WEEK 01 Tender Tender Browsing Learning Objective Let s take a look at how making boards are used in various fields and think about our future projects. Materials to Prepare A4 sheet, color markers, camera, LED (r,g,b), mercury cell, magnet, glue gun, large blackboard. Summary of Class Duration Activity Activity Description 30mins 30mins Introduction of Class Ice Breaking Appreciate works from various fields and by looking at the case of two children, think about what your will learn in this class. Make groups of four and sit facing each other at a table. Write three words to describe yourself (hobby, dream, strength) on a piece of pare and introduce yourself based on the keywords and ask each other one or two questions and try to get to know each other naturally. LESSON Hello Everyone! You will be taking this class for the next fifteen weeks. After seeing the title of this book, I hope you will have a chance to think about what you will be learning in class. What kind of class do you think it will be? It may be a puzzling question. Most of the students would have never taken this kind of class before. That is why I am trying to explain about the class from now on. Have you ever made something yourself in your life? Some students may have experiences of cooking, making robot kit or knitting winter muffler. Students who like electronic technology or assembling may have created fun stuff with maybe radio assembling kit, science box or Lego mind storm. In this class, we plan to make something using hand-sized computer. You don t have to know about what this small computer is yet. You will be learning step by step. So hand-sized small computer? I would like you to use your imagination. There are many types of computers starting from PC at home to super computers. Smart phones and small computers are also computers. There are so many types of computers that you are not aware of. 50mins 30mins Light Shadow and Light Throwing PMI Recollection Make LED for throwing by sticking mercury cell and magnet on LED.By taking picture using technique where you expose camera for a long period of time in a dark space, try drawing pictures with light. Write down two to three points on what you liked, what you thought was insufficient, and what was interesting and talk about them in groups. Try activities where students write comments. 2 Junior Software Academy 01 Tender Tender Browsing 3
Computers exist in hundreds of forms for different purposes. For what purposes have you mainly used computer? You probably used it with purposes such as document work, photo editing, internet, game, etc. Among various forms of computers, we will be using a computer with limited performance. Among them, we will learn about the easiest method for using computer. By the end of this course, you will be able to give orders to computer. It is just like training a dog. Daniel Rozin s Wooden Mirror Daniel Rozin s Wooden Mirror is a glass concept artwork made of wood. Sub-motor is attached to each piece of wood is instantly reflected on its surface. A person s face is represented by sub-motors attached to wooden pieces that move according to shadings of reflections of the person. Then what can you make with this tiny tiny computer? For example, how do you turn on the lights when you just get home? You will turn on the lights in the dark room by pushing the switch on the wall in most cases. However, what should you do if you find it inconvenient to turn on the light with switch and would rather prefer to have the light automatically turned on when you open the door? Just think about it. You will think of many possible ways by the time you are done with this course. Don t be afraid of the seemingly difficult material. This class allows you to learn by a lot of exercises where you make, fix, and confirm. You will find yourself enjoying the learning process. Before we get started, I will introduce some projects made with hand-sized computer to help you understand. Website Movie http://www.smoothware.com/danny/ https://www.vimeo.com/7820888 4 Junior Software Academy 01 Tender Tender Browsing 5
Jin-Yo Mok s Music Box Jin-Yo Mok s Music Box is an artwork that makes noise when spectators key in LED pattern by spinning crank handle. The way it interacts through internet gives an impression of a music box. Artworks that have been introduced are mostly interactive pieces that use digital technology. This field is called Interactive Media Art. Artists use a variety of technology to create their artworks. Interactive Media Art A variety of digital media have been introduced thanks to the development of IT technology these days. TV, video, and smart phone, which you can easily find around you, are all types of digital media. The genre of art that modern artists created through digital media is called the media art. The famous video art works by Baek Nam-jun is representative example of media art. Interactive Media Art refers to works of media art that responds to or interacts with audience. Website Movie http://jonpasang.com/wp/?page_id=183 http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=p2_jxy9hrvs#t=250 https://vimeo.com/46857169 Let me introduce to you some more interesting projects other than artworks. Stephen Hobley s Laser Harp Laser Harp is an instrument made of light. The light is shot into the sky and every time you touch it, the sound changes. It is a virtual instrument that uses laser and operates like a keyboard instrument. Website Movie http://www.stephenhobley.com/ blog/laser-harp-2009/ http://www.youtube.com/ watch?v=yta0ajrboxu 6 Junior Software Academy 01 Tender Tender Browsing 7
