A TUTORIAL GUIDE TO AUTOCAD RELEASE 13 FOR WINDOWS* Includes Coverage of AutoVision and AutoCAD Designer Shawna D. Lockhart TT Addison-Wesley Publishing Company Reading, Massachusetts Menlo Park, California New York Don Mills, Ontario Harlow, U.K. Amsterdam Bonn Paris Milan Madrid Sydney Singapore Tokyo Seoul Taipei Mexico City San Juan, Puerto Rico
CONTENTS! PART ONE GETTING STARTED CHAPTER 1 Preparing AutoCAD (or the Tutorials G-3 Introduction to the Tutorials G-4 Basic Mouse Techniques G-4 Recognizing Typographical Conventions G-4 End-of-Tutorial Exercises G-5 Configuring Windows for AutoCAD G-5 Windows 3.1, Windows NT, and Windows 95 G-6 Managing Memory for Performance G-6 VSHARE.386 G-7 Screen Resolution G-7 Separate AutoCAD Configurations G-8 Backing up AutoCAD Defaults G-8 Creating a Working Directory G-9 Creating Multiple Icons G-9 Setting the Working Directory G-9 Setting the Working Directory in Windows 3.1 G-9 Setting the Working Directory in Windows 95 G-10 Installing Data Files for the Tutorials G-10 Adding AutoVision and Designer Menüs G-ll Preloading AutoCAD Designer G-ll Menü Customization G-12 Compiling the Designer Menü G-12 AutoCAD Configuration for Tutorials G-13 Available Video Display G-13 Available Digitizer G-14 Available Plotter G-14 File-Locking G-14 Available Spelling Dialects G-15 Accepting Configuration Changes G-15 Dialog Box Settings G-15 AutoCAD Preferences G-15 Checking Menüs G-16 Manually Compiling the Auto Vis Menü G-17 CHAPTER 2 AutoCAD Basics G-19 Introduction G-20 Loading AutoCAD Release 13 for Windows G-20 Microsoft Windows and AutoCAD G-20 Navigating in Windows G-21 Basic Elements of an AutoCAD Graphics Window G-21 Minimizing and Restoring AutoCAD for Windows G-21 Microsoft Windows Multitasking Options G-21 Opening a New Drawing G-22 Pointing Techniques in AutoCAD G-23 Picking Commands and Menü Options G-23 Entering Points G-23 Dragging G-23 Object Selection G-23 AutoCAD Commands and Menü Options G-24 Typing Commands G-24 Using the Toolbars G-25 Backing Up and Backing Out of Commands G-26 Repeating Commands G-27 Using Pull-Down Menüs G-27 Using the Screen Menü G-28 Working with Dialog Boxes G-28 AutoCAD On-Line Help G-30 Accessing On-Line Help G-30 Using a Scroll Bar G-32 Transparent Help G-33 Working with Documents G-33 Using Dialog Boxes to Locate and Manage Files G-33 Exiting AutoCAD G-34 ix
TUTORIALS TUTORIAL 1 Introduction to AutoCAD 3 Introduction 4 Starting 4 The AutoCAD Screen 4 Canceling Commands 6 Picking Commands from the Menü Bar 7 Using the Preferences Dialog Box 7 Activating and Using the Screen Menü 9 Typing Commands 10 Typing a Command Option Letter 11 Command Aliasing 11 Starting a New Drawing 12 Naming Drawing Files 12 Using Grid 13 Using Snap 14 Grid and Snap Toggles 15 Using Line 15 GettingHelp 16 Entering Coordinates 17 Using Absolute Coordinates 18 Using Grid and Snap 18 Using Last Point 19 Using Relative X, Y Coordinates 20 Using Polar Coordinates 20 Using Save 21 Using Erase 22 Using Redraw View 23 Erasing with Window or Crossing 23 Docking the Toolbars 24 Using Undo 25 Using Redo 26 Using Back 26 Setting the Units 26 Sizing Your Drawing 28 Using Limits 29 Using Zoom 29 Using Zoom All 29 Using Rectangle 30 Saving Your Drawing 30 Drawing Circles 31 AddingText 31 Using Special Text Characters 33 EditingText 33 Setting the Text Style 34 Using Mtext 35 Spellchecking Your Drawing 37 Saving Your Drawing 37 Transferring Files 38 Exiting AutoCAD 38 TUTORIAL 2 Basic Construction Techniques 45 Introduction 46 Starting 46 Opening an Existing Drawing 46 Saving as a New File 47 Using Layers 48 CurrentLayer 48 Controlling Layers 48 Color in Layers 49 Linetype in Layers 50 Layer Visibility 50 Freezing Layers 50 Locking Layers 51 Using Object Snap 51 Using Are 53 Are 3 Points 54 Are Start Center End 54 Are Start End Angle 55 Are Start Center Length 55 Are Start End Radius 56 Continuing an Are 56 Quick Selections for Are 57 Using Zoom 58 Zooming Using Scale Factors 58 Using the Aerial Viewer 60 Zoom All 61 Using Pan 62 Using Circle 2 Point, Circle 3 Point, and Circle Tangent Tangent Radius 62 Circle 2 Point 63 Circle 3 Point 63 Circle Tangent Tangent Radius 64 x
