PT RTD /47 87M-87G motor/generator differential protection /49 47 negative sequence overvoltage /5 64REF restricted earth fault protection /5 5 synchronism check /5 5BF-6 protection against circuit breaker faults /54 Sepam - Testing /
Introduction This chapter describes the procedures used to test the protection functions that are available in the Sepam range. The tests call for: c knowledge of how to use Sepam c a set of testing equipment c a TSM pocket terminal or a PC microcomputer which includes the SFT 8 PC software package c documentation The tests that are described relate to the method referred to as the "current and voltage sensor secondary injection" method. In the rest of the document, "pocket terminal" refers to: c the TSM pocket terminal, c a computer which includes the SFT 8 PC software package. / Sepam - Testing
Measurement and testing method General information Each protection function may be activated individually by disabling the set points of the other functions. ctivating and de-activating functions does not disturb function operation in any way. Most of the tests may be performed using a Single-Phase injection unit, with the exception of phase rotation checking. Three-phase injection is recommended for checking certain functions, in particular: c earth fault current measured by the sum of the CTs, c neutral voltage displacement measured by the sum of the VTs, c positive sequence undervoltage and phase rotation, c directional overcurrent. Terminal boxes (type "Entrelec", "Secura", etc ) are generally used for testing in LV cubicles, which means that it is not necessary to disconnect any existing wiring connections. Checks c prior to energizing Check: v auxiliary voltages of Sepam and ESB, ESTOR modules, v coherency between the cartridge and Sepam labels (model, type), v module insertion and presence of DPC straps, v setting of microswitches on the ECM, U/Vo and EC modules, v connection of the core balance CT (P-P and S-S directions), v wiring of currents and voltages (rotation and matching), v wiring and polarization of the required inputs and ouputs. c after energizing v set the parameters under the status heading, v set () the time delays required by the automation systems (T, T etc ), the parameters values (KPxx), v in the case of customized program logic: check that the protection contacts (FXXX/X) to be tested, as well as the output relays associated with the protections, are being used. c prior to injection v set the values of the protections to be tested, v disable the set points of other protections that are liable to interfere with testing. Please note: Remember to re-activate the protections at the end of testing (protections are generally disabled by setting to 999, k, kv, etc ). c tolerance ranges and injection limits v current: - minimum.5% of CT In (5 m or 75 m) (), - maximum times steady state In ( or 5 ) (), 4 times In for s (4 or ) (), - 5 Hz (±%); v voltage: - minimum.5% of Un (.86% of Vn) i.e..5 V for V (), - maximum 5% of Un, - 5 Hz (±%). Remarks: In order to simplify the presentation of examples, injection current values are given in primary amperes (like Sepam measurements). When the current injection unit is equipped with electronic ON/OFF controls, check that current is zero in the automatic OFF position (since the static contactor may allow more than 5% of the current to flow through, depending on the position of the cursor). When the starts per hour protection is being tested, in particular, the current broken should be less than 5% of Ib. () in the case of standard logic, refer to the control and monitoring function manuals () to the position corresponding to or 5 according to the microswitch setting () according to SM pocket terminal setting of the value (Uns) of the VT secondary circuit Un : phase-to-phase voltage Vn : phase voltage In : rated current on CT primary Ib : exact load current (manufacturer data) Sepam - Testing /
Phase overcurrent protection NSI Code 5-5 function n FX for phase I overcurrent protection X 6 FY for phase I' overcurrent protection Y Equipment c single-phase or three-phase current generator c ammeters c adapter for EC module c chronometer c documentation Injection unit wiring c diagram B or B or B8 c protection relays: F/, F/ F/, F/ F/, F/ F/, F/ F/, F/ F4/, F4/ F5/, F5/ F6/, F6/ Procedure c protection parameter setting: O/C X or frame leak v select the curve v set Is to the desired value v set T to the desired value v disable the following protections () : unbalance; the other O/C protections, E/F (if CT sum is used) Checking of definite time Is set point t T Test Is I c read the section entitled measurement and testing method This protection is three-phase and may be tested on each phase individually with single-phase current. c status parameter setting v select the value of the CT primary circuits v check the microswitches ( or 5) which correspond to the CT secondary circuits v or check and set the microswitches on the EC module. c protection parameter setting v select the definite curve v set T to.5 s (for immediate pick-up of the output relay) c test v gradually inject the current or currents until the output relay linked to the protection in program logic picks up v read the Is current value on the ammeter v check the meter and the I TRIP () values on the display unit or pocket terminal v stop the injection v press reset () on the Sepam to erase the messages and reset the output relay Checking of the definite time set point and time delay c protection parameter setting: O/C X v set T to the desired value v prepare the injection with twice the value of Is v set the chronometer to zero c test v start up injection and the chronometer at the same time v Sepam's output relay stops the chronometer v read the value T measured by the chronometer () this function may only be activated if your program logic has been customized. () remember to reactivate the protections at the end of testing. X = number of the protective relay. /4 Sepam - Testing