Jin-Yo Mok s Music Box Daft Punk LED Helmet by Volpin Props Jin-Yo Mok s Music Box is an artwork that makes noise when spectators key in LED pattern by spinning crank handle. The way it interacts through internet gives an impression of a music box. Website Movie http://www.ben-dror.com/pinokio/ https://vimeo.com/53476316 Website Movie http://www.volpinprops.com/daft-punk-final-2/ http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=h0tbzecgl0e 8 Junior Software Academy 01 Tender Tender Browsing 9
Botanicalls, Plant Status Alerters Last but not least, I would like to introduce to you some friends your age. Sylvia Todd and Quin Etnyre already have many fans. Quin Etnyre s Q Techknow Website Movie http://www.botanicalls.com/ http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=af6cayzww1y Quin is a thirteen year-old boy who is the CEO of electronics company Q Techknow that sells electronic kits and different types of sensors and is an electronics engineering mania. Quin lectures on electronic devices on a regular basis and his lectures are known to be of higher quality that those by adults. His representative project is Fuzzbot, a fully autonomous driving robot. Galaxy Dress by CuteCircuit Website Movie http://cutecircuit.com/collections/ the-galaxy-dress/ http://www.youtube.com/ watch?v=rx9fogfxn9a Quin s Q Techknow s Website http://qtechknow.com/ Turn Signal Biking Jacket It is a jacket with LED installed on the back just like the car s turn signals for people riding bikes. Website Movie http://web.media.mit.edu/~leah/ LilyPad/build/turn_signal_jacket.html http://www.youtube.com/ watch?v=ztnepkwcfxa 10 Junior Software Academy 01 Tender Tender Browsing 11
Sylvia Todd s Super Awesome Maker Show LESSON Sylvia filmed and shared her projects for many people to see. this project is easy to follow even for children and it recorded over 1.5 million hits. she won sulver nedal in the National Robot Competition and recently introduced WaterColorBot that she invented to President Barack Obama. Now, let s start with ice breakers. As the word says, it is breaking ice. However, it is not literally breaking the ice. Just like breaking solid cube of ice, creating a warm ambience through short activity is called ice breaking. 1 Sitting in groups Sit with four to five friends facing each other. 2 Finding three key words Write your name big on an A4 sheet. Write three words to introduce yourself. (Favorite movie, what you want to become, hobby, talent, etc.) 3 Asking questions When you are done, pass your sheet to the person on your right. Then one of the people selects one of the key words and asks a question about the key word. Sylvia s website: http://sylviashow.com 4 Answering The person who asks the question draws something or writes a comment below the corresponding key word. After a set of question and answer, another team member asks a question. The answer for each question should be complete in less than three minutes. 5 Taking Turns and Introducing Oneself 12 Junior Software Academy You will find more details at http://popsci.hankooki.com/article/articleview. php?uid=10138122 There was an introduction of projects that used hand-sized computers and our friends. What is you impression? Technology has developed so that anyone can create new products with ease. By engaging in projects through this class, you can make what you want just like Queen and Sylvia who were introduced. Shall we begin? After a round of question and answer, pass the A4 sheet to the person on your right. If the sheets get passed around, your sheet will eventually come back to you and everyone would have talked about all three key words, right? If there is any key word that has not been introduced, you should give an explanation. 6 Finish When you are done learning about friends in your group, ice breaking is over. With the same group, we will move onto the next activity. You can engage in diverse and fun projects just with the LED. The LED is like a small light bulb that gives out light. Just see how fascinating LEDs are learning through play. 01 Tender Tender Browsing 13
PRactice LED Cube Light PRactice Drawing with LED 1 Prepare LED, mercury cell, and paper on your desk. You can draw with LED if you use camera s long exposure technique. 2 In order to have the LED emit light, it has to be connected to the battery. LED and mercury call have electrodes so you have to distinguish between anode (+) and cathode (-). The longer leg is positive. It says + on mercury cell so it is easy to tell which side is positive. Bring anodes of LED and mercury cell together and thrust the mercury cell in between two legs of LED and hold LED with your thumb and index finger. Then LED starts to shine. Using camera s slow shutter speed in the dark, you can draw in the air with LED in front of the camera lens. Don t use a single color. You can draw with a variety of LED colors. Won t it be more fun if you work on this exercise with your friends? 