From: Proc. 26th nn. PW Fert. Conf., Slt Lke City, July 15-17,1975 131 p. 131-138 l'inc77.74 rttil tee. - 1J SUREY F THE UTRIET STTUS F BES GRW I SUTHER IDH-- G. E. Leggett, D. T. Westermnn, nd M. J. LeBron?) ITRDUCTI pproximtely 15, cres of bens re grown ech yer in southern Idho. Zinc deficiency hs been widespred throughout the re nd is the only micronutrient deficiency commonly recognized for this crop. Corrective procedures hve been developed (3) nd Zn fertilizer is generlly pplied to bout hlf of the ben crege ech yer. The need for other micronutrients is continully questioned by growers nd fieldmen, but deficiencies hve not been found by field observtion or plnt nlysis. survey of the micronutrient sttus of bens grown in the re ws conducted to determine () the generl micronutrient sttus of the crop nd (b) to delinete res nd conditions showing possible deficiencies or excesses of the vrious elements. PRCEDURE Plnt nd soil smples were obtined in 1974 from 58 ben fields. ne soil smple ws lost nd thus soil nlyses re reported for only 57 smples. The fields smpled were selected with coopertion of fieldmen representing severl commercil ben compnies. The bens were both dry edible nd grden types nd included 35 different vrieties. Within ech field representtive re of bout 1 or 2 cres ws selected for smpling. The plnt smples consisted of seprte smples of whole-tops nd the most recently mtured, trifolite leves. Soil ws smpled to depth of 12 inches. ll smples were obtined during the period July 12 to July 31 while the bens were in the bloom stge of growth. one of the fields hd received folir sprys contining micronutrient elements before smpling, lthough some hd been fertilized with Zn before plnting or in previous yers. The plnt smples were wshed in distilled wter, dried t 55 C, ground to pss 4-mesh screen in stinless steel Wiley mill, nd nlyzed for the totl or cid-soluble frction of selected minerl elements. Totl including 3- ws determined by using semimicro Kjeldhl method (2). Totl S ws determined on smples dry shed t 55 C in the presence of mgnesium nitrte. cid-soluble S nd P were determined on 2% cetic cid extrcts using chrcol to obtin cler, 1/ Proceedings Twenty-Sixth nnul Regionl Summer Fertilizer Conference orthwest Plnt Food ssocition, Slt Lke City, Uth, July 15-17, 1975. 21 Soil Scientists, Snke River Conservtion Reserch Center, U. S. Deprtment of griculture, griculturl Reserch Service, Western Region, nd Idho Reserch nd Extension Center, University of Idho, Kimberly, Idho 83341.
132 colorless solutions. Totl P nd the other elements were determined fter wet shing the plnt mteril in mixture of nitric nd perchloric cids. The metl ctions nd Mo were determined by tomic bsorption spectrophotometry using heted grphite furnce ttchment for Cu nd Mo. Phosphorus ws determined colorimetriclly (4) nd S turbidimetriclly (8). The soil smples were dried t 5 C, crushed to pss 1-mm sieve, nd nlyzed for sodium-bicrbonte-soluble P (7) nd K, nd DTPextrctble Cu, Fe, Mn, nd Zn (5). The micronutrients were determined by the sme methods s those used for the lef smples. Potssium ws determined using flme photometer. RESULTS D DISCUSSI The nutrient concentrtion in the leves nd the soil test vlues re given in Tble 1. The plnt tops were lso nlyzed but dt re not presented becuse they prlleled those for leves. In ddition better interprettive informtion ws vilble for leves thn for whole plnt smples. Lef nlysis Tble 2 gives the nutrient concentrtion rnges used for delineting four tenttive nutritionl ctegories for ben leves. The concentrtion rnges used re bsed on informtion compiled for four-stte re in the Midwest (1) nd on our own experience. Using these criteri the ben fields smpled were summrized (Tble 3) with respect to the nutrient concentrtions in the lef smples. The results indicte generlly high fertility level, except for Zn, which ws mrginl (15 to 2 ppm) in 1 of 58 smples. lthough Zn deficiency is well-known in the re, only two fields showed Zn deficiency symptoms when smpled t bloom stge, criticl time for symptoms to show. The reltively lrge number of smples showing mrginl levels for (3.25 to 4.%) probbly resulted from incccurtely delineting the ctegory limits of this element rther thn from shortge of. Bens grown in the re re generlly dequtely supplied with by the nitrogen-fixing nodules on their roots. Consequently, few if ny bens grown in the re re low in. Clibrtion dt were not vilble to relibly estblish concentrtion limits of the low nd mrginl ctegories. cid-soluble P nd S re not included in the summry given in Tble 3 becuse ctegories for this form of these elements hve not been estblished. Good reltionships exist, however between totl nd cidsoluble P. (r.925) nd totl nd cid-soluble S (r.862) for the lef smples. Therefore, tenttive criticl levels for cid-soluble P nd S my be clculted from the estblished criticl levels for totl P nd S by using liner regression equtions. These clcultions indicte tht when totl P is.3%, cid-soluble P is bout.1% nd when totl S is.2%, cid-soluble S is bout 1 ppm. Experimentl results re needed to relibly determine the criticl levels, but the clculted vlues my be useful for tenttively ssessing the P nd S sttus of the crop.
