Le et l. Protetion n Control of Moern Power Systems (2017) 2:14 DOI 10.1186/s41601-017-0044-2 Protetion n Control of Moern Power Systems ORIGINAL RESEARCH A novel PLC hnnel moeling metho n hnnel hrteristi nlysis of smrt istriution gri Jin Le 1*, Co Wng 1, Wu Zhou 1, Yong-yn Liu 1 n Wei Ci 2 Open Aess Astrt Power line rrier (PLC) tehnology plys n inresingly importnt role in the reliztion of ost-effetive ommunition in smrt istriution gri. No urrent hnnel moeling metho is universlly pplile to more omplex topologies tht my emerge in smrt gris, suh s ring n mesh topologies. This pper presents novel PLC hnnel moeling metho se on the informtion noe onept, n the universlity n fesiility of the propose metho re emonstrte with pplitions in moeling networks with ring n mesh topologies. The ftors tht ffet the hnnel hrteristis of the networks n the lws tht govern their ehviors for ifferent types of topologies re nlyze. The vliity n effetiveness of the propose metho re proven using simultion n lortory tests. This pper provies the neessry theoretil sis n tehnil mens to esign the PLC moultion metho for smrt istriution gris. Keywors: Smrt istriution gri, Trnsfer mtrix, Power-line ommunition, Informtion noes, Chnnel hrteristis 1 Introution Relile n ost-effetive ommunition networks re the sis n premise for the reliztion of Smrt Gris. The power line rrier (PLC) tehnology [1 3], whih hs een pplie in tritionl power systems to trnsfer voie or t t high spee over the power line with power flow, is onsiere suitle nite [4, 5]. However, the hnnel of the PLC hs high-frequeny seletivity with omplex signl ttenution euse of the poor working onition, serious interferene, n lrge time vrition. As result, numerous stuies hve onsiere the power-line hnnel moeling metho to urtely estlish n effetive PLC trnsmission moel n selet the est trnsmission frequeny oring to the frequeny seletivity trnsmission hrteristi [6 8]. The existing hnnel moeling methos n e ivie into time-omin [9 12] n frequeny-omin types [13 18]. Time-omin methos, whih n e further ivie into top-own [9, 10] n ottom-up [11, 12] types oring to the pproh use to otin the neessry prmeters, tret the PLC hnnel s multi-pth * Corresponene: lej01@mils.tsinghu.eu.n 1 Shool of Eletril Engineering, Wuhn University, Wuhn 430072, Chin Full list of uthor informtion is ville t the en of the rtile environment n use the refletion moel to represent the physil hrteristis of the hnnel. The top-own metho regrs the PLC hnnel s multi-pth moel n uses urve fitting tehniques to otin the require prmeters se on the tul mesurement results of the trnsmission hrteristis. Vrious urve fitting tehniques re use, n the omplexity n time vrition of the PLC hnnels use lrge ifferenes etween mesurement results. Hene, the moels otine y ifferent reserhers re notly ifferent, n none n gurntee the est performne uner ll opertion onitions of the network. The min priniple of the ottom-up methos is to onsier the refletion n ttenution t the impene mismth points n susequently enumerte, simplify, n lssify ll pths etween the signl trnsmitter n the informtion reeiver se on the tul network topology. This type of metho simplifies the forwr trveling wve to suh n extent tht it results in lrge errors. The metho is lso omputtionlly expensive n n only e pplie to the tree topology. To lulte the trnsmission hrteristis of the entire network, frequeny-omin methos rek the entire network into severl se su-networks n lulte the trnsmission mtrix [13 15] or sttering mtrix [16 18] for eh su-network. This type of metho hs the The Author(s). 2017 Open Aess This rtile is istriute uner the terms of the Cretive Commons Attriution 4.0 Interntionl Liense (http://retiveommons.org/lienses/y/4.0/), whih permits unrestrite use, istriution, n reproution in ny meium, provie you give pproprite reit to the originl uthor(s) n the soure, provie link to the Cretive Commons liense, n inite if hnges were me.