3 Let s make a cube with a sheet of paper. Prepare a square-shaped paper and refer to origami study material to learn how to fold paper into a cube. Insert the LED into your finished cube through a small hole in the bottom. You can simply make a LED light just like the picture below. Shall we bring all your friends lights together? Let s turn off the light and enjoy LED lights for a second. Can you get electrified? LED is a good conductor of electricity and so is human hand but high resistance does not let electricity flow to human hand Furthermore, the mercury cell that we use delivers low output voltage of 3V so even if electricity is flowing, you will not get an electric shock. 14 Junior Software Academy 01 Tender Tender Browsing 15
PRactice LED Throwies You can do fun activity by sticking magnet to LED. Tightly fix magnets onto mercury cell that is connected to LED. Now, throw LED onto the metal plate or chalk board where magnets will stick. LED looks more glamorous at night than during the day. We just created a small project using only LED as a warm up. Now, you will be creating more fun projects yourself. Then you will become highly skilled enough to create a project you want yourself. If you try a little harder, you will be able to create many fun projects, right? Now, let us begin in earnest. Spent batteries contain hazardous materials so they must be disposed of safely in a way that is environmentally friendly. Recycle used batteries in battery recycle bins. Next project is an application of LED Throwies developed by the Graffiti Research Lab (GRL) REVIEW Review Let s think about your favorite part among today s activities and share with friends. How is this? LED is the easiest you can find among materials that emit light. You can create such a marvelous project with just LEDs, which you can get easily. Let s think about the part you found the hardest and share with friends. Teachers, 선생님, please refer 참고하세요! to this! Reference Graffiti Research Lab http://www.graffitiresearchlab.com/blog/ LED Throwies http://www.instructables.com/id/led-throwies/ http://makezine.com/2008/11/06/led-art-object-is-the-new/ 16 Junior Software Academy 01 Tender Tender Browsing 17
WEEK 02 Getting to Know Electronic Circuit LESSON What is a component that is the easiest and the most fundamental in the MAK- ING class? Learning Objective Understand electronic circuit with simple components. Build various circuits on breadboard. To construct the simplest circuit, you need three parts other than the making board. The breadboard is a construction basis that links light emitting LED, electric flow adjusting resistor, and other parts to the outside of the making board. LED Materials to Prepare The component that lights up when current flows is called Light-Emitting Diode (LED). LED exists in various sizes and colors according to each use and are used a lot in our daily life such as LED TV, LED monitor, and LED lamp. + - breadboard LED 330Ω resistor electric wire 1switch AA battery holder Let s first take a look at the form of LED we plan to use. LED is composed of cylindrical lens that emit light and two legs. When you connect electricity to two legs, it lights up. The longer lead is positive (+) and the shorter lead is negative (-). You have to be careful when connecting materials with positive and negative terminals because the direction in which you connect them is important. You can even damage it. Materials with positive and negative terminals start to work only when the current is flowing in the right direction. Wire Summary of Class Duration Activities Activity Description 30mins Introduction of main component Let s find out about LED, Ohm s Law, electric resistance, and breadboard. Electric wire is a material that helps electric current flow. It is sort of like water pipes that help water flow. It supports by connecting materials such as making board, LED, and switch. Electric wire itself does not have positive or negative electrodes so you don t have to worry about the direction you connect. 90mins Practice Let s compose various circuits using breadboard 18 Junior Software Academy 02 Getting to Know Electronic Circuit 19
Resistor Resistor is a component that interferes with the current. In other words, the amount of electric flow will decrease when there is a resistor compared to when there isn t. Ohm s Law (hydraulic analogy) Voltage (water pressure) I 10 = It would be easier to understand if you think of the amount of water as voltage, the faucet as resistance, and the amount of water Observe the amount of water flow changing the height of water and faucet. flowing as electric current. When the water amount (voltage) is same and you increase the facet pressure (resistance), then the amount of water flow (electric current) decreases. V R 150 15 150 Resistance Electric current 15 10 The reason why resistance is important is that influx of electric flow may damage the component. That is why we need to use resistance in adjusting the amount currency and to maintain a stable level of voltage. There is a color code in a resistor that represents the size of resistance in colors. The size of resistance is too small and that is why resistance