COURSE TITLE : TEXTILE TESTING & QUALITY ASSURANCE COURSE CODE : 4109 COURSE CATEGORY : A PERIODS/WEEK : 5 PERIODS/SEMESTER : 90 CREDITS : 5 TIME SCHEDULE MODULE TOPIC PERIODS I Elements of Statistics, Humidity and Moisture 24 II Fiber Testing 22 III Yarn Testing 22 IV Fabric Testing 22 TOTAL 90 OBJECTIVES On completion of this Course students should be able to understand the MODULE - I 1.0 ELEMENTS OF STATISTICS, HUMIDITY AND MOISTURE 1.1 Definition of Textile Testing 1.2 Definition of Quality assurance 1.3 Objects of Textile Testing 1.4 Importance of statistics 1.5 Definition of statistics 1.6 Difference between Quality control & Quality Assurance 1.7 Selection of Sample for testing 1.7.1 Random sampling 1.7.2 Biased sampling 1.8 Meaning of population and individual in statistics 1.9 Classification and tabulation of data 1.10 The preparation of frequency table 1.11 Construction Frequency distribution 1.12 Different types of Graphical representation of frequency distribution 1.12.1 Histogram 1.12.2 Frequency polygon 1.12.3 Frequency curve 1.13 Different types of frequency curves 1.13.1 Normal distribution curve 1.13.2 Asymmetric distribution curve 1.13.3 Bi-modal distribution curve 1.14 Measures of central Tendency 1.14.1 Mean 1.14.1.1 Determination of mean by Direct method 1.14.1.2 Determination of mean by Simplified method 1.14.2Median and determination of median 1.14.3Mode and determination of mode 1
1.15 Measures of Dispersion 1.15.1 Range and determination of range 1.15.2 Mean range and its determination 1.15.3 Mean deviation and its determination 1.15.4 Percentage mean deviation and its determination 1.15.5 Standard deviation 1.15.5.1 Determination of SD by Direct method 1.15.5.2 Determination of SD by Simplified method 1.16 Co-efficient of variation and its determination 1.17 Importance of Humidity 1.18 The various expressions of humidity 1.18.1 Absolute humidity 1.18.2 Relative humidity 1.19 Measurement of Humidity of the atmosphere 1.19.1 By Sling hygrometer 1.19.2 By hair hygrometer or Thermo hygrograph 1.20 Term Standard atmospheric condition, standard atmosphere and standard testing atmosphere 1.21 Terms to express moisture in a textile material 1.21.1 Moisture content 1.21.2 Regain 1.22 Difference between moisture content and regain 1.23 Standard moisture regain of important textile fibers 1.23.1 Cotton 1.23.2 Wool 1.23.3 Silk 1.23.4 Linen 1.23.5 Jute 1.23.6 Viscose rayon 1.23.7 Nylon 1.23.8 Polyester 1.24 Estimation of standard regain of a blend 1.24.1 Polyester Cotton blend 1.24.2 Polyester wool blend 1.24.3 Polyester viscose blend 1.25 Term Moisture Hysterisis 1.26 Estimation of Moisture content and regain of Textile materials 1.26.1 By drying oven 1.26.2 By Shirley moisture meter MODULE - II 2.0 FIBER TESTING 2.1 Properties of Textile fibers 2.1.1 Fiber length 2.1.2 Fibber Fineness 2.1.3 Fiber strength 2.1.4 Fiber Maturity 2.2 Importance of fiber length 2.3 Fiber length parameters 2.3.1 Effective length 2
2.3.2 Mean length 2.3.3 Short fiber content 2.3.4 Dispersion 2.3.5 Span length 2.3.5.1 2.5 % span length 2.3.5.2 50 % span length 2.3.6 Uniformity ratio 2.4 Determination of fiber length parameters by different instruments 2.4.1 By Baer sorter 2.4.2 Digital Fibrograph 2.5 Importance of fiber fineness 2.6 Relationship between air flow and fiber fineness 2.7 Determination of fiber fineness 2.7.1 By Sheffield micronaire instrument 2.7.2 By ATIRA Fiber fineness tester 2.8 Importance of fiber strength 2.9 Different strength terminologies 2.9.1 Load 2.9.2 Breaking load 2.9.3 Stress 2.9.4 Mass stress 2.9.5 Tenacity 2.9.6 Strain 2.9.7 Elongation 2.9.8 Extension 2.9.9 Breaking extension 2.9.10 Load-elongation curve 2.9.11 Stress-strain curve 2.9.11.1 Yield point 2.9.11.2 Yield stress 2.9.11.3 Yield strain 2.9.11.4 Young s modulus 2.9.11.5 Work of rupture 2.9.12 Stress-strain curve for different materials 2.9.12.1 Cotton 2.9.12.2 Wool 2.9.12.3 Silk 2.9.12.4 Nylon 2.9.12.5 Polyester 2.9.13 Elastic property 2.9.13.1 Elastic recovery 2.9.13.2 Elastic extension 2.9.13.3 Permanent set 2.10 Estimation of fiber strength 2.10.1 By Pressley tester 2.10.2 By Stelometer 2.11 Importance of fiber maturity 2.12 List the different methods of determination of fiber maturity 2.12.1 Caustic soda swelling method, Causticaire method, Differential dyeing method 2.13 Estimation of fiber maturity by Caustic soda swelling method 3