Le et l. Protetion n Control of Moern Power Systems (2017) 2:14 Pge 2 of 13 vntge of onsiering the refletive properties of ll signls regrless of the network omplexity. However, it nnot e esily pplie in the ring n mesh topologies, whih my emerge in smrt istriution gris, euse these topologies nnot e roken into su-networks. H. Meng [18] erive hnnel moel metho for ring topology using sttering prmeters; however, this metho hs iffiulty onsiering multiple rings n mesh topologies. A new moeling metho to nlyze the trnsfer hrteristis of the PLC hnnel of network with ritrry topology is propose in this pper, n its pplition in the network with ring or mesh topology is emonstrte in etil [19]. The reminer of this pper is struture s follows. In Setion II, the priniple of the hnnel moeling metho se on the informtion noe onept is presente. Setion III shows the pplition of the propose metho in network with ring topology; the vliity n effetiveness of this metho is proven y simultion n lortory test. The influene lws tht govern the hnnel hrteristis of network with omplex mesh topology re nlyze y simultion n lortory test results in Setion V. Finlly, in Setion VI, the min finings of this pper re summrize. 2 Chnnel moeling pproh se on informtion noe (Methos) 2.1 Network topology n informtion noes Figure 1 illustrtes the topology of generl omplex PLC ommunition network, whih is typilly ompose of signl trnsmitters, signl reeivers, power lines, n network noes. The purpose of power line hnnel moeling is to etermine the trnsmission hrteristi etween signl trnsmitter n one of multiple reeivers t given time. The network noes re ivie into internl-type noes n termintion-type noes. The internl noes only onnet to power lines, suh s C m n C n in Fig. 1, n the termintion noes onnet to t lest one of the los or the signl soure, suh s T 1, T 2, T i,nt j in Fig. 1. V S n Z S re the mplitue n impene of the signl soure, respetively. In this pper, new onept lle the informtion noe, whih n over importnt informtion regring the noe voltge n urrent, is introue to help esrie the stte of the network. Severl informtion noes re ple t the points s losely s possile roun network noe. For exmple, D t11 n D t12 re the informtion noes relte to the signl soure impene Z s n power line Line_1, respetively, whih onnet to termintion noe T 1, n D n1 is the informtion noe of power line Line_k, whih onnets to internl noe C n. Thus, t lest two relevnt informtion noes shoul e ssigne to network noe exept for the signl soure, where the voltges of the signl soure n t informtion noe D t11 re ifferent euse of the internl impene Z S. Therefore, n itionl informtion noe D s shoul e introue etween the signl soure n D t11, s shown in Fig. 1. By pling ll neessry informtion noes into the network, the prolem of etermining the trnsmission hrteristi etween signl soure V S n eh reeiver is onverte into prolem of etermining the trnsmission hrteristi etween informtion noe D S n the informtion noe relte to eh reeiver (e.g., D t22 if the reeiver is lote t noe T 2 ). Fig. 1 Complex network topology