is represented in color bands rather than in text. Refer to the color coding chart to determine the value of resistance. Write down the numbers of the first and the second stripe of colors in order and multiply the two digits by ten raised by power of the number of the third stripe. The fourth band represents the tolerance and accuracy. You might get confused in which direction to read color codes but let s just remember to have the gold and silver color banks come on the right side and read it from the left. 2 1 0 10 ± 5 % = 1,000Ω Ohm s Law V I R V = I R I = V/R R = V/I Voltage (V): Unit V (Volt) difference in electric potential between two points. Current (I): Unit (Ampere) amount of charge per unit time Resistance (R): Unit Ω (Ohm) degree to which a component impedes the passage of current BLACK BROWN RED ORANGE YELLOW GREEN BLUE PURPLE GREY WHITE GOLD SILVER NONE Teachers, 선생님, please refer 참고하세요! to this! German Physicist Georg Ohm What is Ohm s Law? It is a principle on current that is flowing in resistance and electric potential energy. Along with Coulomb s Law, it is one of the most important rules in Electrical Engineering. It was discovered by Henry Cavendish in 1781 but was not disclosed until James Maxwell published The electrical research by Henry Cavendish in 1879. Since German physicisist rediscovered the rule in 1826 and announced his findings, the rule was named after him and thus was called Ohm s Law ever since. 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 5% 10% 20% Can you calculate the resistance value below? The color band is orange, orange, and brown in sequence so they represent 3,3, and 1, respectively. When calculated, it is 33*101= 330 Ω. When the voltage ranges from 5 to 9V, then it is appropriate to use 200~300 Ω. 20 Junior Software Academy 02 Getting to Know Electronic Circuit 21
Breadboard Making board is small. It is because the smaller making boards are better to use for actual projects but it is difficult to connect hardware components directly. Therefore we use something called breadboard to expand making boards. The advantage of breadboard is that you can easily connect components easily without soldering. You can easily connect and disconnect electric components such as LED, register, and switch. In electronic circuit, there is a rule that the red line represents positive terminal whereas black or blue line represents negative terminal. Therefore you can tell positive from negative terminal with just colors. We need to connect the battery s positive terminal with red and the negative terminal with blue. Composition of Breadboard and Connection Method Holes in each vertical row are interconnected inside the breadboard and they are used to provide ground or power connection to your circuit. They are power suppliers like positive and negative terminals in batteries. You have to find the right terminal when connecting components with positive and negative terminals. The left and right side look exactly the same and play the same role but they are not connected together. To expand the connection, you have to link the two sides with components such as wire or resistor. Teachers, 선생님, please refer 참고하세요! to this! When you observe breadboard after placing it vertically, with furrow in the middle, it is bifurcated into two parts a~e and f~j. Both a~e and f~j are connected internally so electricity flows through. However, electricity is disconnected in the furrow section so you should pay attention. For example, if you connect e and f on the same horizontal line, the electricity will not flow. Electricity does not flow on vertical lines with different numbers as well. Therefore, component or lines to be connected should be aligned into same horizontal line. First, you should check which number line you first connected with and then connect the other end to the other hole with the same horizontal number. Since they are not connected vertically, when trying to connect them on purpose, they need to be connected with a separate wire. On the contrary,+ and - parts on both ends only flow current vertically. Is it difficult? Let s understand how it is actually done by working on the next project. Now we will compose various circuits to familiarize yourself with the bread board. Five holes in each horizontal row are interconnected inside. On each horizontal row, a component to be connected to the component plugged into a on the left side must be plugged into b,c,d,e on the left. They should not be connected to f,g,h,i on the right. 22 Junior Software Academy 02 Getting to Know Electronic Circuit 23
PRactice Lighting LED PRactice Using Switch to Light LED Project Goal Project Goal Lighting LED by connecting circuit. Lighting LED by connecting circuit and turning on the switch Hardware Expression The LED starts shining when you connect battery or the power supply to the Hardware Expression breadboard. In this case, electric current flows in the following direction: battery The LED does not light up even when you construct the circuit like the diagram breadboard LED. below. That is because there is a switch. You have to turn on the switch to in order to light the LED. 1 330Ω resistor 1 330Ω resistor 1 1 You should look more carefully into the length of LED lights when connecting positive and negative terminals. The more bent side on the circuit diagram is the positive terminal. 24 Junior Software Academy 02 Getting to Know Electronic Circuit 25