TUTORIAL 3 Basic Editing and Plotting Techniques 71 Introduction 72 Starting 72 Starting from a Prototype Drawing 72 Using Trim 73 Using Offset 76 Trimming the Remaining Lines 77 Using the Change Properties Dialog Box 78 Using Fillet 79 Using Chamfer 80 Using Polyline 81 EditPolyline 82 Using Spline 83 Getting Information about Your Drawing 84 Using List 85 Locating Points 85 Using Area 85 Using Multilines 86 Creating a Multiline Style 86 Drawing Multilines 88 The Plot Configuration Dialog Box 89 Device and Default Selection 89 Additional Parameters 90 Paper Size and Orientation 90 Scale, Rotation, and Origin 90 Plot Preview 91 TUTORIAL 4 Geometrie Constructions 97 Introduction 98 Starting 98 Begin the Wrench Drawing 98 Using Copy 99 Loading Linetypes 100 Changing Properties 101 Setting the Global Linetype Scaling Factor 102 Changing an Object's Linetype Scale 103 Using Polygon 104 Drawing Hexagons 105 Using Object Snaps 106 Object Snap Overrides 106 Showing a Floating Toolbar 107 Snap to Endpoint 107 Snap to Quadrant 108 Snap to Center 108 Snap to Tangent 109 Snap to Intersection 109 Snap to Perpendicular 110 Practicing with Running Mode Object Snaps 110 Using Break 111 Snap to Apparent Intersection 112 Snap to Nearest 112 SnaptoNode 113 Snap to Quick 113 Snap to Insertion 113 Snap From 113 Using Extend 114 Using Rotate 115 Using Move 116 Methods of Selecting Objects 116 Creating the Geneva Cam 119 Using Ray 120 Using Mirror 122 Using Array 123 Making Changes with Hot Grips 124 Activating an Object's Grips 124 Using Stretch with Hot Grips 125 Using Move with Hot Grips 125 Using Move with the Copy Option 125 Using Rotate with Hot Grips 126 Using Scale with Hot Grips 126 Using Mirror with Hot Grips 127 Noun/Verb Selection 127 TUTORIAL 5 Prototype Drawings 135 Introduction 136 Starting 136 Making a Prototype Drawing 136 Effective Use of Layers 136 Using Layer 137 Color in Layers 138 Linetype in Layers 139 Loading the Linetypes 139 xi
Using Layer at the Command Prompt 139 Defining the Layers 141 Setting the Color and Linetype 141 Setting Drawing Aids 143 Using Zoom All 144 Selecting the Default Text Font 144 Setting the Viewres Default 145 Determining the Limits of Your Output Device 145 Creating a Paper Space Viewport 146 Enabling Paper Space 147 Sizing the Viewport 147 Using Limits 149 Setting the Paper Space Limits 149 Inserting an Existing Drawing 150 Using Zoom XP 151 Using Pan 152 Creating a Second Floating Viewport 153 Adding a Title Block and Text to Paper Space 154 Using Divide 155 Plotting from Paper Space 157 Using Purge 157 Beginning a New Drawing from a Prototype Drawing 158 Changing the Title Block Text 159 TUTORIAL 6 2D Orthographie Drawings 167 The Front, Top, and Right-Side Orthographie Views 168 View Location 169 Starting 170 Deciding the Model Space Limits 170 Viewing the Model Space Limits 171 Using Ortho 171 Drawing Construction Lines 171 Hidden Lines 174 Drawing Hidden Lines 175 Line Precedence 176 Slanted Surfaces 177 Top-View to Side-View Projection 178 Drawing the Miter Line 179 Using Apparent Intersection 179 Sizing and Positioning the Drawing 180 Drawing Holes 181 Drawing Centerlines and Centermarks 182 Breaking the Centerline 183 Setting the Global Linetype Scaling Factor 187 Saving Your Drawing 188 Projecting Slanted Surfaces on Cylinders 188 Using Ellipse 189 TUTORIAL 7 Basic Dimensioning 199 Introduction 200 Nomenclature and Conventions 200 AutoCAD's Semiautomatic Dimensioning 201 Starting 201 Dimensioning a Shape 201 Using the DIM Layer 202 Dimension