Le et l. Protetion n Control of Moern Power Systems (2017) 2:14 Pge 3 of 13 2.2 Network equtions se on informtion noes Without loss of generlity, we ssume tht there re m power lines n n los in the power network in Fig. 1. Aoring to the priniple of setting the informtion noes, 2 m n n informtion noes re respetively linke with m power lines n n informtion noes euse power line must e onnete etween two informtion noes, wheres lo is lwys relte to only one informtion noe. Beuse the speil informtion noes D S n D t11 re relte to the signl soure, the totl numer S of informtion noes in the network is: S ¼ 2m þ n þ 2 ð1þ Oviously, the voltge of n the urrent flowing out of n informtion noe re two unknown quntities. Thus, there re 4 m +2n + 4 unknown quntities for the entire network. In this pper, the referene iretion of the noe urrent is out of the noe. Figure 2 shows the power line Line_k n its two informtion noes D m1 n D n1. Aoring to trnsmission theory, the V-I reltionships etween informtion noes D m1 n D n1 re: U n1 ¼ U m1 hðγx I n1 ¼ I m1 hðγx Þ I m1 Z C shðγxþ g Þ U m1 shðγxþ Z C ð2þ where x is the length of the power line Line_k, nγ n Z C re the propgtion onstnt n hrteristi impene of this power line, respetively. We n list two equtions similr to Eq. (2) for eh power line; therefore, 2 m equtions n e otine for m power lines. For Lo_1 in Fig. 1, its voltge U t22 n urrent I t22 must stisfy Ohm s Lw, i.e., U t22 ¼ Z L1 I t22 ð3þ where Z L1 is the lo impene of Lo_1. Thus, n equtions n e otine for n los. Suppose tht there re k informtion noes tht re relte to network noe C n, s shown in Fig. 3. Aoring to the si iruit theory, we n otin k inepenent equtions for this network ) noe s: U n1 ¼ U n2 ¼ ¼ U nk ð4þ I n1 þ I n2 þ þ I nk ¼ 0 Fig. 3 Network noe n its informtion noes For network with m power lines, n los, n one signl soure, there must e 2 m + n + 1 informtion noes, n eh noe is relte to one n only one of the network noes (Ds is exlue). Thus, 2 m + n + 1 inepenent equtions n e liste for ll network noes. As shown in Fig. 4, for informtion noes D t11 n D S, whih re relte to signl soure V S, the following two equtions re eue: U S ¼ U t11 I t11 Z S ð5þ I S ¼ I t11 where Z S is the internl impene of signl soure V S. Therefore, for power network of m power lines n n los, 2 m + n +2m + n +1+2=4m +2n + 3 inepenent equtions n e otine se on the ove erivtions. These equtions n e expresse in mtrix form s follows: Fig. 2 Power line n its informtion noes Fig. 4 Signl soure n its informtion noes
Le et l. Protetion n Control of Moern Power Systems (2017) 2:14 Pge 4 of 13 2 6 4 ðþ1 1 ðþ2 1 ð Þ 1 ðþ1 2 ðþ2 2 2 ð4mþ2nþ3þðþ 1 ð4mþ2nþ3þð2þ ð Þð4mþ2nþ4Þ ðþ4mþ2nþ4 ð Þ ð4mþ2nþ3 Þð4mþ2nþ4Þ 2 3 7 5 6 4 U S U 1 U 2mþnþ1 I S I 1 I 2mþnþ1 3 2 3 0 0 0 ¼ 0 0 7 6 7 5 4 5 0 ð6þ Supposing the oeffiient mtrix of Eq. (6) is A, we n know tht ll elements in A re only relte to the network topology n omponent prmeters. Beuse the 4 m +2n + 3 equtions re inepenent, the rnk of oeffiient mtrix A is RA ð Þ ¼ 4m þ 2n þ 3 ð7þ As mentione, there re 4 m +2n + 4 unknown vriles for the entire network, wheres there re 4 m + 2n + 3 inepenent equtions in the homogeneous liner equtions. Therefore, the rtio of ny two unknown vriles n e lulte esily y solving Eq. (6). Thus, the voltge trnsmission hrteristis etween the signl trnsmitter n the reeiver re: H i ðþ¼ f U Zi U S ð8þ where U Zi is the voltge of the informtion noe relte to Lo_i. By solving Eq. (6), the theoretil expression for the voltge trnsmission hrteristi etween the signl trnsmitter n the reeiver n e esily lulte using onventionl softwre suh s MATLAB. Then, the key ftors tht ffet the hnnel trnsmission hrteristi n the influene lw n e onveniently nlyze. This metho is pplile to network with ritrry topology. There re few ring topologies n no mesh topology in smrt gris till now. However, in IEEE1547, prt 4.1.4 Distriute resoures on istriution seonry gri n spot networks proposes ring topologies n mesh topologies in istriution networks in the future with istriute genertion esse. In this sitution, the propose metho will e le to solve the prolems tht there is no effetive hnnel moeling metho for the pplition of PLC in network with ring n mesh topologies. 