Checking of IDMT set point and time delay The set point and time delay are interrelated. They correspond to curve coordinates (see appendices). t t T,Is i Is a time t corresponds to an injected value i. I/Is c protection parameter setting: O/C X v select the standard inverse (SIT), very inverse (VIT), extremely inverse (EIT) or ultra inverse (UIT) curve v set Is (asymptote: for an injection i = Is, so t = infinity) v set T (corresponding to Is: for an injection i = Is, so t = T) v identify on the curve the different coordinates of the points that you will be testing (i and t) c test the different points on the curve v preset the injection i (to a value >. Is) and make a note of the value v stop the injection and reset the chronometer to zero v press reset if required () v start up injection and the chronometer at the same time v check the injection value on the ammeter (stability) v Sepam's output relay stops the chronometer v read the t value measured by the chronometer v compare with the value given in the curve v check the meter and the I TRIP () values on the display unit or pocket terminal v stop the injection v press reset () on Sepam to erase the messages and reset the output relay Example Status In = 4 settings very inverse curve Is = T =.5 s injection i = (.75 or.75 ) In the very inverse column of the chart which gives K for I/Is, read the value K = 8 which corresponds to I/Is =.5 (= /) for an injection i =, the relay will pick up after a time period t = 8 x.5 s = 9 s (t = K x T) (Ib is not used in the O/C protections) () this function may only be activated if your program logic has been customized. X = number of the protective relay. Sepam - Testing /5
Phase overcurrent protection (cont'd) K factor chart I/Is inverse (SIT) very inv. (VIT) ext. inv. (EIT) ultra inv. (UIT)..9 45. 5. 545.5. 8.96. 4.48 9.84.4 6.98.5. 8.8.5 5.79 8. 79. 79.4.6 4.99 5. 6.46 4.74.7 4.4.86 5.8.8.8.99.5 44. 94..9.65. 7.9 79...8 9.. 67.64..5 8.8 9. 58.4..97 7.5 5.78 5.98..8 6.9.8 44.85.4.67 6.4.8 9.76.5.55 6. 8.86 5.46.6.44 5.6 7.9.8.7.5 5.9 5.74 8.69.8.7 5. 4.47 5.99.9.9 4.74.6.65.. 4.5.8.59..6 4.9.5 9.79.. 4.9.7 8.9..95.9. 6.77.4.9.75 9.8 5.5.5.86.6 8.8 4.7.6.8.46 8.8.5.7.78. 7.8.4.8.74. 7.7.6.9.7. 6.97.85 4..68. 6.6.6 4..65.9 6.6 9.5 4..6.8 5.95 8.96 4..59.7 5.66 8.44 4.4.57.65 5.9 7.95 4.5.54.57 5.4 7.5 4.6.5.5 4.9 7. 4.7.5.4 4.69 6.7 4.8.48.7 4.49 6.7 4.9.46. 4. 6.4 5..44.5 4. 5.74 5..4..96 5.46 5..4.4.8 5.9 5..9.9.65 4.95 5.4.7.5.5 4.7 5.5.6..8 4.5 5.6.4.96.6 4. 5.7..9.4 4. 5.8..88..94 5.9..84.9.77 6..9.8.8.6 6..8.76.7.47 6..7.7.64. 6..6.7.56.9 6.4.5.67.48.7 6.5.4.64.4.95 I/Is inverse (SIT) very inv. (VIT) ext. inv. (EIT) ultra inv. (UIT) 6.6..6..84 6.7..58.6.7 6.8..55.9.6 6.9..5..54 7..9.5.6.45 7..8.48..6 7..7.45.95.8 7..6.4.89. 7.4.5.4.84. 7.5.5.8.79.6 7.6.4.6.74.99 7.7..4.7.9 7.8...65.86 7.9...6.8 8...9.57.75 8...7.5.7 8...5.49.64 8..9..46.6 8.4.8..4.55 8.5.8..9.5 8.6.7.8.6.46 8.7.7.7..4 8.8.6.5..8 8.9.5.4.7.4 9..5..4. 9..4...7 9..4..8. 9...8.6. 9.4..7..7 9.5..6..4 9.6..5.9. 9.7...6.8 9.8...4.5 9.9..........5.98.95.9.88..96.9.8.79.5.94.86.75.7..9.8.69.6.5.9.78.64.57..9.75.59.5.5.88.7.55.47 4..87.69.5.4 4.5.86.67.47.9 5..85.64.44.6 5.5.84.6.4.4 6..8.6.9. 6.5.8.58.6.9 7..8.56.4.6 7.5.8.55..5 8..79.5.. 8.5.78.5.9. 9..78.5.8. 9.5.77.49.6.9..76.47.5.8 /6 Sepam - Testing
Voltage restrained overcurrent protection NSI code 5V-5V function n F9X for voltage-restrained overcurrent protection X FY for voltage-restrained overcurrent protection Y Equipment c single-phase and three-phase current and voltage generators c phase shifter with angle indicator c ammeters c voltmeter c chronometer c calculator c adapter for EC module c documentation Procedure c protection parameter setting: V Rest O/C (refer to the section entitled phase overcurrent) v select the curve (definite or IDMT) v set Is to the desired value v set T to the desired value (Is IDMT) v disable the unbalance protections; O/C X; U U/V X; U U/V; U/C; E/F X (when the sum of CTs is used) t Wiring c B5 or B6 diagram c protective relay: F9/, F9/ F/, F/ Test T,Is I* zone dependent on "u" Is Testing of definite time set points I c read the section entitled measurement and testing method This protection is three-phase and may be tested on each phase individually with single-phase. The set point is adjusted in accordance with the lowest phase-to-phase voltage measured. c checking of the set points for this protection, at rated voltage Uns, is the same as for the phase overcurrent protection test c for voltage lower than Uns, an adjustment factor is used which, when multiplied by the Is set point, gives the new protection activation set point I*. Set point to be tested I* = K.Is or with K = / x (4u / Uns -.) c status parameter setting: enter all data items v Fn network frequency v Unp network phase-to-phase voltage v Uns phase-to-phase voltage of the VT secondary circuits v number of VTs connected ( VT for single-phase testing) v select In the CT primary value v check and set the microswitches on the U/Vo, ECM and EC modules () remember to reactivate the protections at the end of testing. X = number of the protective relay. c parameter setting v set Is to the desired value v set T to.5 s c test v inject "u" = Uns (into U for single-phase injection) v lower one of the voltages and calculate the ratio u/uns v gradually increase the current or currents until the protective relay picks up v read the value I* on the ammeter Testing of definite time delay c parameter setting v inject "u" = Uns (into U for single-phase injection) v set i higher than Is v set T to the desired value c test v set the chronometer to zero v start up the chronometer and injection at the same time v the Sepam relay stops the chronometer v read the value T measured by the chronometer Chart giving the Is set point adjustment factor as a function of the change of voltage. u/uns K u/uns K u/uns K u/uns K <...6.4.54.65.7.89...8.44.56.68.74.9..7.4.467.58.77.76.947.4.5.4.49.6.7.78.97.6.8.44.5.6.76.8.8.6.46.547.64.787 >.8...48.57.66.8..6.5.6.68.84.4.87.5.67.7.867 Sepam - Testing /7