PRactice Using Two Switches to Light LED (Series Circuit) PRactice Using Two Switches to Light LED (Parallel Circuit) Project Goal Project Goal Lighting LED by connecting circuit and turning on two switches. Lighting LED by connecting circuit and turning on two switches. Hardware Expression It is similar to the previous project but this time we are using two switches. The Hardware Expression two switches are connected in series. Therefore, you have to press both of the We will be using two switches again but the two switches are connected in par- switches to light the LED. allel. Therefore, the LED will start shining just by turning on one of the switches. 1 330Ω resistor 1 330Ω resistor 1 1 26 Junior Software Academy 02 Getting to Know Electronic Circuit 27
If you can t grasp what series and parallel conduits are, think of single and forked roads. Conduit in series is like a single road so the road ends if the beginning or the ending part of the road gets blocked. However, forked roads can still be passed through even if one side is blocked as long as there is an open way. REVIEW Review Let s think about your favorite part among today s activities and share with friends. Have you successfully completed all four projects? What did you think of the LED lighting projects? The projects we worked on so far did not require any programming. You have learned that LED starts shining when electric current flows through external power breadboard wire switch LED even without programming. The similar principle we learned in the first week where we lit up LED by taping battery on LED applies here. From the third week on, we will be working on a project that entails programming. We will also examine why programming is needed. Let s think about the part you found the hardest and share with friends. 28 Junior Software Academy 02 Getting to Know Electronic Circuit 29
WEEK 03 Learning Objective Let s understand making board and make a program that makes one LED` blink and another program that make two LEDs blink alternately. Materials to Prepare making board Twinkle Twinkle LED Blinking breadboard USB Cable 3 LEDs two 330Ω resistors wire LESSON Going beyond what we learned during the first week lighting up LED with mercury cell, let s work on a true LED project. What would you have to do to make a small traffic light with red, yellow, blue LEDs? We are trying to make a traffic light where the red LED lights up for five seconds and turns off, then the yellow LED shines for two seconds and turns off, and then the blue LED shines for five seconds and turns off. After this round, in a reversed order, yellow LED shines for two seconds and turns off followed by red LED, which shines for five seconds and turns off. So let s think about ways to make a traffic light that constantly repeats the sequential order of red (5 seconds), yellow (2 seconds), blue (five seconds), yellow (2 seconds), red (5 seconds). In order to make a traffic light that activates in this order and time sequence, we need a set up that makes it activate automatically. Then what do you need to make the hardware activate automatically? That is right. You need a program that gives commands to a computer. Program can control on computers (PC). Then how do you attach red, yellow, and blue LED on computers? It is the making board that we will learn about in a second, which you can use in this case. You can consider making board as hand-sized computer. It acts as a middle-stage computer or intermediate bridge to connect components like LED to the computer to put them to practical use. The making board has the control unit (CPU) that can process control and computing commands and has many parts (also called connectors) where you can plug in components pins. You can connect components such as LED, sub-motor, and temperature measuring sensor to the computer through the making board. Summary of Class Duration Activity Activity Description 20mins Introduction Making Board of Let s find out about making boards. Let s take a look at the board (hardware) and program (software). We will be studying Arduino Platform that is composed of making board (hardware) and program (software). The making board is a physical set-up for connecting computer and hardware components and the programs activate the components stuck to the making board. You can transfer the contents you programmed from the PC window to the board. 40mins 20mins Understanding Arduino Program Understanding Example Code Let s install Arduino software and execute example code and check making board actually functioning Examine example code (sketch) and understand the grammar 20mins Blinking 1 LED Write a program that makes 1 LED blink every second. 30 Junior Software Academy 20mins Blinking 2 LEDs Write a program that makes 2 LEDs blink taking turns every second. 03 Twinkle Twinkle LED Blinking 31
