FROM RESEARCH POLICY TO SOCIAL INTELLIGENCE

FROM RESEARCH POLICY TO SOCIAL INTELLIGENCE

Also by Andrew Jamison *TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENT IN CHINA, INDIA AND JAPAN (editor with Eric Baark) *Also published by Palgrave Macmillan

Dr Stevan Dedijer photograph Jan Annerstedt 1987

From Research Policy to Social Intelligence Essays for Stevan Dedijer Edited by JAN ANNERSTEDT Associate Professor of Political Science Roskilde University, Denmark and ANDREW JAMISON Director of the Graduate Program in Science and Technology Policy Research Policy Institute University of Lund, Sweden M MACMILLAN PRESS

Jan Annerstedt and Andrew Jamison 1988 All rights reserved. No reproduction, copy or transmission of this publication may be made without written permission. No paragraph of this publication may be reproduced, copied or transmitted save with written permission or in accordance with the provisions ofthe Copyright Act 1956 (as amended), issued by the Copyright Licensing Agency, 33-4 Alfred Place, London WClE 7DP. Any person who does any unauthorised act in relation to this publication may be liable to criminal prosecution and civil claims for damages. First published 1988 Published by TilE MACMILLAN PRESS LTD Houndmills, Basingstoke, Hampshire RG21 2XS and London Companies and representatives throughout the world British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data From research policy to Social intelligence: essays for Stevan Dedijer. 1. Science-Social aspects 2. Technology --Social aspects I. Annerstedt, Jan II. Jamison, Andrew III. Dedijer, Stevan 306'.45 0175.5 ISBN 978-0-333-45276-9 ISBN 978-1-349-19462-9 (ebook) DOI 10.1007/978-1-349-19462-9

Contents Frontispiece: Stevan Dedijer Acknowledgements Contributors 1. Stevan Dedijer: An 'Elitist Egalitarian' 1 Jan Annerstedt and Andrew Jamison 2. Science, Technology and Modernization 7 A. Rahman 3. The Military Use of Technology: 23 How Benign is the Scientific Enterprise? Bernard T. Feld 4. The Redirection of Science? 32 Harvey Brooks 5. Technology and Democracy 49 Jean-Jacques Salomon 6. Social Movements and the Politicization of Science 69 Andrew Jamison 7. Bernalism, Comintern and the Science of Science: 87 Critical Science Movements Then and Now Aant Elzinga 8. Quantitative and Qualitative Factors in National Policies 114 for Science and Technology Christopher Freeman 9. The Global R&D System: Where is the Third World? 129 Jan Annerstedt 10. Japan's Pursuit of Knowledge: 142 Reversing the Flow of Information Jon Sigurdson

11. Libraries and Social Intelligence: 153 Experiences from the Third World Bjorn Tell 12. Social Intelligence: Prerequisite for the Management 163 of Science and Technology Arnoldo Ventura 13. Dedijer in Arabland 173 0. A. El-Kholy Appendix 177 Stevan Dedijer's Writings in Science and Technology Policy and Social Intelligence, 1953-1986

From Research Policy to Social Intelligence Acknowledgements The editors are grateful to Asa Annerstedt for typing the manuscripts of most of the book chapters, one hot summer, on a Macintosh computer; to lens Johansson and Goran Kjellberg of Studentlitteratur AB in Lund for making available their Apple Laser Writer; and to the Swedish secretariate of the Nordic Center for Innovation for funding part of this project in the honour of Stevan Dedijer. Contributors Jan Annerstedt is associate professor of Political Science at Roskilde University, Denmark. He has published books and articles on the world economy and on Scandinavian innovation policies. Since 1970 he has been a R&D consultant to the OECD, UN, UNCI' AD and UNESCO. Harvey Brooks is Benjamin Pierce Professor of Technology and Public Policy at Harvard University. He has been one of the leading figures in American and international science policy, and has served as advisor to countless government commisions, as well as for the OECD. Ossama A. El-Kholy is senior advisor at the Kuwait Institute for Scientific Research. He has, for many years, been a professor of engineering at Cairo University and has written widely in engineering, and, most recently, on science and technology policy in the Arab region. Aant Elzinga is professor of Theory of Science at the University of Gothenburg, Sweden. In 1984, he was a senior scientist at the Science Council of Canada. He has written on the history of science as well as Chinese science policy, and he is a longtime participant in the Swedish science policy debate. Bernard T. F eld is, since 1957, professor of Physics at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, where he was head of the Division of Nuclear and High Energy Physics from 1975 to 1980. He served as editor-inchief for the Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists from 1975 to 1985. Christopher Freeman is emeritus professor of science policy at the University of Sussex and was for many years director of the Science Policy Research Unit there. His many writings include The Economics of Industrial Innovation (2nd edition, 1982).

From Research Policy to Social Intelligence Andrew Jamison is currently director of the graduate program in science and technology policy at the Research Policy Institute, University of Lund, Sweden. He has written on the history of science and, most recently, on the relations between environmentalism and knowledge. Abdur Rahman was for many years planning chief at the Council for Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR) in India and is former president of the International Council for Science Policy Studies. He has written widely on the history on Indian science and on science policy; particularly in developing countries. Jean-Jacques Salomon is professor of Science Policy at the Conservatoire National des Arts et Metiers in Paris. He was for many years director of science policy studies at the OECD, and is the author of numerous books and articles, including Science and Politics (1971). Jon Sigurdson is professor of research policy and the director of theresearch Policy Institute, University of Lund, Sweden. He has published books and articles on Chinese science and technology, and is currently completing a study of Japanese technology policy. Bjorn Tell is former director of libraries at the University of Lund, Sweden. He has served as advisor to numerous national and international bodies in the areas of information policy and planning, and has been vice chairman of the Information Policy Group at OECD. Arnoldo Ventura served as chairman and executive director of Jamaica's Scientific Research Council and has written widely on science policy, particularly in relation to developing countries. He is currently professor of epidemiology at Florida International University in Miami (USA).