Voltage restrained overcurrent protection (cont'd) Testing of IDMT set points For injection voltage u = Uns, testing of the O/C V REST protection is the same as IDMT phase overcurrent testing. t T,Is Is I* Is I c protection parameter setting: V Rest O/C v select the standard inverse, very inverse, extremely inverse or ultra inverse curve v set Is (asymptote: for an injection i = Is, so t = infinity) v set T (corresponding to Is: for an injection i = Is, so t = T) v identify on the curve the different coordinates of the points that you will be testing (i and t) c test the different points on the curve v set and inject voltage u and calculate u/uns v preset the injection i = I* = Is.u/Uns v stop the injection and reset the chronometer to zero v press reset if required () v start up injection and the chronometer at the same time v check the injection value on the ammeter (stability) v Sepam's output relay stops the chronometer v read the value t measured by the chronometer v compare with the value given in the curve and the chart corresponding to I* v check the meter and the I TRIP value on the display unit or pocket terminal () v stop the injection v press reset () on Sepam to erase the messages and reset the output relay Example Status In = Uns = V settings very inverse curve Is = T =.5 s for u = 44 V U Uns = 44 =,44 : k =,5 the new value of I* will therefore be x.5 = 4 Injection i = In the very inverse column of the chart which gives K for i/i*, read the value K = which corresponds to i/i* =.9 (= / (.u/uns)). for an injection i = the relay will pick up after a period of time t = x.5 s = 5 s (t = K x T) () this function may only be activated if your program logic has been customized. /8 Sepam - Testing
Earth fault protection NSI code 5N-5N or 5G-5G function n F6X, F8X for earth fault protection Io X 4 F7Y, F9Y for additional earth fault protection Io' Y Equipment c single-phase or three-phase current generator c ammeters c CT c adapter for EC module c chronometer c documentation Wiring c diagram B, B7 or B8 c protective relays: F6/, F6/, F7/, F7/ F6/, F6/, F7/, F7/ F6/, F6/, F64/, F64/, F8/, F8/, F9/, F9/ F8/, F8/, F9/, F9/ F8/, F8/, F84/, F84/. Test c read the section entitled measurement and testing method c status parameter setting: v select the Io measurement method: interposing ring CT, core balance CT or sum of CTs v check the microswitches on the ECM and EC modules v check the connection of the interposing ring CT to the connector. Procedure c protection parameter setting: E/F X v select the definite curve v set Iso to the desired value v set T to the desired value v disable the Unbalance protections () ; O/C X, (for sum of CTs); the other earth fault set points Io Checking of definite time Iso set point t T Is Io The direction of current injection is irrelevant for this protection. c parameter setting v set T to.5 s c test v gradually inject the real current until the output relay linked with the protection in program logic picks up v read the Iso current value on the ammeter v check the meter and I TRIP () values on the display unit or pocket terminal v stop the injection v press reset () on the Sepam to erase the messages and reset the output relay Checking of harmonic restraint () c parameter setting v set H Rest = yes c testing v inject a real current I until the output relay linked to the protection in the program logic picks up v inject a harmonic current (frequency Hz or Hz according to the network frequency) with a value greater than. I into another phase v the output relay should drop out v stop the injection v preset reset () on Sepam to erase the messages () this function may only be activated if your program logic has been customized. () remember to reactivate the protections at the end of testing. () for F8X and F9Y protections only. Restaint available as of version 994 SFT 8. X = number of the protective relay. Checking of the definite time delay T c protection parameter setting: E/F X v set T to the desired value v prepare the injection with twice the value of Iso v set the chronometer to zero c test v start up injection and the chronometer at the same time v Sepam's output relay stops the chronometer v read the T value measured by the chronometer. Sepam - Testing /9
Earth fault protection (cont'd) Checking of IDMT set points and time delay The set point and time delay are IDMT and correspond to the curve and chart coordinates (see protection function sheets in appendix). The protection testing is the same as the IDMT phase overcurrent test. t to T,Iso io Iso a time to corresponds to an injected value io. I/Iso c protection parameter setting: E/F X v select the standard inverse, very inverse or extremely inverse or ultra inverse curve v set Iso (asymptote: for an injection io = Is, to = infinity) v set T (corresponding to Iso: for an injection io = Iso, to = T) v identify on the curve the different coordinates of the points that you will be testing (io and to) c test the different points on the curve v preset the injection i and make a note of the value v stop the injection and reset the chronometer to zero v press reset if required () v start up injection and the chronometer at the same time v check the injection value on the ammeter (stability) v Sepam's output relay stops the chronometer v read the t value measured by the chronometer v compare with the value given in the curve and calculate using the charts v check the meter and I TRIP () values on the pocket terminal v stop the injection v press reset () on Sepam to erase the messages and reset the output relay. Example In = 4 Status measurement by CT (connection of 4 and ) Settings definite