2.14 Determination of percentage mature fiber, Maturity ratio, Maturity co-efficient 2.15 Importance of FQI and its relation to lea CSP 2.16 Features of Advanced Fiber Information System [AFIS] 2.17 Features of High Volume Instrument [HVI] 2.18 The term Cleaning efficiency, Lint, Trash and invisible loss 2.19 Estimation of trash content in cotton by Shirley trash analyzer MODULE - III 3.0 YARN TESTING 3.1 Properties and characteristics of yarn 3.1.1 Count of the yarn 3.1.2 Twist in yarn 3.1.3 Strength of the yarn 3.1.4 Yarn evenness 3.1.5 Yarn faults 3.1.6 Yarn hairiness 3.2 Importance of yarn count 3.3 Determination of yarn count 3.3.1 Analytical balance 3.3.2 Knowles balance 3.3.3 Beesley s balance 3.4 The importance of Yarn twist 3.5 Definition of twist, S twist, Z twist, twist on twist, weft on twist 3.6 Relationship between yarn count & TPI 3.7 Different methods of twist determination 3.7.1 Straightened fiber method 3.7.2 Untwist and Retwist method 3.7.3 Twist to break method 3.7.4 Un-twist method for double yarn 3.8 Estimation of twist in yarn by 3.8.1 Straightened fiber method 3.8.2 Tension type twist tester 3.8.3 Take up twist tester 3.9 Importance of yarn strength 3.10 Factors affecting yarn strength 3.11 Principles of tensile strength testing 3.11.1 CRL principle 3.11.2 CRE principle 3.11.3 CRS principle 3.11.4 CRT principle 3.12 Estimation of single thread strength by 3.12.1 Single thread strength tester working on CRT principle 3.12.2 Uster single yarn strength tester working on CRL principle 3.13 Determination of lea strength by lea tester 3.14 Importance of evenness of the yarn 3.15 Terms random variation, periodic variation, wave length, amplitude, Short, medium & long term variations of irregularity 3.16 Methods of determination of evenness by 3.16.1 Cutting and weighting method 3.16.2 Visual method 4
3.16.3 Electronic method 3.17 Yarn appearance grading by ASTM standard boards 3.18 Working of Uster evenness tester, spectrograph and imperfection indicator 3.17 Classification of basic classimat faults 3.17.1 A1 to A4 3.17.2 B1 to B4 3.17.3 C1 to C4 3.17.4 D1 to D4 3.18 Determination of classimat faults Uster classimat 3.19 Definition of yarn hairiness 3.20 Determination of yarn hairiness by Shirley hairiness tester MODULE - IV 4.0 FABRIC TESTING 1.1 Fabric properties and characteristics 1.1.1 Dimensional properties 1.1.2 Threads density 1.1.3 Fabric weight 1.1.4 Count of the yarn 1.1.5 Crimp in yarn 1.1.6 Fabric strength 1.1.7 Abrasion 1.1.8 Stiffness 1.1.9 Handle 1.1.10 Air permeability 1.1.11 Water permeability 1.2 Dimensional properties of Fabric 1.2.1 Fabric length 1.2.2 Fabric width 1.2.3 Fabric thickness 1.3 Threads density 1.3.1 Ends per inch [EPI] 1.3.2 Picks per inch [PPI] 1.4 Fabric weight 1.4.1 Fabric weight in meters/kg 1.4.2 Fabric weight in GSM (gram/sq. meter) 1.5 Count of the yarn used for fabric manufacture 1.5.1 Warp count 1.5.2 Weft count 1.6 Determination of cover factor Warp cover factor, Weft cover factor and Cloth cover factor 1.7 Crimp in yarn 4.7.1 Warp crimp 4.7.2 Weft crimp 1.8 Crimp percentage and crimp amplitude 1.9 Determination of crimp by Shirley yarn crimp tester 1.10 Definition of pill and causes of pill formation 1.11 Determination of pill by ICI Pill box tester 1.12 Fabric strength 1.12.1 Tensile strength 1.12.2 Tearing strength 5
1.12.3 Bursting strength 1.13 Differentiate between raveled strip, cut strip, and grab test method 1.14 Determination of Fabric tensile strength by tester working on CRT principle 1.15 Determination of Tearing strength by Elmendorf Tearing strength tester 1.16 Determination of Bursting strength by Hydraulic bursting strength tester 1.17 Fabric abrasion resistance 1.18 Types of abrasions 1.18.1 Plain abrasion 1.18.2 Flex abrasion 1.18.3 Edge abrasion 1.19 Determination of abrasion by Martindale abrasion tester 1.20 Fabric stiffness 1.21 Bending length, flexural rigidity and bending modulus 1.22 Cantilever principle 1.23 Determination of fabric stiffness by Shirley stiffness tester 1.24 Drape and drape co-efficient 1.25 Determination of drape by Drape meter 1.26 Crease property 1.27 Crease resistance and Crease recovery 1.28 Determination of crease recovery by Shirley crease recovery tester 1.29 Define air