The Arduino, the prototype of making board, was invented for artists, designers, and amateur engineers who are interested in animated objects. Therefore, the advantage of using Arduino is that people can create many things without in depth knowledge about the hardware. Then shall we take a look into the Arduino platform in more detail? Making Board Among the plugs on both sides of USB cable, connect the flat pug (USB A, the one on the right) with the computer s USB connector and the round plug (USB B, the one on the left) with the USB connector of the making board. 3 External power connector 5 serial output (TX) 4 serial input (RX) As a connector that connects to the external power (battery), the power is supplied when you connect the battery here. If you connect the USB connecter and upload the program to the making board and supply power by connecting battery adapter to the external power connecter, then the making board would still activate even if you unplug the USB connecter. 2 4 Digital input/output pin 3 3.3V pin 1 analog input (0~5) 5V pin ground pin reset button Digital input/output pin is the passageway for input and output of digital signal. Each pin has number between 1 and 13 and the ones with ~ can also serve as passageway for input and output of analog signal as well. On our making boards, every pin has built-in LED (This will be our next exercise.). Digital input/output is positive (+). 5 Digital ground pin We will take a closer look at the parts that play major roles in a making board. 1 The brain of making board Microcontroller is like the CPU of a computer. It plays the role of our brain. It saves and executes programs as it has small storage area inside. 2 USB connector USB connector is the passageway that connects making board and computer. It also supplies power as well as connecting them. GND is negative and means ground. For current flow, you need both positive (+) and negative (-). This pin is the negative terminal on the making board. The things that haven t been covered will be explained gradually as we work on our project. Now, as we closely examine the board first, why don t we go over programs? The USB cable used here is peculiar? The USB cable in the picture looks different from the USB extension cable that we commonly use, right? USB cables come in a variety of types and the names change according to the cable plugs attached to the each end. To be more precise, the USB cable used here is called USB A-B because it is a convergence of USB A plug that you connect to the computer and USB B that you connect to the Arduino. 32 Junior Software Academy 03 Twinkle Twinkle LED Blinking 33
Arduino Program PRactice Installing Arduino Software Arduino Program is used for programming commands that the making board will be executing and the programming is carried out on your computer. When you transfer your programs to the making board, you can execute the hardware connected to the making board. The process in which you transfer the program to the making board is as follows: 1 2 3 4 First, we will install the Arduino software. One thing to note is that when installing the software, making board and computer should be disconnected from the USB cable. 1 Download the program that matches your OS at http://arduino.cc/en/main/software. 2 When you implement the file, a window will show up. Click <I Agree> to proceed Writing sketch Compiling to the format of the program compatible to the making board Through USB cable, you transfer/ upload program that you created on your computer to the make board Activate the making board 3 Keep the initial default setting and press <Next> The programming process is called sketching on the Arduino platform and it implies that you can write the program with ease just as you would sketch up drawings. In order to write programs, our making board uses the same program as Arduino to execute programs. Furthermore, the act of coding the program to make the making board or the microcontroller of the making board, to be more precise, understand is called compiling. The act of transferring the compiled codes is called uploading. The Arduino software takes care of everything starting from program environment, writing program to transferring compiled code to the making board. It is very easy to use Arduino software so it won t take long to learn how to use the program. 4 Click <Browse> and select a folder to save the file. The most commonly designated file is C:/ Program Files/Arduino folder. Teachers, 선생님, please refer 참고하세요! to this! What is integrated development environment? When you look for software that writes programs, you will find the word integrated development environment It is written as IDE for short. 5 Click <Install> on the above screen. Then a window for installation will pop up. 34 Junior Software Academy 03 Twinkle Twinkle LED Blinking 35