3 Chnnel moeling n lortory test of simple ring topology (Results n isussion 1) A simple network with ring topology in Fig. 5 is onsiere the exmple to illustrte the pplition of the moeling metho in Setion II. There re seven informtion noes in Fig. 5, i.e., D 1 to D 6 n D S. Eh informtion noe hs two unknown quntities. Thus, there re 14 unknown vriles for the entire network of 13 inepenent equtions, whih n e expresse s: 2 3 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 Z S 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 2 0 1 0 0 0 0 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 0 1 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 6 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 0 0 0 7 4 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 5 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 Z L U S U 1 U 2 U 3 U 4 U 5 U 6 i S i 1 i 2 i 3 i 4 i 5 i 6 0 0 0 0 0 0 ¼ 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 ð9þ where i = i =h(r i l i ), i = Z C sh(r i l i ), n i = sh(r i l i )/Z C, (i = 1,2); Z S is the soure impene, n Z L is the lo impene. Fig. 5 A simple network with ring topology
Le et l. Protetion n Control of Moern Power Systems (2017) 2:14 Pge 5 of 13 Thus, the voltge trnsmission hrteristi etween the signl trnsmitter n given reeiver n e esily otine. For exmple, the voltge trnsmission funtion etween D S n D 6 in Fig. 5 is: Hf ðþ¼ U 6 ¼ U S Z L ð 1 2 1 1 2 1 þ 2 1 2 1 2 2 Þ ð 1 2 þ ð 1 2 þ 2 1 ÞZ S þ ð 1 2 þ 2 1 ÞZ L ð 1 1 1 2 1 2 2 1 1 2 2 1 þ 2 2 2 2 ÞZ L Z S Þ ð10þ A physil network with the topology in Fig. 5 ws estlishe for the lortory test, RG316-type oxil les n HP8753D network nlyzer. The prmeters of the oxil le re C 0 =96 pf/m, L 0 = 276 nh/m, R 0 =1 mω/m, G 0 is neglete, n the lengths of l 1 n l 2 re set to 10 m. The les n interfes n prt of the physil onfigurtion of the iruit re shown in Figs. 6 n 7, respetively. Figure 8 illustrtes n tul wveform from the network nlyzer. The HP8753D network nlyzer n esily etermine the voltge trnsfer hrteristi of networks with ifferent topologies. The resulting urve is shown on its sreen, s shown in Fig. 8, n the t n e esily store n re using floppy isk. Figures 9 n 10 show the mplitue- n phsefrequeny response hrteristis of the voltge trnsfer funtion Eq. (10). The tul le length n the length use in the simultion re not extly ientil, n the neglete le onnetion resistne in simultion ontriutes to the mjor mismth in these two figures. 4 Simultion n lortory test results for network with ring topology (Results n isussion 2) A network with ring topology (Fig. 11) is use to nlyze ll ftors tht my ffet the mplitue-frequeny hrteristi of the network. In this network, ll power lines re of ientil mteril with the following prmeters: C 0 = 96 pf/m, L 0 = 276 nh/m, R 0 =1 mω/m; n G 0 is neglete. Both soure internl impene Z S n lo impene Z L re 50 Ω; othrnhlosz L1 n Z L2 re 0 Ω, i.e., oth re short-iruite. In the following, the simultion results of the mplitue-frequeny hrteristi re otine using the propose metho, wheres the lortory test results re mesure using the HP8753D network nlyzer on rel network. 