Prashant Sangulagi Assistant Professor, E&CE Dept. BKIT Bhalki, INDIA

Volume 3, Issue 9, September 2013 ISSN: 2277 128X International Journal of Advanced Research in Computer Science and Software Engineering Research Paper Available online at: www.ijarcsse.com The Load Monitoring and Protection on Electricity Power lines using GSM Network Mallikarjun Sarsamba Assistant Professor, E&CE Dept. BKIT Bhalki, INDIA Prashant Sangulagi Assistant Professor, E&CE Dept. BKIT Bhalki, INDIA Abstract: The load monitoring and protection on electrical power lines are important factors in Electricity Field. The Paper proposes a monitoring of Load and Power lines using SMS based GSM Technology. The Proposed methodology is designed and implemented using mobile embedded system to monitor and record load fluctuations with respect to current and voltage in electric power lines and it also controls the same when line breaks during high load. The proposed on-line monitoring system integrates a Global Service Mobile (GSM) Modem, withstand along single chip microcontroller and sensor packages. It is installed at the site and above mentioned parameter are recorded using -in -8-channel analog to digital convert (ADC) of the embedded system.the acquired parameters are processed and recorded in the system memory. If there is any abnormality according to some predefined instruction and policies that are stored on the embedded system EEPROM then GSM alerts to concerned control room immediately. This mobile system will help the utilities to optimally utilize the protection of power line and identify problems before any catastrophic failure. This system provides flexible control of load parameters accurately and also provides effective means for rectification of faults if any abnormality occurs in power lines using SMS through GSM network. Keywords: Distribution Transformer, GSM, SMS, Sensor, ADC, Microcontroller. Dr. Raju Yanamshetty Professor, E&CE Dept. PDACE, Gulbarga INDIA 1. INTRODUCTION: Distribution transformers have a long service life if they are operated under good and rated conditions. However, their life is significantly reduced if they are overloaded, resulting in unexpected failures and loss of supply to a large number of customers thus effecting system reliability. Overloading and ineffective cooling of transformers are the major causes of failure in distribution transformers. Distribution transformers are currently monitored manually where a person periodically visits a transformer site for maintenance and records parameter of importance. This type of monitoring cannot provide information about occasional overloads and overheating of transformer oil and windings. All these factors can significantly reduce transformer life. Our system is designed based upon online monitoring of key operational parameters of distribution transformers can provide useful information about the health of transformers which will help the utilities to optimally use their transformers and keep the asset in operation for a longer period. This paper will help us to identify problems before any catastrophic failure, thus resulting in a long life service for transformers. It is also has the advantages of significant cost savings and greater reliability [1]. 2. TRANSFORMER FAULTS: A. Over Load Over current is the current flowing through the transformer resulting from faults on the power system. Fault currents that do not include ground are generally in excess of four times full-load current; fault currents that include ground can be below the full- load current depending on the system grounding method [2]. Over current conditions are typically short in duration (less than two seconds) because protection relays usually operate to isolate the faults from the power system. Overload, by contrast, is current drawn by load, a load current in excess of the transformer name plate rating. In summary, loading large power transformers be yond nameplate ratings can result in reduced dielectric integrity thermal runaway condition (extreme case) of the contacts of the tap changer, and reduced mechanical strength in insulation of conductors and the transformer structure. Three factors, namely water, oxygen, and heat, determine the insulation life of a trans- former. B. Oil Level Fault: The oil mainly used in transformer for two purpose one is for cooling of transformer and another use is for insulation purpose. When temperature of transformer goes high,oil level in transformer tank decrease s due to heating effect.for normal operation of transfomer oil level should maintain at required level. If oil level decrease beyond required level,it affect cooling and insulation of the tranformer. C. Over Excitation: The flux in the transformer core is directly proportion to the applied voltage and inversely proportional to the 2013, IJARCSSE All Rights Reserved Page 1131