Iso = T =.5 s Injection i = For an injection io =, the output relay picks up after time t =.5 s. Sepam measures Io = and I TRIP = Example In = 4 Status measurement by CT (connection of 4 and ) The CT test is the equivalent of the CT test; measurement range is different. Settings standard inverse curve Iso = T =.5 s Injection i = In the standard inverse column of the chart which gives K for I/Is, read the value K = that corresponds to I/Is = = (/) For an injection io =, the output relay picks up after time t = x.5 s =.5 s (t=k x T). Sepam measures Io = and ITRIP =. Example In = 4 Status measurement by core balance CT (connection of 4 and ) c select for the Io sensor the value of the CT primary circuit. In the example: In = 4 c check that number of times the wire enters the CHS interposing ring CT is in accordance with the value of the CT secondary circuit (5 times for or once for 5 ) Settings extremely inverse curve Iso = (minimum = 5% x 4 ) T =. s Injection io = In the extremement inverse column of the chart which gives K for I/Is, read the value K = 4.5 that corresponds to I/Is = 5 = (/) For an injection io =, the output relay picks up after time t = 4. x..4 s (t = K x T). Sepam measures Io = and ITRIP =. Example 4 In = /5 Status measurement by sum of CTs Settings standard inverse curve Iso = T = 4 s Injection io = 4 ( secondary) In the standard inverse column of the chart that gives K for I/Is, read the value K =.76 that corresponds to I/Is = = (4/) For an injection io = 4, the output relay picks up after time t =.76 x 4.4 s (t=k x T). Sepam measures Io = 4 and ITRIP = 4. Please note: In order to reduce the injection unit current Ii, it is possible insert the wire through the CT several times. The Sepam measurement will be equal to: Ii multiply by the number of turns in CT. () this function may only be activated if your program logic has been customized. X = number of the protective relay. / Sepam - Testing
Percentage-based single-phase overcurrent protection NSI code 5-5 function n FX for the phase overcurrent I protection X F4X for the phase overcurrent I protection F5X for the phase overcurrent I protection FY for the phase overcurrent I' protection Y FY for the phase overcurrent I' protection FY for the phase overcurrent I' protection Equipment c single-phase current generator c ammeters c chronometer c documentation Wiring c B diagram c protective relays: F/, F/, F4/, F4/, F5/, F5/, F/, F/, F/, F/, F/, F/. Test c read the section entitled measurement and testing method c status parameter setting v check the microswitches ( or 5 ) that correspond to the CT secondary circuits. Please note: the choice of the CT primary value has no effect. Procedure c protection parameter setting: Iph O/C X with ph =. or v set Is to the desired value v set T to the desired value v disable the set points of the following protections () : - unbalance, O/C, E/F (if CT sum is used) - the other Iph O/C protections Checking of the set point c parameter setting v set T to.5 s c test v gradually inject a current until the output relay linked to to the protection in the program logic picks up v read the Is value of the current on the ammeter v stop the injection v press reset () on Sepam to erase the messages and de-activate the outputs. Checking of the time delay c parameter setting v set T to the desired value v preset the injection to twice the value of Is v set the chronometer to zero c test v start up the chronometer and the injection at the same time v the Sepam output relay stops the chronometer v read the value t measured by the chronometer. () this function may only be activated if your program logic has been customized. () remember to reactivate the protections at the end of testing. X = number of the protective relay. Sepam - Testing /
Directional overcurrent protection NSI code 67 function n F5X for -phase directional overcurrent (I, I) X F5X for -phase directional overcurrent (I, I, I) In order to use this function, it is necessary to be familiar with the overcurrent and overvoltage protection function procedures and settings (refer to appropriate sections). Equipment c single-phase and three-phase current and voltage generators c phase shifter with angle indicator c ammeters c voltmeter c chronometer c calculator c adaptater for EC module c documentation Wiring c diagrams B5 or B6 c protective relays: F5/, F5/ for normal zone of set point F5/, F5/4 for inverse zone of set point F5/, F5/ for normal zone of set point () F5/, F5/4 for inverse zone of set point () F5/, F5/ for normal zone of set point F5/, F5/4 for inverse zone of set point F5/, F5/ for normal zone of set point () F5/, F5/4 for inverse zone of set point () Test c read the section entitled measurement and testing method c status parameter setting v select Fn network frequency v set Unp the VT secondary circuit phase-to-phase voltage v set Uns, the VT secondary phase-to-phase voltage v set the number of wired VTs to U v select the value of the CT primary circuits v check the microswitches on the U/Vo, ECM or EC modules. () this function may only be activated if your program logic has been customized. () only one relay is used in standard applications. () remember to reactivate the protections at the end of testing. (4) input value not taken into account by the F5X function X = number of the protective relay. Procedure This protection checks the direction of currents I, I (4) and I in comparison with voltages U, U (4) and U respectively, so that testing can be carried out using single-phase current and voltage, changing only one current and the shift with respect to its voltage each time. I ϕ= α θ c protection parameter setting: Dir O/C X v select the curve v set Is to the desired value v set T to the desired value (see curves in appendix) v select angle θ (characteristic angle) v disable the following protections () O/C X; Under/C X; U/V X ; Unbalance; E/F (for sum