Gas Well Deliquification Workshop Sheraton Hotel, February 19 22, 2012 New spread spectrum radios for today's technology Dan Steele Regional Manager FreeWave Technologies
Spread Spectrum Radio Concerns Common issues: Terrain is too rough (buildings, trees, hills & valleys) Network has many devices & types (RF saturation) Spread Spectrum didn t work in the past (old technology) Poor installation or did not perform a radio path study Ethernet communication is required (new standard) Security is an issue (encryption and VLAN) Terrain is too rough (buildings, trees & hills) Network has many devices & types Spread Spectrum didn t work in the past You can have obstructions in the lobe (Fresnel Zone) of the yagi signal even though LOS is achieved. This will attenuate the signal. 2
SS Radio Advantages Direct Sequence (DSSS) Continuously spreads data over a wide portion of the frequency band In a high noise environment, data reliability is dependent on a high signal-tonoise ratio 3
Power SS Radio Advantages Frequency hopping spread spectrum radios 112 discreet frequencies between 902 MHz and 928 MHz 50 to 170 hops/second, minimum (serial radios) 6 MHz change per hop (default 100 hops/sec) 15 user-selectable hopping sequences (frequency keys) 7 user-selectable frequency hopping bands 230 khz instantaneous bandwidth Hedy Lamarr (Hedy Kiesler Markey) and George Antheil, June 1941 1 watt 902 MHz Frequency 928 MHz 4
Various Technology, Fees & Range Technology Fee Range Speed VHF / UHF/ 900 Y 30-60 Miles 9.6-19.2kbps CDMA/GSM Cellular Y Limited 19.2-256kbps 802.11 N 200 Feet 11.0 mbps Spread Spectrum N >30 Miles 115kbps-1.2Mbps Bluetooth N 50 Feet 721.0 kbps SS Micro-Wave N 5-25 Miles 6-50 Mbps License Microwave Y 10-25 Miles 6-750 Mbps 5
Licensed Radios There are limited options today by the FCC or IC in North There are limited options today by the FCC or IC in North America and even fewer options in other countries for licensed spectrum. Some of those offerings come with a hitch, narrow channels (12.5Khz or less, limited data 9.6-19.2kbps or less, secondary user status on some frequencies, government licensing fees and renewable fees later. Management requirements have changed Ethernet is now the new standard and data collection speed is very important. Redundant Master or Repeater Stations are often used and very expensive 6
Licensed Radios overview - Analog (old) or digital (new) radios 12.5KHz channels 2-10 Watt power FCC Licensed frequency Bell 202 modems High power consumption Slow transmission 1200 to 19200 Kbps One repeater per network 7
RF Interference There are limited options today by the FCC or IC in North You can still get interference on your FCC protected license from adjacent or co-located channels or RF harmonics. Definition: Co-channel interference or CCI is crosstalk from two different radio transmitters using the same frequency. There can be several causes of co-channel radio interference; some examples - 8
RF Interference Intermod & Harmonics The mixing of transmitter frequencies at a wireless site produces intermodulation interference. Of these mechanisms, two that are most significant: Transmitter intermodulation results when signals enter a transmitter final amplifier and mix with the resulting intermod frequencies reradiated by the transmitter antenna. Receiver intermodulation results when signals enter and mix in a receiver front end, and the resulting intermod products are detected at the receiver's demodulator. Related to intermodulation are transmitter harmonics which are integer multiples of the transmitter frequency, and spurious emissions, both produced by non-linearity of the transmitting system. 9
RF Interference Adverse weather conditions: During periods of abnormally high-pressure weather, VHF signals which would normally exit through the atmosphere can instead be reflected by the troposphere. This tropospheric ducting will cause the signal to travel much further than intended; often causing interference to local transmitters in the areas affected by the increased range of the distant transmitter. 10
RF Interference Poor frequency planning: Poor planning of picking the frequencies by frequency coordinators and due to terrain even the 90 mile rule on licensed 900MHz could have bleed over and adjacent channels might not be spaced far enough away from other users. I have seen problems even between the same entity where different departments don t research the frequency assignments. 450MHz systems are worse and in the USA - voice communication is primary and data are secondary users. 11
RF Interference Multiple radio types and frequency, antenna type polarity orientation and separation are critical in RF interference factors. 12
RF Interference Overly-crowded radio spectrum: In many populated areas, there just isn't much room in the radio spectrum. Licenses will be jam-packed in, sometimes to the point that one can hear loud and clear two, three, or more sites on the same frequency, at once. In the USA, the FCC propagation models used to space users on the same frequency are not always accurate in prediction of signals and interference. 13
SS Radio settings help with interference from other networks Frequencies can be selected or deselected from the master radio Feb. 27 - Mar. 2, 2011 2011 Gas Well Deliquification Workshop Denver, Colorado 14
SS Radio Advantages Paging Tower with 900MHz Vertically Polarized Antenna 15
SS Radio Advantages Changed to Horizontally Polarized You can see that changing POLARIZATION alone has a fairly dramatic impact on the Out Of Band Noise. 16
SS Radio Advantages Layer 2 communication from RTU/PLC to backbone Can be Serial or Ethernet Should be faster throughput than the port speed of the EFM or RTU Low power consumption Full duplex to support alarms Ideal bandwidth at least 115.2 Kbps 17
SS Radio Advantages Layer 3 communication from backbone end point to gateway Consolidates multiple layer 2 applications High speed Ethernet or microwave Must be higher speed than layer two Ideal bandwidth at least 867 Kbps Must be capable of delivering data to any place, and to multiple places 18
SS Radio Advantages Layer 4 backhaul from backbone to IT department Relatively high speed layer multiple close to 1Mbps Must be Ethernet and have serial terminal server Typically require AC power but can be DC Typically located on commercial towers 19
SS Radio Advantages Hybrid Network Example of a Hybrid Radio Solution 20
SS Radio Hybrid solution for I/O Multi-well Pad Site I/O Radio Example 21
SS Radio Advantages Software Tool Suite Diagnostic Programming Software 22
SS Radio Advantages Selectable hopping patterns 15 Freq. Keys Custom packet sizes also changes hopping time Multiple hop tables User definable network ID s more security AES encryption 128/256 bit Network authentication or Radius Servers VLAN Tagging and MAC address Fast Hopping he who hops fastest wins 23
SS Radio Advantages 900Mhz or 2.4Ghz Spread Spectrum can. Work in challenging terrain / conditions Provide more security than licensed bands Accommodate 1000 s (10000 s) devices Less expensive to deploy Easy to deploy and grow as needed 24
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