permeability 1.30 Differentiate between air permeability, air resistance and air porosity 1.31 Determination of air permeability by Shirley air permeability tester 1.32 Water permeability and water repellency 1.33 Determination of water permeability by Bundesmann water permeability tester CONTENT OUTLINE MODULE - I 1.0 ELEMENTS OF STATISTICS, HUMIDITY AND MOISTURE Definition of Textile Testing - Definition of Quality assurance - Objects of Textile Testing - Importance of statistics - Definition of statistics - Quality control & Quality Assurance - Selection of Sample for testing - population and individual in statistics - Classification and tabulation of data - frequency table - Graphical representation of frequency distribution - types of frequency curves - Measures of central Tendency - Measures of Dispersion - Humidity - expressions of humidity -Measurement of Humidity of the atmosphere - Standard atmospheric condition, standard atmosphere and standard testing atmosphere expression of moisture in a textile material - Standard moisture regain of important textile fibers - Estimation of standard regain of a blend - Moisture Hysterisis - Estimation of Moisture content and regain of Textile materials MODULE - II 2.0 FIBER TESTING Properties of Textile fibers - Importance of fiber length - Fiber length parameters - Determination of fiber length parameters by different instruments - Importance of fiber fineness - Relationship between air flow and fiber fineness - Determination of fiber fineness - Importance of fiber strength - Different strength terminologies - Stress-strain curve for different - Elastic property - Estimation of fiber strength - Importance of fiber maturity - List the different methods of determination of fiber maturity - Estimation of fiber maturity by Caustic soda swelling method - Importance of FQI and its relation to lea CSP - Features of Advanced Fiber Information System [AFIS] - Features of High Volume Instrument [HVI] - Cleaning efficiency, Lint, Trash and invisible loss - Estimation of trash content in cotton by Shirley trash analyzer 6
MODULE - III 3.0 YARN TESTING Properties and characteristics of yarn - Importance of yarn count - Determination of yarn count - The importance of Yarn twist - Definition of twist, S twist, Z twist, twist on twist, weft on twist -Relationship between yarn count & TPI - Different methods of twist determination - Estimation of twist in yarn by - Importance of yarn strength - Factors affecting yarn strength - Principles of tensile strength testing - Estimation of single thread strength - lea tester - Importance of evenness of the yarn terms in evenness - Methods of determination of evenness - Yarn appearance grading by ASTM standard boards - Uster evenness tester, spectrograph and imperfection indicator - Classification of basic classimat faults - Uster classimat - yarn hairiness - Determination of yarn hairiness MODULE - IV 4.0 FABRIC TESTING Fabric properties and characteristics - Dimensional properties of Fabric - Threads density - Fabric weight - Count of the yarn used for fabric manufacture - Determination of cover factor Warp cover factor, Weft cover factor and Cloth cover factor - Crimp in yarn - Crimp percentage and crimp amplitude - Shirley yarn crimp tester - Definition of pill and causes of pill formation - ICI Pill box tester - Fabric strength - Determination of Fabric tensile strength by tester working on CRT principle - Elmendorf Tearing strength tester - h by Hydraulic bursting strength tester - Fabric abrasion resistance - Types of abrasions - Martindale abrasion tester - Fabric stiffness - Bending length, flexural rigidity and bending modulus - Cantilever principle - Shirley stiffness tester - Drape and drape co-efficient - Determination of drape by Drape meter - Crease property - Crease resistance and Crease recovery - Shirley crease recovery tester - Define air permeability - air permeability, air resistance and air porosity - Shirley air permeability tester - Water permeability and water repellency - Bundesmann water permeability tester REFERENCE BOOKS 1. Principles of Textile Testing - J.E. BOOTH 2. Hand book of Quality control and Textile testing - HAMBY 3. Principles of Textile Testing - SITRA 4. Textile Testing - Alagappan & Gopalakrishnan 5. Hand book of textile testing - 7