of CTs) ; N Vol Disp (for sum of VTs) v inject the voltage or voltages and the current or currents in accordance with diagram B5 or B6 v select the appropriate phase shift in accordance with the protection activation zone, given: ϕ = α or ϕ = α or ϕ = α (single phase) ϕ = α + 9 or ϕ = α + 9 or ϕ = α + 9 (three phase) or ϕ, ϕ and ϕ being the angles read on the pocket terminal (±) α, α et α being the phase shift angles of the injection unit. Example of test on U and I using single-phase current and voltage (see diagram B5) I Is inverse zone θ inverse zone V ϕ α θ Is ϕ=9 +(α) Characteristic line U normal zone Characteristic line U normal zone v connect voltage U: to input U (terminal ) and V to input U (terminal 4) v connect current I: to input N (terminal B) and I to input I (terminal B4) c testing of Is set point for θ = and definite time v inject phase-to-phase voltage Uns v set T to.5 s v inject current so that the phase shift angle ϕ can be set to and v check ϕ on the pocket terminal v stop current injection and reset Sepam to zero () v gradually increase the current until the protection output relay picks up: F5/ or F5/ for ϕ = F5/ or F5/4 for ϕ = v read Is on the ammeter. / Sepam - Testing
c testing of T Once the protection activation zone has been determined, the T tests are the same as the definite time and IDMT curve phase overcurrent protection tests (see section on phase overcurrent). c testing of protective relay normal and inverse zones The zone limits are: ϕ = 9 + θ to ϕ = 7 + θ v inject phase-to-phase voltage Uns v set T to.5 s v select θ according to the different examples given below v preset the current to twice Is and the phase shift according to the chart v stop current injection and reset Sepam () v inject the current with a phase shift that is outside the zone concerned by the protective relay to be tested v vary the phase shift angle a of the injection unit so as to determine the angle limits of the activation zone v reset to zero when leaving the zone each time the output relay () is activated. c three-phase testing These tests are performed using the same procedures as those described previously. v connect the voltages (N, V, V, V) and currents according to diagram B6 v inject the voltages and currents v the change in the injection box phase difference angle is determined by the protection activation zone (see chart). characteristic normal zone inverse zone angle F5X/ and F5X/ F5X/ and F5X/4 F5X/ and F5X/ F5X/ and F5X/4 ϕ or ϕ or ϕ ϕ or ϕ or ϕ θ = ( ) to (8 ) to θ = 45 5 ( ) to 5 5 (8 ) to 5 θ = 6 ( ) to 5 5 (8 ) to Remark s a rule, the angle indicated by the injection unit is the phase shift between phase voltage and current. Example injection unit pocket terminal α ϕ + 8 8 + 9 7 ou 6-9 9-8 8 The voltage is created electronically and is shifted with respect to the current that serves as the reference for phase shift measurement. () this function may only be activated if your program logic has been customized. X = number of the protective relay. Sepam - Testing /
Directional earth fault protection NSI code 67N function n F5X X In order to use this function, it is necessary to be familiar with the overcurrent and residual voltage protection function procedures and settings (refer to appropriate sections). Equipment c single-phase current and voltage generators c phase shifter with angle indicator c ammeters c voltmeter c chronometer c calculator c adapter for EC module c documentation Wiring c B5 or B6 or B7 diagram c protective relays: F5/, F5/ for normal zone of set point F5/, F5/4 for inverse zone of set point F5/, F5/ for normal zone of set point () F5/, F5/4 for inverse zone of set point () Test c read the section entitled measurement and testing method c status parameter setting v select Fn network frequency v set Unp phase-to-phase voltage v set Uns VT secondary circuit phase-to-phase voltage v select Vo measurement method v select CT primary value v select Io measurement method v check microswitches on the U/Vo, ECM or EC modules. Procedure c protection parameter setting: Dir. E/F v set Iso to the desired value v set T to the desired value v select angle θo (characteristic angle) v disable the following protections () : - related to Vo if measurement is by the sum of the VTs: U O/V; U O/V X; U U/V; U U/V X - related to Io if measurement is by the sum of the CTs: all O/C, E/F and Unbalance set points v inject voltage which corresponds to Vo >.6 % of Unp Checking of set point with θo = c parameter setting v set T to.5 s v select θo = c test (see figure ) v gradually inject current i with a phase shift of 8 with respect to Vo until the output relay linked with the normal protection zone in program logic picks up v read the current value on the ammeter v stop current injection v press reset () on Sepam to erase the messages and reset the output relay. Checking of time delay T c parameter setting v set T to the desired value c test (see figure ) v preset the current injection to. times the Iso value and the 8 phase shift with respect to Vo v set the chronometer to zero v start up injection and the chronometer at the same time v Sepam's output relay stops the chronometer v read the value measured by the chronometer Checking of the protection range using a phase shifter c parameter setting v set T to the minimum (.5 s) v set Iso c test (see figures, and 4) v set the injection current i to a value that is clearly greater than Iso so that its projection Ipo will be greater than Iso v the angle limits of the normal and inverse ranges will be: - normal zone [ϕo] = 8 + θo ±ω - inverse zone [ϕo] = 6 + θo ±ω with cosω = Iso/i θo = angle of the line formed by the projection of i with respect to Vo (set via the pocket terminal). () this function may only be activated if your program logic has been customized () only one relay is used in standard applications () remember to reactivate the protections at the end of the test. X = number of the protective relay. /4 Sepam - Testing