frequency.over excitation can occur when the per-unit ratio of voltage to Frequency exceeds 1.05 p.u. at full load and 1.10 p.u at no load. An increase in transformer terminal voltage or a decrease in frequency will result in an increase in the flux. D. Over Temperature: Excessive load current alone may not result in damage to the transformer if the absolute temperature of the windings and transformer oil remains within specified limits. Transformer ratings are based on a 24-hour average ambient temperature of 30 C (86 F). Due to over voltage and over current, temperature of oil increases which causes failure of insulation of transformer winding. 3. TECHNOLOGIES: Fig1: Proposed Block Diagram It consist of current transformer, power the mister, oil sensor, micro-controller (89S51), converter transformer, there-(adc0808), LCD display, GSM modem and relay. Normally in transformer, failure occurs due to voltage and current fluctuation overheating, change in oil level etc. In this paper, to sense these fault we have used current and power transformer, temperature sensor, oil sensor respectively. All these sensors are connected to converter (ADC0808) and dig ital output from converter is given to micro-controller 89S51. MC89S51 has four ports viz. P1, P2, P3 and P0 to which we will be connected to address lines, GSM model and LCD respectively. When fault occurs due to above any reason then change in ratings will be shown on LCD and quick SMS will go to control room via GSM modem. A brief discussion about components used is as given below. Sensors play a vital role in effective implementation of the paper. As we are interested in monitoring over current, over temperature and oil levels following sensors are selected and suit able designed with respect to prevailing conditions of power system and rating of transformer to be protected. A. Micro Controller: The AT89S51 [3] is a low-power, high-performance CMOS 8-bit microcontroller with 4Kbytes of in-system programmable Flash memory. The device is manufactured using Atmel s high-density nonvolatile memory technology and is compatible with the industry-standard 80C51 instruction set and pin out. The on-chip Flash allows the program memory to be reprogrammed in-system or by a conventional nonvolatile memory programmer. By combining a versatile 8-bit CPU with in-system programmable Flash on a monolithic chip, the Atmel AT89S51 is a powerful microcontroller which provides a highly-flexible and cost-effective solution to many embedded control applications. The AT89S51 provides the following standard features: 4K bytes of Flash, 128 bytes of RAM, 32 I/O lines, Watchdog timer, two data pointers, two 16-bit timer/counters, a five vector two-level interrupt architecture, a full duplex serial port, on-chip oscillator, and clock circuitry. In addition, the AT89S51 is designed with static logic for operation down to zero frequency and supports two software selectable power saving modes. The Idle Mode stops the CPU while allowing the RAM, timer/counters, serial port, and interrupt system to continue functioning. The Power-down mode saves the RAM contents but freezes the oscillator, disabling all other chip functions until the next external interrupt or hardware reset [6]. B. Features: Compatible with MCS-51 Products 4K Bytes of In-System Programmable (ISP) Flash Memory Endurance: 1000 Write/Erase Cycles 4.0V to 5.5V Operating Range Fully Static Operation: 0 Hz to 33 MHz Three-level Program Memory Lock 128 x 8-bit Internal RAM 32 Programmable I/O Lines Two 16-bit Timer/Counters 2013, IJARCSSE All Rights Reserved Page 1132

Six Interrupt Sources Full Duplex UART Serial Channel Low-power Idle and Power-down Modes Interrupt Recovery from Power-down Mode Watchdog Timer Dual Data Pointer Power-off Flag Fast Programming Time Flexible ISP Programming (Byte and Page Mode) 1) Current and Voltage Transformer The behavior of current and volt age transformer during and after the occurrence of fault is critical in electrical protection since error in signal from transformer can cause mal operation of the relays [5]. 2) Thermistor: Thermistors are special solid temperature sensors that behave like temperature-sensitive electrical resistors. No surprise then that their name is a contraction of "thermal" and resistor". There are basically two broad types, NTC- Negative Temperature Coefficient used mostly in temperature sensing and PTC-Positive Temperature Coefficient, used mostly in electric current control. 3) Oil Level Sensor: Oil level sensor is float connected angular potentiometer. Float is immersed in oil and its mechanical output is given to angular potentiometer. When there is any mechanical movement of float, there is voltage generation corresponding to mechanical movement of float. That voltage is used for oil level monitoring. 