4.1 Chnges in trunk length First, the effet of the trunk length on the mplituefrequeny trnsmission hrteristis is onsiere. The trunk lengths (i.e., l 1, l 2, l 3,nl 4 in Fig. 11) re ientil, n simultions n tests re performe with lengths of 10, 20, 30, n 40 m, wheres the lengths of the rnh lines (i.e., l 5 n l 6 in Fig. 11) re hel onstnt t 10 m. Figure 12 presents the mplitue-frequeny hrteristis of the voltge trnsfer funtion etween lo Z L n signl soure V S. Figure 12 illustrtes tht the peks in the mplituefrequeny hrteristis flutute when the trunk length inreses, wheres the lotions n mplitues of the nothes o not hnge. The nothes our t the frequenies of 10, 20, n 30 MHz. 4.2 Chnges in rnh length Next, the effet of the rnh length on the mplituefrequeny trnsmission hrteristi is simulte n teste. In Fig. 11, we mintine onstnt trunk length of l 1 = l 2 = l 3 = l 4 = 10 m, wheres the rnh lengths l 5 n l 6 were hnge to 10 m, 20 m, 30 m, n 40 m, respetively. Figure 13 presents the mplitue-frequeny hrteristi of the voltge trnsfer funtion etween lo Z L n signl soure V S. We n lern tht the numers of peks n nothes in the mplitue-frequeny hrteristi urve inrese when the rnh length inreses Fig. 6 The elements use
Le et l. Protetion n Control of Moern Power Systems (2017) 2:14 Pge 6 of 13 Fig. 7 A prt of the l test iruit (the numers of nothes in Figs. 13,,, n re 3, 6, 9, n 12, respetively). 4.3 Chnges in the numer of rnhes Next, we onsier network with the ring topology in Fig. 14. Length l of ll lines etween jent noes is 10 m; thus, when the numer of rnhes is 2, 4, 6, or 8, the length of ADEB n AFHB is 20, 30, 40, or 50 m, respetively. All rnh los (i.e., Z L11, Z L12,, Z Ln1, Z Ln2 ) re open iruit, n the other prmeters re ientil to those in Fig. 11. Figure 15 shows the mplitue-frequeny hrteristi of the voltge trnsfer funtion etween lo Z L n signl soure V S. The peks of the mplitue-frequeny hrteristi slightly flutute when the rnh numer inreses. There re only 3 nothes for vrious numers of rnhes, ut the mplitue of the nothes inreses with n inresing numer of rnhes. 5 Simultion n lortory test results for network with mesh topology (Results n isussion 3) A network with mesh topology (Fig. 14) is use to nlyze ll ftors tht my ffet the mplitue-frequeny hrteristi of the network. In Fig. 14, ll power lines re of ientil mteril, n the following prmeters re use: C 0 =96pF/m,L 0 = 276 nh/m, R 0 =1mΩ/m, n G 0 is neglete. Soure internl impene Z S n lo impene Z L re 50 Ω, n rnh los Z L1 n Z L2 re 0 Ω. In the following, simultion results of the mplitue frequeny hrteristis re otine using the propose metho, n the lortory test results re mesure using network nlyzer on rel network with the topology in Fig. 16. 5.1 Chnges in front n rer trunk length First, we mintin onstnt trunk length of l 5 = l 6 = l 7 = l 8 = 10 m, onstnt rnh length of l 2 = l 4 =10 m, n onstnt link rnh length of l 9 =20 m. We hnge the front n rer trunk lengths (l 1 n l 3, respetively) to 10, 20, 30, n 40 m. Figure 17 shows the mplitue-frequeny hrteristi of the voltge trnsfer funtion etween lo Z L n signl soure V S. The mplitue-frequeny hrteristis vry only slightly for ifferent front n rer trunk lengths; thus, this ftor is not onsiere in the following nlysis. Fig. 8 The HP8753D network nlyzer