example c angle θo = (see figure graph) settings Iso = T =.5 s for injection i = 5, the protection is activated: cosω = /5 =.4 hence ω = 66.4 v in normal zone 8 + ±ω i.e. [ϕo] equal to.6 to 46.4. v in inverse zone 6 + ±66.4 i.e. [ϕo] equal to 9.6 to 66.4 (46.4). c angle θo = (see figure graph) with strong current (limit of 4 ranges) settings Iso = T =.5 s for injection i =, the protection is activated: cosω = / =. hence ω = 84. v in normal zone 8 + ±84. i.e. [ϕo] equal to 4 to 56, no processing outside this range. v in inverse zone 6 + ±84. i.e. [ϕo] equal to 84 to 76 (46 ), no porcessing outside this range. c angle θo = (see figures and 4 graphs) settings Iso = T =.5 s for injection i = 5, the protection is activated: cosω = /5 =.4 hence ω = 66.4 v in normal zone 8 + ±ω i.e. [ϕo] equal to 4.6 to 76.4. v in inverse zone 6 + ±66.4 i.e. [ϕo] equal to.6 to 96.4 (456.4 ). c angle θo = -45 (see figures and 4 graphs) setttings Iso = T =.5 s for injection i =, the protection is activated: cosω = / =. hence ω = 78.4 v in normal zone 8 +(-45 ±ω) i.e. [ϕo] equal to 56.6 to.4. v in inverse zone 6 +(-45 ±66.4 ) i.e. [ϕo] equal to 48.6 to.4 (8.4 ). Fig normal zone F5/ F5/ F5/ F5/ Fig normal zone F5/ F5/ F5/ F5/ Ipo resistive "i" projected fault Ipo "i" "i" 4 -Iso 4 Fig Fig 4 Ipo normal zone ω "i" Iso ϕo (parameter) α (injection) θo (protection) Vo Iso Iso Ipo normal zone "i" plan where Ipo > Iso angles : θo protection = ϕo parameter = 8 α injection = 8 Vo Vo inverse zone F5/ F5/4 F5/ F5/4 angles : θo protection = ϕo parameter = 4 à 56 α injection = 4 à 56 ω ω "i" Iso ϕo (parameter) α (injection) projection line θo (protection) Vo Variation in "i" around Vo normal zone inverse zone F5/ Special cases c the injection unit performs a special phase shift and angle measurement, which makes it necessary to make an angle correspondence chart. Example Injection according to wiring diagram B7 (i is 8 from Vo). F8/ Iso Vo θo = o F5/ 5%Ino Corresponding program logic diagram: F5/ Kxx F8/ injection unit a pocket terminal ϕo + 8 + 8 + 9 + 7 or 6-9 + 9-8 + 8 The voltage is created electronically and has a phase shift with respect to the current that serves as the reference for phase shift measurement. c when combined with an earth fault protection set point, the directional protection can use the inverse time time delay. The combination is made via customized program logic. Sepam - Testing /5
Directional earth fault protection for compensated networks NSI code 67NC function n F48X X In order to use this function, it is necessary to be familiar with the overcurrent and residual voltage protection function procedures and settings (refer to appropriate sections). Equipment c single-phase current and voltage generators c phase shifter with angle indicator c ammeters c voltmeter c chronometer 66 c calculator c adapter for EC module c documentation Wiring c diagram B5 or B6 or B7 c protective relays: F48/, F48/ for normal zone set point F48/, F48/4 for inverse zone set point F48/5 for Vo > Vso. F48/, F48/ for normal zone set point F48/, F48/4 for inverse zone set point F48/5 for Vo > Vso. Test c read the section entitled measurement and testing method c status parameter setting v select Fn network frequency v set Unp to the phase-to-phase voltage value v select Uns the VT secondary circuit phase-to-phase voltage v select the Vo measurement method v select the value of the CT primary circuit v select the Io measurement method v check the microswitches on the U/Vo, ECM or EC modules. Procedure c protection parameter setting: CNSdir, E/F v set Iso to the desired value v select sector angle 8 or 86 v set T the protection time delay v set Vso v set Tmem disengaging time v disable the following protections: - related to Vo if measurement is by the sum of the VTs: U U/V; U U/V X; U O/V; U O/V X, N Vol Disp (if included) - related to Io if measurement is by the sum of the CTs: O/C X, E/F X and unbalance. Checking of Iso set point c parameter setting v set Iso to the desired value v set T to.5 s c test v inject voltage which corresponds to Vo > Vso (see chapter on N Vol Disp) v once the activation zone has been determined (normal or inverse), phase shift between i and u of for inverse zone and of 8 for normal zone v inject current i, gradually increasing it until the relay linked to the protection picks up v read the Iso value on the ammeter. v stop the current injection v press reset () on Sepam to erase the messages and deactivate the output. Checking of T c parameter setting v set T to the desired value c test v present current i to twice Iso and the injection unit angle in accordance with the zone concerned v reset Sepam and the chronometer v start up injection and the chronometer at the same time v the output relay stops the chronometer v read T on the chronometer normal zone inverse zone Ipo Io sector Iso Vo () this function may only be activated if your program logic has been customized. () remember to reactivate these protections if need be at the end of testing. X = number of the protective relay. /6 Sepam - Testing
Checking of protection disengaging time This time delay is activated on the falling edge of each fault signal. It processes very brief transient faults which, when repetitive, allow T to be reached. The relay linked with the protection must not be a latching relay in order for this check to be performed. c parameter setting v set Tdis to the desired value c test v set up the chronometer wiring so that it will start up when injection stops and the dropping out of the protective relay will stop the counting operation v create a fault by injecting current and voltage v reset the chronometer to zero v stop current or voltage injection and start up the chronometer v when the Sepam relay drops out, read the Tdis value on the chronometer Checking of the protection activation zone (sector) c parameter setting v set T to.5 s v select the sector c test v inject voltage which corresponds to Vo > Vso (see section on N Vol Disp) v preset current Io to twice Iso, with a phase shift of 9 and then 7 with respect to Vo v vary the phase shift angle a of the injection unit so as to determine the angle limits of the activation zone sector normal zone inverse zone 8 97 8 6 77 8 86 94 8 66 74 86 v reset to zero when leaving the zone each time the output relay is activated. Sepam - Testing /7