6 Press <Close> once installation is complete. 7 Many files will be formed under the designated file. 9 Connect computer and making board with the USB cable. Before you write the program, you have to designate a port. Go to computer system [Start] [Control Panel] [System and Security] [Equipment Manager]. Open a menu called Port and check what come after the parenthesis after Arduino Uno (COM1 or COM3). Note that it is marked Arduino Uno and not making board. 10 Then designate a model name. Select the model used in [Tool Bar] [Board]. 8 Software and driver installation is complete. Now run aduino.exe. 11 Return to Arduino Uno software and designate a port with the same name as the one you found in Equipment Manger of [Tool Bar] [Serial Port]. If you do not designate a port, you cannot transfer the sketch to the board. After installation, you must designate a model. You cannot upload the program if there two are designated properly. You only need to install the program once but you have to designate the port and the model every time you run the program. You are now ready to write the program. Port? Model? Why are these important? Simply said, port and model are places and communication method. It is telling where to find each other and how to communicate with each other. 36 Junior Software Academy 03 Twinkle Twinkle LED Blinking 37
PRactice Examining the Software Screen Arduino Software Integrated Development Environment (IDE) Let s go over the tools that are most frequently used. The five buttons on the left are used most often. You can find another button with somewhat different function on the far right..now let s look at the menu and tool bars. It is the same one you see on software such as Hangle, Word, and Excel. In the large area in the middle, you can write your code. (It is called sketch in Arduino language, right?) The status bar shows the process or the result of compilation and the notification area notifies data or the message sent from software to the making board. 1 2 3 4 5 6 1 Verify Verify New file Save Upload Open Serial monitor It checks your sketch for any issues you might have and when you don t, then it coverts your sketch to a language that the machine can understand through a process called compilation. Tool Bar Coding Section 2 Upload It uploads the converted code, which does not have any error after pushing the <Verify> button, to the Arduino board. 3 New file It is a button you press when making a new programming file. A new file opens. 4 Open It is used to open the sketch you wrote before. Status Bar Notification Area 5 Save It is used to save the sketch you are writing. 6 Serial monitor It is used to check the values you are sending in serials back and forth. 38 Junior Software Academy 03 Twinkle Twinkle LED Blinking 39
PRactice Exercising with Arduino Examples Arduino program has basic programs that first-time users can play with. As the saying goes, to see for oneself is worth all the books or travel. Let s learn about how to write an Arduino programs by taking a look at the actually running making board. 1 2 3 4 3 As the Blink example file opens, example sketch appears on the coding section. This example sketch has the code to blink LED connected to the number 13 pin on the making board. Plug the making board to the computer s USB port Sketch (the source code) Through USB connection, upload the sketch and wait for a few seconds before the board restarts. Check your sketch activating Executing examples 1 Connect the making board and computer with a USB cable. 2 Prepare your sketch. Use the example sketch in the Arduino software. [File] [Example] [01. Basics] [Blink] You need a LED already? All digital pins in the making board that we use have built in LED so you don t have to connect a separate LED. 4 It starts compiling once you press the <Verify> button. 5 Once the verification is over, it says compilation complete on the status bar. You can find the result on the notification area and you can tell that the size of the example code is 1,084 byte. 40 Junior Software Academy 03 Twinkle Twinkle LED Blinking 41
6 Now send compiled code to the making board. Press on the <Upload> button. Examining the Example Code Let s take a look at the code of the example. Carefully study the code remembering the below principles. 7 If the upload is properly complete, a message that says Upload Complete will show up on the status bar. 1 Code is executed from top to bottom. 2 Code in the setup ( ) function is executed only once when the making board starts activating. You do all the preparations for activating the entire program here. 3 Code in the loop ( ) function runs repeatedly as long as the making board is powered. So you write the things for your program here. 8 When the uploading is complete, you will see transmitting (TX) and receiving (RX) lights blinking. This means that the data is being sent between the computer and the making board back and forth. 1 2 01 02 03 04 05 06 07 /* Blink Turns on an LED on for one second, then off for one second, repearedlly. This example code is in the public domain. */ // Pin 13 has an LED connected on most Arduino boards. int led = 13; Designate a name 08 // the setup routine runs once when you press reset : 9 This shows the sketch being executed after uploading. The LED inserted on the surface of the making board blinks once every second. 3 4 09 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 void setup() { pinmode(led, OUTPUT); } // initalize the digital pin as an output. void loop() { digitalwrite(led, HIGH); delay(1000); digitalwrite(led, LOW); Set the corresponding digital pin as output. Light the LED (HIGH refers to the voltage level) Wait for a second Turn off the LED (Have the voltage low) 17 delay(1000); Wait for a second. 18 } You are probably not sure what to look for since you are not familiar with the code format. Let s get started examining each part closely. When the making board starts running, how do you stop it from running? In order to stop the activation of the making board, you just disconnect the power (USB that connects compute and making board). There is no on/off button so you disconnect the power to stop the making board from running. 1 Footnote The first part we are going to look at is footnote. This part has nothing to do with the program execution. As part of the code, the part in Korean is not text but phrases that program coders (people) leave to make it easier to read. When the footnote is longer than a single row, you write /* in front and */ at the end of the footnote. Furthermore, when the 42 Junior Software Academy 03 Twinkle Twinkle LED Blinking 43