Le et l. Protetion n Control of Moern Power Systems (2017) 2:14 Pge 7 of 13 Fig. 9 Lortory test n simultion results of mplitue-frequeny hrteristi 5.2 Chnges in rnh length In Fig. 16, we mintin onstnt front n rer trunk length of l 1 = l 3 = 10 m, trunk length of l 5 = l 6 = l 7 = l 8 = 5 m, n link rnh length of l 9 =10 m; we hnge the rnh lengths l 2 n l 4 to 5, 10, 15, n 20 m. Figure 18 shows the mplitue-frequeny hrteristi of the voltge trnsfer funtion etween lo Z L n signl soure V S. The rnh length signifintly ffets the mplituefrequeny hrteristis; speifilly, itionl nothes pper when the rnh length is inrese. 5.3 Chnges in trunk length In Fig. 16, we mintin onstnt front n rer trunk lengths of l 1 = l 3 = 10 m, rnh length of l 2 = l 4 =5 m, n link rnh length of l 9 = 10 m. We vry the trunk lengths l 5, l 6, l 7, n l 8 to 5, 10, 15, n 20 m. Fig. 10 Lortory test n simultion results of phse-frequeny hrteristi
Le et l. Protetion n Control of Moern Power Systems (2017) 2:14 Pge 8 of 13 Fig. 11 Simple ring topology with rnhes Figure 19 presents the mplitue-frequeny hrteristis of the voltge trnsfer funtion etween lo Z L n signl soure V S. The trunk length hs omplex effet on the trnsmission hrteristis. As the trunk length inreses, the numer of nothes hnge to ifferent numers in n lternting mnner, e.g., 2 nothes re present in Fig. 19 n, wheres 4 nothes re present in Fig. 19 n. 5.4 Proportionl hnges in the mesh length In Fig. 16, we mintin onstnt front n rer trunk lengths of l 1 = l 3 = 10 m, wheres the trunk length l 5 = l 6 = l 7 = l 8 is vrie to 5, 10, 15, n 20 m, the rnh length l 2 = l 4 is proportionlly hnge to 5, 10, 15, n 20 m, n the link rnh length l 9 is proportionlly hnge to 10, 20, 30, n 40 m. Fig. 12 Voltge trnsmission mplitue-frequeny hrteristi for vrious trunk lengths () 10m () 20m () 30m () 40m
Le et l. Protetion n Control of Moern Power Systems (2017) 2:14 Pge 9 of 13 Fig. 13 Voltge trnsmission mplitue-frequeny hrteristi for vrious rnh lengths () 10m () 20m () 30m () 40m Figure 20 shows the mplitue-frequeny hrteristis of the voltge trnsfer funtion etween lo Z L n signl soure V S. The numers of peks n nothes of the mplituefrequeny hrteristis inrese with the inrese in line length of the mesh topology: the numer of nothes in Figs. 20,, n is 2, 4, 6, n 8, respetively. If the frequeny hrteristis of the elements in the net n e urtely otine, the propose metho n e use in notly wie frequeny rnge. Consiering the urrent ury of the frequeny hrteristis, the requirements of high-spee ommunition in the PLC in future, n the restritions of the frequeny in simultion n l test, the propose metho n e use in the rnge of 1 40 MHz. 6 Conlusions A novel hnnel moeling metho se on the informtion noe tht is universlly pplile to vrious topologies tht my emerge in smrt istriution gris in the future is present in this pper. The pplitions of this metho in simple ring network n omplex Fig. 14 Ring topology with multiple rnhes