Thermal overload protection NSI code 49 function n F4 Equipment c single-phase current generator c ammeters c chronometer c CSP adapter c calculator c documentation Wiring c diagram B or B or B8 or B9 or B c protective relays: F4/ corresponding to OL F4/ corresponding to OL Test c read the section entitled measurement and testing method c status parameter setting v select the value of the CT primary circuit v set the value of Ib (rated current given by the manufacturer on the manufacturer plate of the motor or transformer) v check the microswitches ( or 5 ) which correspond to the CT secondary circuits v or check and set the microswitches on the EC module Procedure c set protection parameters: thermal v set OL, OL (% heat rise set points) v set djust (none, low, average or high) v set T (heating time constant) v set T (cooling time constant) v disable: O/C X, Unbalance, E/F X if sum of CTs is used Checking of heat rise time c parameter setting v preset i to the desired value (X times Ib) c test v stop injection v set the chronometer to zero Cold curve v reset Heating to zero on the pocket terminal (password + clear) v start up injection and the chronometer at the same time v monitor the injection value on the ammeter (stability) v use the pocket terminal to monitor heat rise Heating When OL is reached: v the Sepam output relay stops the chronometer v read the t value measured by the chronometer v stop the injection v press reset () on Sepam to erase the messages and reset the relay (if Heating < OL) c example: heat rise Case of a transformer (T = T, djust = None) In = 4 Ib = 8 v set OL = 95% v set OL = 5% v set T = 5 mn v set T = 5 mn v set djust = None See the chart which gives t/t for f(ol, I/Ib). In the example, i =. Ib For an injection i = Ib + % =. x 8 = 64 the protection trips OL in a time period of t =.858 x 5 x 6 = 47.7 s (4 mn 8 s) and OL in a time period of t =.49 x 5 x 6 = 4. s (5 mn 4 s) Monitor Heating the variation in heat rise on the pocket terminal. () this function may only be activated if your program logic has been customized. () remember to reactivate the protections at the end of testing if required. X = number of the protective relay. /8 Sepam - Testing
Setting djust = None does not take into account the unbalance value and does not allow single-phase injection to be used. c example: heat rise Case of an unbalanced motor. Use of diagram B9. In = 4 Ib = 8 I, I, I v set OL = 95% v set OL = 5% v set T = 5 mn v set T = mn v set djust = High (= 9) v Heating = % The equivalent current value should be calculated so as to enable the user to select the right I/Ib ratio in the chart that gives t/t for f(ol, I/Ib). In the example i =. Ib ieq = (Ib+%Ib) + 9([Ib+%Ib] /.7) i.e. ieq = 64 + 9() fi ieq = 78 hence I/Ib = 78 /8 =.6 For an injection i = 64, in accordance with diagram B9 or B, the protection will trip OL in a time period of t =.54 x 5 x 6 = 45 s and OL in a time period of t =.865 x 5 x 6 = 55.9 s Monitor Heating the variation in heat rise Heating on the pocket terminal. Hot curve v reach Heating = % v start up injection and the chronometer at the same time v monitor the injection value on the ammeter (stability) v use the pocket termial to monitor the variation in heat rise Heating When OL is reached v the Sepam output relay stops the chronometer v read the t value measured by the chronometer v stop the injection v press reset () on Sepam to erase the messages and reset the relay (if Heating > OL). Practical method of protection time measurement and testing using initial heat rise v set OL to the initial heat rise value Ei v reset heat rise to zero using the pocket terminal (password + clear) v start up injection and the chronometer When OL = Ei is reached v the chronmeter indicates the time ti v set OL to the desired value v reset heat rise Heating to zero using the pocket terminal (access code + clear) v start up injection and the chronometer. When OL is reached v the chronmeter indicates the time tf. v the protection operating time starting from initial heat rise Ei is t = tf - ti. Sepam - Testing /9
Thermal overload protection (cont'd) Cold curves: t/t = f(ol, I/Ib) The following charts give the numerical values of the cold curves. Example of chart use For an operation set point OL of 5% with a time constant T of 5 mn, what is the operation time when cold at.6 Ib? Using the cold curve chart: c read the value of t/t =.865 at the intersection of row OL = 5 and column I/Ib =.6 c calculate the operation time t =.865 x T i.e. t =.865 x 5 x 6 = 67.8 s I/Ib..5..5..5..5.4.45.5.55.6.65.7.75.8 OL (%) 5.69.64.5.4749.465.857.58.7.945.76.5..7.9.9.78.676 55.7985.699.66.576.48.49.97.59.94..8.6.49.57..98.86 6.96.7857.6849.646.59.4845.486.99.655.6..87.67.49.7.8.48 65.498.895.774.676.64.579.4855.44.49.698.49.55.99.78.548.86.9 7.4.76.864.755.6657.594.548.4847.448.449.77.444.94.97.774.595.44 75.86.4.967.87.757.659.5866.5.48.44.455.74.467..5.89.6 8.694.9.8.987.89.774.64.578.545.4788.494.449.747.479.4.8.86 85.897.479..9.89.785.699.68.5686.58.4745.466.45.74.48.5.4 9.6.6946.68.4.988.858.765.689.647.5587.58.4694.4.4.7.48.54 95.978.577.67.78.965.858.766.66.6.5486.5.468.49.986.74.47.755.75.4.856.7.8958.7956.78.6455.5878.58.495.4578.447.95.69 5.445..5796.6.47.97.858.767.69.686.5746.579.487.455.499.97.979.784.445.74.54.95.88.746.67.6.566.576.479.445.448 5.4.69.65.8.49.997.887.798.756.654.5964.5489.574.478.484.79.798.46.8.74.9474.8457.76.69.65.58.565.497.466 5.97.54.694.457.58.54.97.89.746.67.646.5666.545.4874.8.788.466.49.885.96.86.7789.789.649.5975.555.59 5.776.995.65.499.67.75.96.85.7494.6849.695.58.59 4.64.766.468.58.96.974.874.796.7.665.69.5658 45.6.958.5877.46.7.4.95.856.766.6966.644.594 5.89.855.79.4495.498.986.979.887.87.7.679.67 55.498.9.5645.64.676.6.9.844.7686.755.658 6.97..6946.4.47.965.988.886.866.79.689 65.576.844.56.8.69.4.96.846.779.78 7.6999..65.488.96.98.979.887.899.748 75.44.6.7858.54.5.57.94.9.847.7768 8.555.988.694.8.44.8.975.886.89 85.88.95.77.4698.85.79..965.846 9.4864.4.868.5647.555.97.7.9687.889 95.67.49.6695.44.597..6.99..97.7866.598.66.778.586.965 / Sepam - Testing