133 Criticl nutrient levels my differ mong the vrieties included in the survey. Informtion deling with criticl nutrient levels for different vrieties, however, ws insufficient to llow interpreting the dt for ech vriety seprtely. The criticl levels used here re probbly high enough to indicte dequte levels for ll vrieties, but some vrieties my grow normlly t lower levels of some nutrients. lthough mny smples were high in some elements, none were excessive to the point of being deleterious to the crop. For exmple, 14 smples contined more thn.57. P nd 6 smples contined more thn 1 ppm Mn. These levels re higher thn necessry, but certinly not excessive. ne striking feture of the dt ws the high Mo levels (.3 to 11.4 ppm) in the leves. gin these levels re not detrimentl for plnt growth but indicte high vilbility of Mo in the clcreous soils in the re. criticl Mo level in ben leves is not known but less thn.5 ppm Mo hs been estblished for lflf nd soyben leves (6); bens re expected to require similr concentrtion of this element. In generl, the concentrtions found in the ben leves seem dequte for most nutrients. Soil nlysis The soil test levels were seprted into four ctegories bsed on concentrtion rnges developed for clcreous soils by the University of Idho (9) or iets nd Lindsy (1). The rnges for the ctegories re given in Tble 4 nd the soil test vlues for the survey re summrized in Tble 5. These dt indicte tht the fields smpled generlly re t high fertility level except for Zn. Twenty-three smples hd less thn 1. ppm Zn, thus indicting tht mny frms within the ben growing re of southern Idho re mrginl with respect to this nutrient. In contrst, the soil test for P ws high (> 12 ppm) for 45 of the smples tested, wheres only three smples were mrginl (< S ppm). In ddition, ll smples tested were dequte or high in K, Cu, Fe, nd Mn. SUMMRY o definite deficiencies of K, Cu, Fe, Mn, Mo, S, Mg, nd C hve been encountered on bens within the re. Levels of these nutrients in the lef smples nd levels of K, Cu, Fe, nd Mn in ll soil smples nd P in mst of them re high nd indicte dequte levels of these nutrients for growing high-yielding ben crops, if other nutrients nd mngement fctors nd climte re fvorble. The dt from the survey reveled no res where nutrient concentrtions in folige or soil re unusul. The survey indictes generl high level of fertility throughout the re with individul field differences tht hve probbly resulted from different mngement nd fertilizer prctices.
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137 Tble 4. The nutritionl concentrtion rnges used for delineting soil test ctegories for bens Soil Test Ctegory Low Mrginl dequte High P <5. 5.-8. 8.1-12. >12. SIL TESTTEELS WITHI CTEGRIES K Cu Fe Mn Zn <5 <.2 5-7 7-9 >.2 >9 PPm <2.5 <1. 2.5-4.5 4.6-1 >1. >1 <.5.5-1. 1.1-2. >2. Tble 5. The number of smples with soil test levels in the vrious. ctegories nd the men nd rnge of soil test vlues found in 57 soil smples Soil Test Ctegory Low Mrginl dequte High P K Cu Fe Mn. SMPLES WITHI SIL TEST CTEGRIES 3 9 57 25 57 45 57 32 Zn 1 22 13 21 ME D RGES FR DETERMIED LUES ppm ME 21.2 243 1.3 26 2 1.73 RGE Low 5.9 116.7. 5 4.48 High 58.7 65 2.2 218 166 4.2 LITERTURE CITED 1. nonymous. 1972. Tenttive soil nd plnt nlysis criticl levels Compiled by Extension Soil Specilists, University of Minnesot, orth Dkot Stte University, South Dkot Stte University, nd University of Wisconsin. 2. Bremner, J. M. 1965. Totl nitrogen. pp. 1149-1178. In C.. Blck (ed) Methods of Soil nlysis. Prt 2. Chemicl nd microbiologicl properties. mer. Soc. gron., Mdison, Wis. 3. Brown, J. W., nd M. LeBron. 197. Zinc fertilizer for bens in southern Idho. University of Idho Current Informtion Series 138. 2 pp. 4. Kitson, R. E., nd M. G. Mellon. 1944. Colorimetric determintion of phosphorus s molydivndo phosphoric cid. Ind. Eng. Chem. nl Ed. 16:379-383:
138 5. Lindsy, W. L., nd W.. orvell. 1969. Development of DTP micronutrient soil test. gron. bstr., p. 84. 6. Heisted, S. W., H. L. Motto, nd T. R. Peck. 1969. Criticl plnt nutrient composition vlues useful in interpreting plnt nlysis dt. gron. J. 61:17-2. 8. Tbtbi, M.., nd J. M. Bremner. 197. simple turbidimetric method of determining totl sulfur in plnt mterils. gron. J. 62:865-86. 9. Theissen, W. L. et l. 1971. Idho Fertilizer Guide--Bens,University of Idho Coopertive Extension Service. 1. iets, F. G., Jr., nd W. L. Lindsy. 1973. Testing soils for zinc, copper, mngnese, nd iron. pp. 153-172. In L. M. Wlsh nd J. D. Beton (ds) Soil Testing nd Plnt nlysis. Revised Ed. Soil Science Soc. of mer. Inc., Mdison, Wis.