Le et l. Protetion n Control of Moern Power Systems (2017) 2:14 Pge 10 of 13 Fig. 15 Voltge trnsmission mplitue-frequeny hrteristi for vrious numers of rnhes () 2 rnhes () 4 rnhes () 6 rnhes () 8 rnhes mesh network show tht the propose metho hs signifint vntges over the tritionl moeling metho, suh s ler physil onepts, simple lultions, n ese of implementtion with onventionl omputtionl softwre. Bse on the propose metho, severl meningful onlusions regring the influene lws for the hnnel hrteristis of network with ring or mesh topology n e esily rwn, suh s tht the trunk length hs little effet on the trnsfer hrteristi, while the propose moeling metho n the nlysis results provie the neessry theoretil sis n tehnil mesure for the esign of PLC moultion metho for smrt istriution gris. Fig. 16 Simple network with mesh topology
Le et l. Protetion n Control of Moern Power Systems (2017) 2:14 Pge 11 of 13 Fig. 17 Voltge trnsmission mplitue-frequeny hrteristi for vrious front n rer trunk lengths () 10m () 20m () 30m () 40m Fig. 18 Voltge trnsmission mplitue-frequeny hrteristi for vrious rnh lengths () 5m() 10m () 15m () 20m
Le et l. Protetion n Control of Moern Power Systems (2017) 2:14 Pge 12 of 13 Fig. 19 Voltge trnsmission mplitue-frequeny hrteristi for vrious trunk lengths () 5m() 10m () 15m () 20m Fig. 20 Voltge trnsmission mplitue-frequeny hrteristi with proportionl hnges in the line length of the mesh topology () 5m() 10m () 15m() 20m
Le et l. Protetion n Control of Moern Power Systems (2017) 2:14 Pge 13 of 13 Authors ontriutions JL rrie out the stuies out the PLC hnnel moeling theory, prtiipte in the sequene lignment n rfte the mnusript. CW rrie out the simultions of the propose moeling metho. WZ n Y-YL rrie out the experimentl tests n performe the sttistil nlysis of the results. WC uilt the theory moel of the PLC hnnel moeling metho. All uthors re n pprove the finl mnusript. Authors informtion Jin Le ws orn in Hunggng, Huei, Chin in 1975. Corresponene uthor. He is urrently Assoite Professor with the ollege of eletril engineering, WHU, where he hs een working on flexile trnsmission tehnology n power qulity ontrol tehnology. Co Wng ws orn in Bengu, Anhui, Chin in 1995. He reeive his B.S. egree from the College of Energy n Eletril Engineering t Wuhn University (WHU), Wuhn, Chin, in 2016. He is now working towrs Mster egree in eletril engineering t Wuhn University. He hs een reserhing power qulity n its ontrol tehnology. Wu Zhou ws orn in Xinto, Huei, Chin in 1992. He reeive his B.S. egree from the ollege of eletril engineering t Hohi University (HHU), Nnjing, Chin, in 2014. He is urrently working towrs Mster egree in eletril engineering t Wuhn University. He hs een working on reserh of optiml opertion n ontrol in power system. Yong-yn Liu ws orn in Chngsh, Hunn, Chin in 1992. She reeive her B. S. egree from the ollege of eletril n informtion engineering t Hunn University (HNU), Chngsh, Chin, in 2014. She is urrently working towrs Mter egree in eletril engineering t Wuhn University. She hs een working on reserh of istriute power opertion n its ontrol tehnology. Wei Ci ws orn in Qin jing, Huei, Chin in 1987. He reeive his B.S. n Ph.D egree from the ollege of eletril engineering t Wuhn University (WHU), Wuhn, Chin, in 2008 n 2013 respetively. He hs een working s engineer within Stte Gri Eletri Power Reserh Institute, Wuhn, Chin n hs worke on power system opertion. 9. Tonello, A. M., Versoltto, F., Bejr, B., et l. (2012). A fitting lgorithm for rnom moeling the PLC hnnel. IEEE Trnstions on Power Delivery, 27(3), 1477 84. 10. Shlezinger, N., & Dor, R. (2015). On the pity of nrrown PLC hnnels. IEEE Trnstions on Communitions, 63(4), 1191 201. 