Standards 202 Drawing Scale and Dimensions 202 Turning on the Dimensioning Toolbar 203 Using Dimension Styles 203 Creating a Named Dimension Style 203 Setting the Features 204 The Dimension Scaling Factor 204 Dimension Line Visibility and Size 205 Arrow Size and Style 206 Extension Line Visibility and Size 206 Centermark Size and Style 206 Fit 207 Text Orientation 208 Horizontal Justification 208 Verticaljustification 208 Primary Units 208 Setting Dimension Precision 209 Angles 209 Zero Suppression 209 Scale 209 Alternate Units 210 Tolerance Method 210 Text 210 Saving the Parent Style 210 Using Dimstyle 211 Associative Dimensioning 211 xii
Adding Linear Dimensions 212 Setting a Child Style 212 Adding Special Text-Formatting Characters 213 Saving the Changes 214 Creating a Diameter Dimension 214 Baseline Dimensioning 217 Using Xplode 218 Saving As a Prototype 219 Dimensioning the Adapter 219 Using Continue Dimension 220 Adding the Angular Dimension 221 Adding the Tolerance Note 222 Automatically Updating Dimension Values Created with Associative Dimensioning 223 Using Stretch 223 Modifying Dimensions 224 Updating Dimensions 225 TUTORIAL 8 Using Blocks & Cusfomizing Toolbars 233 Introduction 234 Starting 234 Using the Block Command 235 Inserting a Block 236 Using Explode 238 Using Write Block 238 Creating Block Libraries 240 Creating Custom Toolbars 240 Using Special Characters in Programmed Commands 242 Creating the Inverter Flyout 245 Adding a Flyout 245 Editing Your Menü Files 246 Drawing the Half-Adder Circuit 247 Using Donut 248 Freezing the TEXT Layer 248 Creating Object Groups 249 TUTORIAL 9 Introduction to Solid Modeling 263 Introduction 264 Starting 264 3D Coordinate Systems 265 Setting the Viewpoint 265 User Coordinate Systems 266 TheUCSIcon 266 Showing the Solids Toolbar 267 Creating an Object 267 Creating Multiple Viewports 268 Selecting the Active Viewport 270 Changing the Viewpoint 270 Using the View Flyout 271 Creating User Coordinate Systems 273 Creating Cylinders 276 Setting Isolines 277 Building Complex Solid Models 278 Creating Wedges 280 Creating Cones 281 Selecting a Named Coordinate System 282 Using Fillet 283 Using Chamfer 284 Plotting Solid Models from Paper Space 284 Saving Your Multiview Setup as a Prototype 285 Creating Solid Models with Extrude and Revolve 285 Region Modeling 287 Extruding a Shape 287 Creating Solid Models by Revolution 288 Using the Boolean Operator Intersection 289 Converting AME Solid Models 291 Creating Surface Models 291 Creating a Ruled Surface 293 Controlling Mesh Density 293 Creating an Edge Surface 295 Creating 3D Mesh 295 TUTORIAL 10 Creating Assembly Drawings from Solid Models 305 Introduction 306 Attaching Solid Models 306 Starting 307 Using External References 307 Layers and External References 308 Inserting the Solid Part Drawings 309 Checking for Interference 311 Determining Mass Properties 312 Creating an Exploded Isometric View 312 Creating a Block for the Ball Tags 313 xiii
Defining Attributes 314 Attribute Modes 315 Attribute Tag 315 Attribute Prompt 315 Default Attribute Value 315 Attribute Text Options 316 Attribute Insertion Point 316 Defining the Block 317 Inserting the Ball Tags 318 Changing an Attribute Value 319 Changing an Externally Referenced Drawing 319 Creating the Parts List 320 Extracting Attribute Information 321 Switching to the Spreadsheet or Word Processing Program 322 Pasting from the Clipboard. 