footnote is shorter than a single row, just write // in the front. The computer reads the program skipping the rows with such symbols. We should be reading the programmer s intention when these symbols come up. When reading the footnote, you can tell that this program is for turning on and turning off the LED every one second. 2 int led = 13; As explained before, this sketch example is an example that can be applied on a standardized Arduino Uno board. That is why there is a footnote that says, most of Arduino board has pin number 13 connected to the built-in LED. PRactice Blinking Two LEDs Project Goal Write a program where two LEDs that blinks for a second alternately. Hardware Expression 3 Variable and Default Setting Sketch code is composed of the part that designate variable to be used in a program, void setup ( ), and void loop ( ). To explain these in order, it is as follows. First name the number thirteen led. Then execute void setup ( ). This section is the program setting or default setting. This part is executed only once. Use a function called pinmode here and set digital pin number 13 as the output. PinMode is the function used to designate whether to use the corresponding pin as input or output. Use pinmode(led, INPUT); when you use the pin as input. Semicolon (;) attached to each code implies that a command has been complete. This is computer syntax so you must write this. A tprogram cannot be compiled if semicolon is not placed where it is needed. GND 6~ 5~ 1 4 Repetitive Execution Void loop ( ) is executed repetitively. DigitalWrite is a function used for turning on or turning off a pin. HIGH and LOW represent the level of voltage and HIGH means turning on and LOW means turning off. Delay is a function that temporarily stops the program. You can set the time by writing a number in parentheses after the function. The time unit in parentheses is millisecond (1/1000 second). When you write 1,000, the program stops for a second. 1 330Ω resistor Clap clap!! You ve done very well! You have just trained yourself how to use a making board. Contents that follow are projects that you can easily work on by applying the things you just learned so far. To prepare for the next class, we have created an exercise that allows you to use a real breadboard and LED. Please do challenge yourself if you want to give it a try before next class. 44 Junior Software Academy 03 Twinkle Twinkle LED Blinking 45
Thinking in Code 1 Click <New File> in the toolbar and create a new sketch. When you click <New File>, an empty space for coding appears. 2 Type a sketch same as below. Let s understand the code examining the footnote. 01 02 03 04 05 06 07 08 09 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 int led1 = 5; int led2 = 6; void setup() { pinmode(led1, OUTPUT); pinmode(led2, OUTPUT); } void loop() { digitalwrite(led1, HIGH); delay(1000); digitalwrite(led1, LOW); delay(1000); digitalwrite(led2, HIGH); delay(1000); digitalwrite(led2, LOW); delay(1000); } Connect LED1 with digital pin 5 Connect LED2 with digital pin 6 Turn on LED1 Wait for a second. Turn off LED1. Wait for a second. Turn on LED2. Wait for a second. Turn off LED2 Wait for a second. REVIEW We executed and examined the LED blinking example. If you ever had experience of encountering the programming language that computers use to communicate, there may have been a lot of words or contents that you are not familiar with. However, you feel great having executed a program, right? You will have a chance to learn about the program terms and function gradually. It will mean more to make the program yourself. Starting from the next class, you will be making fun projects with the making board one by one. Review Let s think about your favorite part among today s activities and share with friends. 3 Compile the program by clicking <Verify> button. 4 Send compiled code to Arduino board by clicking <Upload> button. You will see two LED lights blinking alternately. Let s think about the part you found the hardest and share with friends. LED 5 is still blinking. What should I do? When you press <Upload> button, the old sketch on the Arduino board gets erased and a new sketch appears. If the new program does not upload properly in any case, press <Reset> button and try uploading again. If you unplugged and then plugged the cable again while writing two programs, you need to set the port again. You learned about setting port, right? 46 Junior Software Academy 03 Twinkle Twinkle LED Blinking 47