Cold curves I/Ib.85.9.95...4.6.8...4.6.8 4. 4. 4.4 4.6 OL (%) 5.579.49.4.5.9.98.768.659.57.5.44.9.5.7.88.6.9 55.75.65.56.479.6.4.849.77.6.55.487.44.88.5.7.88.6 6.97.88.77.65.4..99.796.69.64.5.474.44.8.46.5.88 65.6.985.875.77.44.97..865.75.656.579.55.46.45.75.4. 7.88.56.5.94.56.96.9.95.8.78.65.555.497.447.45.68.6 75.474.9.97.76.684.95.76.6.87.76.67.596.5.48.44.95.6 8.66.55.6..87.495.6.76.9.8.77.67.57.5.464.4.85 85.855.685.5.89.9.597.44.48.99.867.764.678.67.546.494.449.4 9.5.868.7.549.57.699.49.9.54.9.8.7.644.579.54.476.45 95.5.54.875.7.85.8.54.9.6.974.858.76.68.6.554.5.459.456.44.5.877.4.97.6.65.78.8.95.8.78.645.584.5.484 5.664.47..45.445..688.48.4.8.95.845.755.679.64.558.59.877.64.45.6.578.9.776.5.4.6..887.79.7.644.585.54 5.495.85.6.9.7.7.865.586.67.9.48.99.8.746.674.6.559.47.44.79.567.849.6.954.66.4.46.96.97.868.78.75.64.584 5.4545.45.986.747.988.446.45.77.495..44.4.95.8.75.667.69.4778.4465.484.9.8.558.6.8.56.58.9.57.94.847.766.695.64 5.56.468.486.47.7.67.8.89.65.44.4..98.88.796.7.659 4.56.497.459.48.44.785..967.69.47.9.4..96.87.75.685 45.55.56.48.45.56.9.44.45.757.57.4.87.58.95.858.778.7 5.5767.57.57.47.79.7.59.4.8.584.9..97.984.889.86.75 55.6.56.56.49.86.5.64..89.64.44.74.6.9.9.84.76 6.6.5856.546.58.4.54.7.8.957.699.49.8.74.54.95.86.786 65.658.68.569.59.469.75.798.6.5.757.54.6..88.98.89.8 7.6866.666.595.554.47.498.897.444.94.85.59.46.5...99.88 75.76.66.666.5754.4487.6.996.56.6.874.64.45.9.58.45.947.86 8.7464.694.64.5978.465.747.96.68..9.69.495..9.76.976.889 85.7777.784.6665.68.486.874.97.69..99.744.54.7.9.8.4.95 9.8.747.695.6444.4985.4..775.7.5.796.585.4.64.4..94 95.844.7769.79.6685.557.4.4.86.44..847.6.45..7.6.967.878.875.7465.69.5.465.58.945.5.7.9.676.49.5..9.99 Sepam - Testing /
Thermal overload protection (cont'd) Cold curves I/Ib 4.8 5. 5.5 6. 6.5 7. 7.5 8. 8.5 9. 9.5..5 5. 7.5. OL (%) 5.9..67.4.9..89.78.69.6.56.5...6. 55.4..8.54...98.86.76.68.6.55.5.4.8.4 6.64.4..68.4..7.94.8.74.67.6.8.7..5 65.86.6.7.8.55.4.6..9.8.7.65.4.9..6 7.9.84.4.96.67.44.5..97.87.78.7.45...8 75..5.5..79.54.4.8.4.9.8.75.48..5.9 8.5.5.68.5.9.65.4.6..99.89.8.5.6.6. 85.76.46.85.9..75.5.4.8.5.95.85.55.8.8. 9.98.67..5.5.85.6.4.5...9.58.4.9. 95.4.87.9.67.7.96.7.5..8.6.95.6.4..4.444.48.6.8.4.6.79.57.9.4...64.45..5 5.466.49.5.96.5.7.88.65.46..7.6.67.47.4.6.489.45.7..64.7.97.7.5.7...7.49.6.8 5.5.47.88.5.76.7.7.8.6.4.8.6.74.5.8.9.55.49.45.9.88.48.6.89.67.49.4..77.5.9. 5.558.5.4.5..58.5.97.75.56.9.6.8.56.4..58.54.49.68..69.4.5.8.6.45..84.58.4. 5.64.555.457.8.5.79.4..89.68.5.6.87.6.44.4 4.67.576.474.97.7.9.5..96.74.56.4.9.6.46.5 45.65.598.49.4.49..6.9..8.6.46.9.65.47.6 5.67.69.59.46.6..7.7..87.68.5.96.67.49.8 55.696.64.56.44.74..79.45.7.9.7.56..69.5.9 6.7.66.54.455.86..89.5.4..79.6..7.5.4 65.74.68.56.469.98.4.98.6..6.85.66.6.74.54.4 7.766.74.578.484.4.5.7.69.8..9.7.9.76.56.4 75.79.76.596.498.4.64.6.77.45.8.96.77..78.57.44 8.8.747.6.5.45.74.5.85.5.5..8.6.8.59.45 85.87.769.6.58.448.85.4.9.59..7.87.9.8.6.46 9.86.79.649.54.46.95.44..66.7..9..85.6.48 95.884.8.666.557.47.46.5.9.74.44.8.97.6.87.64.49.98.84.684.57.485.47.6.7.8.5.4..9.89.66.5 / Sepam - Testing
Hot curves: t/t = f(ol, I/Ib) The following charts give the numerical values of the hot curves. Example of chart use For an operation set point OL of 5% with a time constant T of 5 mn, what is the operation time when hot at.6 Ib? Using the hot curve chart: c read the value t/t =. 64 at the intersection of row OL = 5 and column I/Ib =.6 c calculate the operation time t =.64 x T i.e. t =.64 x 5 x 6 =.7 s I/Ib..5..5..5..5.4.45.5.55.6.65.7.75.8 OL (%) 5.669.79.685.6.9.75.67.55.464.48.6.6.95.68.45.6.76.6466.7.578.957.566.96..95.84.74.66.598.544.497.457 5.58.657.469..45..699.46.78...9.87.755.69.445.968.66.494.4.786.6..744.59.7.4.8..95 5.495.898.5878.4499.6.7.57..96.747.568.49.9.8.666.45.76.575.457.747.76.744.47.6.94.78.57.48 5.587.974.777.554.455.89.85.87.54.7.48.86.699 4.979.47.8668.666.59.457.857.58.96.64.78.56.967 45.694.56.79.65.545.446.869.4.8.79.46.4 5.97.897.96.757.64.58.448.864.49.7.776.56 55.867.595.47.858.699.5798.4978.447.846.49..87 6.69.74.988.7857.659.558.4855.48.89.48.8 65.8478.56.4.895.74.66.59.478.45.786.47 7.94.6.76.8.694.5955.55.466.446.747 75.488.598.4.96.765.6554.577.555.45.477 8.5988.798.9.7.8449.79.644.554.498.448 85.665.479.94.96.787.68.5974.5.477 9.776.6946.7.64.86.79.6466.57.58 95 4.564.978.47..99.89.6985.67.558.755.694.48.45.8688.75.66.594 Sepam - Testing /
Thermal overload protection (cont'd) Hot curves I/Ib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b 4.8 5. 5.5 6. 6.5 7. 7.5 8. 8.5 9. 9.5..5 5. 7.5. OL (%) 5...7.4...9.8.7.6.6.5.....45.4.4.9.4..8.6.4....6.4.. 5.68.6.5.4.6..7.4..9.7.5..7.5.4.9.84.69.57.49.4.6..8.5....9.7.5 5.4.5.86.7.6.5.45.4.5..8.5.6..8.6.7.6..86.7.6.54.48.4.8.4..9...8 5.6.47...85.7.64.56.49.44.9.5..6..9 4.8.68.8.5.97.84.7.64.56.5.45.4.6.8.. 45.6.89.55.9..94.8.7.6.56.5.46.9..5. 5.9..7.44..5.9.8.7.6.56.5...6. 55.5..9.58.4.5..88.77.69.6.56.5.5.8.4 6.76.5.7.7.47.6.9.96.85.75.67.6.9.7..5 65.99.75.5.87.59.6.8.4.9.8.7.66.4.9..6 7..96.4..7.47.8..99.88.79.7.45...8 75.46.7.6.7.8.57.7..6.94.84.76.48.4.5.9 8.7.9.77..96.68.46.8...9.8.5.6.6. 85.9.6.95.46.8.79.55.6..7.96.86.55.8.8. 9.47.8..6..89.64.44.7...9.58.4.. 95.44.44..75...7.5.4.9.7.96.6.4..4.464.46.48.9.45..8.6.4.6...65.45..5 /4 Sepam - Testing