322 Using Windows Object Linking and Embedding 323 TUTORIAL 11 Introduction to AutoCAD Designer 337 Introduction 338 AutoCAD and the Designer Database 339 Starting 339 Using AutoCAD Designer Help 340 Creating Geometry as a Sketch 341 Setting the AutoCAD Designer Variables 342 Sketch Menü 343 Menü Names and Designer Commands 343 Creating a Profile 344 Showing the Constraints 345 Deleting Constraints 346 Adding Parametric Dimensions 346 Parametric and Reference Dimensions 347 Creating Features 348 Work Planes, Work Axes, and Work Points 348 Creating an Extrusion 349 Viewing the Part 349 Changing 3D Solid Features 350 Adding the Hole 351 Aligning the Sketch Plane 352 Sketching the Side View 353 Creating the Profile 353 Dimensioning the New Profile 355 Adding the Counterbored Hole 358 Creating a Drawing from the Part 359 Cleaning up the Dimensions 362 Adding Annotation and Hole Notes 363 Bidirectional Associativity 364 Switching between Part and Drawing Mode 364 Examining the Mass Properties 365 Creating a Section View 365 TUTORIAL 12 Creating Intelligent Parts With AutoCAD Designer 373 Introduction 374 Maintaining the AutoCAD Designer Database 374 Starting 376 Sketching the Pivot Assembly Base 376 Setting the Drawing Limits 377 Creating Global Parameters 378 Construction Geometry 381 Editing the Sketch 391 Adding Fillets 391 TUTORIAL 13 Creating Intelligent Assemblies Using AutoCAD Designer 397 Introduction 398 Starting 398 Makinga New Active Part 399 Aligning the View with the Sketch Plane 399 Sketching the Holder 400 Listing the Parameters 400 Extruding the Holder 401 Setting AutoCAD Designer's Isolines 402 Creating the Bosses 402 Adding the Holes 405 Creating the Cylindrical Feature 406 Using a Work Axis 406 Creating a Work Plane 407 Creating a Revolved Feature 409 Adding the Fillets and Chamfer 410 Using Point Filters 412 Updating the Assembly 413 Using Ad_updatepart 413 xiv
Using Static Parts 414 Exporting Static Parts 414 Transferring Models into AutoCAD Designer 415 Creating Annotations 418 Adding Features to a Static Part 418 TUTORIAL 14 Creating Section Views Using 2D and Solid Modeling 431 Introduction 432 Section View Conventions 432 Crosshatching 433 Starting 433 Creating 2D Section Views 434 Cutting Plane Lines 434 Creating Dashed Lines 434 Drawing the Leaders 435 Leader Command Options 435 Adjusting Linetype Scale 436 Changing Properties 437 Using Boundary Hatch 438 Selecting the Hatch Pattern 438 Scaling the Hatch Pattern 439 Angling the Hatch Pattern 439 Selecting the Hatch Boundary 440 Advanced Options 440 Adjusting Your Viewing Area 441 Changing Associative Hatches 444 Creating Sections from a Solid Model 446 Using Section 448 Controlling Layer Visibility 449 Using Slice 450 Using Hide 450 TUTORIAL 15 Creating AuxiÜary Views with 2D and Solid Models 457 Introduction 458 Auxiliary Views 458 Starting 459 Drawing Auxiliary Views Using 2D 459 Aligning the UCS with the Angled Surface 459 Adding Visual Reference Lines 462 Linetype Conventions 462 Curved Surfaces 463 Rotating the Snap 464 Creating an Auxiliary View of a 3D Solid Model 467 Enlarging a Viewport 469 Using 3 Point UCS 469 Using Plan 470 Using 3D Dynamic View 471 TUTORIAL 16 Advanced Dimensioning 477 Tolerance 478 Starting 479 Automatic Bilateral Tolerances 479 Specifying the Tolerance Values 481 Setting the Tolerance Text Height 481 Setting the Tolerance Precision 481 Using Dimension Overrides 483 Using Limit Tolerances 485 Creating Feature Control Frames 486 Using Leader with Tolerances 489 Creating Datum Flags 490 TUTORIAL 17 Rendering with AutoVision 495 Introduction 496 Starting 497 The AutoVision Render Dialog Box 498 Rendering Algorithms 498 Scene to Render 498 Background 498 Fog/DepthCue 499 Query for Selections 499 Crop Window 499 Screen Palette 499 Destination 499 Rendering Options 500 Help 501 Adding Lights 501 Choosing Materials 505 Color/Pattern 507 Ambient 508 Reflection 508 Roughness 508 xv
Transparency 508 Refraction 508 BumpMap 508 Adjusting Mapping 509 Rendering to a File 511 Using the Sun Angle Calculator 512 Adding Backgrounds 514 Using Landscape Objects 514 Exporting to 3D Studio 515 AUTOCAD COMMAND SUMMARY 529 AUTOVISION COMMAND SUMMARY 563 AUTOCAD DESIGNER COMMAND SUMMARY 565 GLOSSARY 575 INDEX 585 ARTCREDITS 604 xvi