11. Frniso, J., Pheo, S., Sotorrío-Ruiz, P. J., et l. (2014). PLC-se PV plnts smrt monitoring system: fiel mesurements n unertinty estimtion. IEEE Trnstions on Instrumenttion n Mesurement, 63(9), 2215 22. 12. Ginroli, F., Pnli, F., & Vitett, G. M. (2013). The impt of lo hrteriztion on the verge properties of sttistil moels for powerline hnnels. IEEE Trnstions on Smrt Gri, 4(2), 677 85. 13. Glli, S., & Bnwell, T. C. (2006). A eterministi frequeny-omin moel for the inoor power line trnsfer funtion. IEEE Journl on Selete Ares in Communitions, 24(7), 1304 16. 14. Rennne, A., Konte, C., & Mhmoum, C. M. (2008). A simplifie eterministi pproh for urte moeling of the inoor power line hnnel. IEEE Conf. On Systems n Networks Communitions, Mlt, 2008, 121 6. 15. Rir, A., Miquel, R., Jon, R. R., et l. (2009). Sttering prmeters-se hnnel hrteriztion n moeling for unergroun meium-voltge power-line ommunitions. IEEE Trnstions on Power Delivery, 24(3), 1122 31. 16. Zhiyun, X., Yn, S., & Yihe, G. (2010). Moeling n nlysis of meium voltge power line hnnel se on trnsmission line theory. Eletri Power Siene n Engineering, 26(7), 5 8. 17. Mnnh, M. A., Ginot, N., & Btr, C. (2014). Effet of the power le on t trnsmission over pulsewith-moulte network. IEEE Trnstions on Inustril Eletronis, 61(8), 4238 45. 18. Meng, H., Chen, S., Gun, Y. L., et l. (2004). Moeling of trnsfer hrteristis for the ron power line ommunition hnnel. Power Delivery. IEEE Trnstions on Power Delivery, 19(3), 1057 64. 19. Ci, W., Le, J., & Liu, K. P. (2013). The nlysis of the inoor PLC hnnel hrteristis se on informtion noes hnnel moeling metho. Interntionl Journl of Computer & Eletril Engineering, 5(2), 155 9. Competing interests There is no onflit of interest in the sumission of this mnusript, n the mnusript is pprove y ll uthors for pulition. Author etils 1 Shool of Eletril Engineering, Wuhn University, Wuhn 430072, Chin. 2 Stte Gri Eletri Power Reserh Institute, Wuhn 430074, Chin. Reeive: 3 Deemer 2016 Aepte: 10 Mrh 2017 Referenes 1. Moy, S., H, M., Funes, M., et l. (2016). Bron PLC-hnnel equlistion in the frequeny omin se on omplementry sequenes. IET Communitions, 10(13), 1605 13. 2. Chen, C., Chen, Y., Ding, N., et l. (2012). Aurte smpling timing quisition for sen OFDM power-line ommunition in non-gussin noise. IEEE Trnstions on Communitions, 61(4), 1608 20. 3. Pgni, P., & Shwger, A. (2016). A sttistil moel of the in-home MIMO PLC hnnel se on Europen fiel mesurements. IEEE Journl on Selete Ares in Communitions, 34(7), 2033 44. 4. Aeisi, B., Treytl, A., Hiine, A., et l. (2011). IP-entri high rte nrrown PLC for smrt gri pplitions. IEEE Trnstions On Communitions Mgzine, 49(12), 46 54. 5. Ningzhe, X., Siong, Z., Yue, S., et l. (2016). PLC-oriente ess point lotion plnning lgorithm in smrt-gri ommunition networks. Chin Communitions, 13(9), 91 102. 6. Glli, S., Sglione, A., & Wng, Z. (2011). For the gri n through the gri: The role of power line ommunitions in the smrt gri. IEEE Proeeings, 99(6), 998 1027. 7. Oermeier, M., Brun, S., & Vogel-Heuser, B. (2015). A moel-riven pproh on ojet-oriente PLC progrmming for mnufturing systems with regr to usility. IEEE Trnstions on Inustril Informtis, 11(3), 790 800. 8. Ctliotti, A., Cr, D. D., Fiorelli, R., et l. (2012). Power-Line ommunition in meium-voltge system: simultion moel n onfiel experimentl tests. IEEE Trnstions on Power Delivery, 27(1), 62 9. 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