4. ADC0808/ADC0809GENERAL DESCRIPTION The ADC0808, ADC0809 data acquisition component is monolithic CMOS device with an 8-bit analog-to-digital converter, 8-channel multiplexer and microprocessor compatible control logic. The 8-bit A/D converter uses successive approximations the conversion technique. The converter features high impedance chopper stabilized comparator, a256r voltage divider with analog switch tree and a successive approximation register. The 8-channel multiplexer can directly access any of 8-single-ended analog signals. Fig.2 ADC for Proposed Work The device eliminates the need for external zero and full-scale adjustments. Easy interfacing to microprocessors is provided by the latched and decoded multiplexer address inputs and latched TTL TRI-STATE outputs. The design of the ADC0808, ADC0809 has been optimized by incorporating the most desirable aspects of several A/Conversions techniques. The ADC0808, ADC0809 offers high-speed, high accuracy, minimal temperature dependence, excellent long-term accuracy and repeatability, and consumes minimal power. These features make this device ideally suited to applications from process and machine control to consumer and automotive applications. For 16-channel multiplexer with common output (sample/hold port) seeadc0816 data sheet. (See AN-247 for more information [4]. A. Features: Easy interface to all microprocessors Operates ratio metrically or with 5 VDC or analog span Adjusted voltage reference No zero or full-scale adjust required 8-channel multiplexer with address logic 0V to 5V input range with single 5V power supply Outputs meet TTL voltage level specifications 2013, IJARCSSE All Rights Reserved Page 1133

Standard hermetic or molded 28-pin DIP package 28-pin molded chip carrier package ADC0808 equivalent to MM74C949 ADC0809 equivalent to MM74C949-1 B. Key Specifications: Resolution 8 Bits Total Unadjusted Error ±1 2 LSB and ±1 LSB Single Supply 5V DC Low Power 15mW Conversion Time 100μs 5. GSM MODEM: This GSM Modem can accept any GSM network operator SIM card and act just like a mobile phone with its own unique phone number. Advantage of using this modem will be that you can use its RS232 port to communicate and develop embedded applications. Applications like SMS Control, data transfer, remote control and logging can be developed easily. The modem can either be connected to PC serial port directly or to any microcontroller. It can be used to send and receive SMS or make/receive voice calls. It can also be used in GPRS mode to connect to internet and do many applications for data logging and control. In GPRS mode you can also connect to any remote FTP server and upload files for data logging. This GSM modem is a highly flexible plug and play quad band GSM modem for direct and easy integration to RS232 applications. Supports features like Voice, SMS, Data/Fax, GPRS and integrated TCP/IP stack [7]. DC Voltage: 12V DC Current Rating at least: 1A DC Socket Polarity: Centre +ve & Outside ve Current consumption in normal operation 250mA, can rise up to 1Amp peak while transmission so your power supply should be able to handle at least 1Amp current. Power supply is included in the packaging of this product. A. Serial Cable Details: Serial Cable provided has following pins connected with RS232 level (+12V / -12V) output Pin 2 is RS232 level TX output Pin 3 is RS232 level RX input Pin 5 is Ground 6. SAMPLE CODE FOR INTERFACING WITH MICRO CONTROLLER FOR SENDING SMS. Fig.3 Connect MCU TXD/RXD through MAX232 so you re MCU can communicate with GSM Modem. A. MAX 232: The MAX232 device is a dual driver/receiver that includes a capacitive voltage generator to supply EIA-232 voltage levels from a single 5-V supply. The MAX232 was the first IC which in one package contains the necessary drivers (two) and receivers (also two), to adapt the RS-232 signal voltage levels to TTL logic. It became popular, because it just needs one voltage (+5V) and generates the necessary RS-232 voltage levels (approx. -10V and +10V) internally. This greatly simplified the design of circuitry. 2013, IJARCSSE All Rights Reserved Page 1134

7. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION: Load monitoring and protection on electricity power lines using SMS through GSM network is developed using 89C51 microcontroller. It is installed at the place of actual process, preferably in a control. It is attached with a dual band GSM MODEM unit.it is an intelligent microcontroller-based unit that is capable of handling the whole process, on its own. It only requires a SET-POINT value from the operator. The operator can use any mobile phone to send or receive SMS from this system at the control room. The operator sends an SMS in a predetermined format to this unit. This system is tested in power Electronics Laboratory and the results are shown in table 1 and 2 for voltage and current level respectively. The message in this SMS Could be a command to adjust the SET-POINT of the controlled parameter to the required value, or a request for status information. The controller unit interprets these SMS and carries out the the necessary action. If the command is for the status request, it sends and SMS back to the operator which consists of the parameter values. If the command is for adjusting the parameter to new set-point values is extracted from the SMS and used to adjust the system for new value. The designed system is tested for different loadings(current).it is found that the system worked efficiently for lower voltages levels upto 180 volts and for higher voltage upto 250 volts, with loading of upto a maximum current 1.3Amps. TABLE: 1 TRIPPING CURRENT=1.3AMPS FOR I1& I2 Sl.No Lamp load(watts) Load current in Amps Signal voltage to ADC(volts) Line status 1 40 0.173 340m NT 2 60 0.260 520m NT 3 100 0.434 880m NT 4 140 0.60 1.2 NT 5 160 0.69 1.38 NT 6 200 0.869 1.74 NT 7 240 1.04 2.08 T 8 260 1.13 2.26 T 9 300 1.30 2.6 T 10 400 1.73 3.36 T TABLE: 2 HIGH VOLTAGE =240(OVER VOLTAGE) Sl. No. Line voltage(in volts) Signal voltage to ADC(volts) Line status 1 150 3.0 T 2 160 3.2 T 3 170 3.4 T 4 180 3.6 T 5 190 3.8 NT 6 200 4.0 NT 7 210 4.2 NT 8 220 4.4 NT 9 230 4.6 NT 10 240 4.8 NT 11 250 5.0 T 12 260 5.2 T 13 270 5.4 T 8. CONCLOUSION As the system is designed for a maximum load of 1.5Am. If the load current exceeds above 1.3Am by placing different loads the system will trip but for the lower values of current the system works normally, the same information will be conveyed to the operator and if any problem arises the same can be rectified by sending a suitable SMS through the GSM network. With further modification in the design the voltage and current levels of the load can be increased. With slight modifications the system can be used for many applications such as remote sensing of metrological information and vehicle security system with location finder. ACKNOWLEDGEMENT Mallikarjun C S: He received B.E. degree in Electronics and communication Engg from, Gulbarga University, Karnataka India, M.Tech Degree in Power Electronics from VTU Belgaum. He is member of several organizations such as IETE and IACSIT. He Published 3papers in National/International conference/journals. Presently he is working as an Asst. Prof in E&CE Dept. BKIT Bhalki. His areas of Interest are Power Electronics, Smart Antennas, and Control Systems. Prashant Sangulagi: He received B. E Degree in E&CE Dept from REC Bhalki, VTU University INDIA, 2013, IJARCSSE All Rights Reserved Page 1135

M.Tech from BEC Bagalkot, VTU University, INDIA. He has published 16 national/international journals/conference papers. He is member/reviewer of many associations as well as international journals like IETE, IAACSIT, IJCTEE, IJERT etc. Presently he is working as an Asst. Prof in E&CE Dept. BKIT Bhalki. His Area of interest are, WSN, VANETs, MANETs, Digital Communication, Smart Antennas, Network Security, Optical Fiber Communication, Underwater Sensor Network and Image Processing. Raju Yanamshetti: He received B.E. degree in Electronics and communication Egg from, Gulbarga University, Karnataka India, in 1986 and M.E Degree in Power Electronics from Gulbarga University Gulbargin1991.In 1992 hejoinedp.d.a.collegeofengineeringgulbarga.hecompletedhisph.dinelectricalengineeringfromjadavpuruniversitykol katain2012.heismember of several organizations such as Institute of Engineers, IESTE, IETE, and ISOI and has several national and international publications. Currently he is serving as Professor in P.D.A. College of Engineering Gulbarga. His main research interest includes Power Electronics, Instrumentation and control. REFERENCES 1) Abdual-Rehaman Al-Ali,Abdual Khaliq & Muhammad Arshad, GSM Based Distribution Monitoring System, School of Engpneering,American University of Sharjah, IEEE Melecon 2004,May 12-15 Durbrovink,Croatia. 2) Xiao Qun Ding and Hui cai, On-Line Transformer Winding Fault Monitoring and Condition Assessment,2001 International Symposium on Electrical Insulating Material 2001.19-22 Nov.2001 page(2):801-804. 3) The 8051 Micro-Controller Architecture, Programming & Application By: Kenneth J. Ayala. 4) National Semiconductor Corporation, ADC 0808, journal pu blished, America, October 1999. 5) T.S.Madhavrao, Power System Protection n- Static Relays. TMH Pu b- lication 6) Atmel Corporation At 89S51,literature journal published, CA,December 2003. Semiconductor Corporation, Voltage Regulator LM 7805 journal published, America, May 2003. 7) www.positronindia.in. 2013, IJARCSSE All Rights Reserved Page 1136