Design of Energy Efficient Arithmetic Circuits Using Charge Recovery Adiabatic ogic B. Dilli Kumar 1, M. Bharathi 2 1 M. Tech (VSI), Department of ECE, Sree Vidyanikethan Engineering College, Tirupati, India, 2 Assistant Professor, Department of ECE, Sree Vidyanikethan Engineering College, Tirupati, India, Abstract- ow power has emerged as a principle theme in today electronic industry. Energy efficiency is one of the most important features of modern electronic systems designed for high speed and portable applications. The power consumption of the electronic devices can be reduced by adopting different design styles. Adiabatic logic style is said to be an attractive solution for such low power electronic applications. This paper presents an energy efficient technique for digital circuits that uses adiabatic logic. The proposed technique has less power dissipation when compared to the conventional CMOS design style. This paper evaluates the full adder in different adiabatic logic styles and their results were compared with the conventional CMOS design. The simulation results indicate that the proposed technique is advantageous in many of the low power digital applications. Keywords: Adiabatic, Charge recovery, low power, energy efficient, digital circuits, sinusoidal power clock. I. INTRODUCTION Power consumption plays an important role in the present day VSI technology. As many of the present day electronic devices are portable, they need more battery backup which can be achieved only with the low power consumption circuits that are internally designed in them. So energy efficiency has become main concern in the portable equipments to get better performance with less power dissipation. As the power dissipation in a device increases then extra circuitry is necessary to cool the device and to protect the device from thermal breakdown which also results in increase of total area of the device. In order to overcome these problems the power dissipation of the circuit is to be reduced by adopting different low power techniques. The less the power dissipation, the more efficient the circuit will be. From the past few decades CMOS technology plays a dominant role in designing low power consuming devices. Compared to different logic families CMOS has less power dissipation which made it superior over the previous low power techniques. The power consumption in conventional CMOS circuit is due to switching activity of the devices from one state to another state and due to the charging and discharging of load capacitor at the output node. values of these parameters may degrade the performance of the device. So an efficient low power technique other than CMOS is needed that has less power dissipation compared to CMOS which can be done by using adiabatic technique. The present paper focuses on a novel energy efficient technique called adiabatic logic which is based on energy recovery principle. In this technique instead of discharging the consumed energy is recycled back to the power supply thereby reducing overall power consumption. In the present paper the performance of full adder is evaluated in different adiabatic logic styles and their results were compared with the conventional CMOS design. As full adder is one of the basic building blocks of many of the digital circuits, the present paper mainly concern on its design. The performance of this device was evaluated in different adiabatic techniques of ECR, PFA, 2PASC, and PFA&2PASC. Simulation results shows that the proposed technique is efficient over the conventional CMOS design in terms of power dissipation. II. CMOS DESIGN CMOS is the basic building block of many of the digital circuits. The CMOS circuit itself acts as an inverter. It can be realized as a combination of PMOS in the pull up section whose source is connected to power supply and NMOS in the pull down section whose source is connected to ground and the output is taken across the drain junction of the two devices. The CMOS circuit has less power dissipation when compared to many of the previous VSI families of RT, TT and EC. The power consumption in CMOS is due to the switching activity of the transistors from one state to another state, charging and discharging of the load capacitance and frequency of operation. (i) INVERTER The basic CMOS inverter circuit is shown in figure 1 The power dissipation in conventional CMOS design can be minimized by reducing the supply voltage, node capacitance value and switching activity. But reducing the ISSN: 2231-5381 http://www.internationaljournalssrg.org Page 32
E dissipated = CVdd 2 (1) (ii) FU ADDER Fig. 1: CMOS inverter The operation of the circuit can be evaluated in two stages of charging phase and discharging phase. During the charging phase, the input to the circuit is logic OW. During this phase, the PMOS transistor conducts and NMOS transistor goes in to OFF state which charges the output value to power supply results in logic HIGH output. The equivalent circuit consists of a resistor in series with the output load capacitance which shows a charging path from power supply to output terminal. Here the resistor acts ac PMOS ON resistor. A basic full adder has three inputs and two outputs which are sum and carry. The logic circuit of this full adder can be implemented with the help of XOR gate, AND gates and OR gates. The logic for sum requires XOR gate while the logic for carry requires AND and OR gates. The full adder design in static CMOS using complementary pull up pmos network and pull down nmos network is the most conventional one. The basic circuit for CMOS full adder is Fig. 2: Equivalent circuit for charging process in CMOS During the discharging phase, the input to the circuit is logic HIGH. During this phase, the NMOS transistor conducts and PMOS transistor goes into OFF state which results in a discharging path from output terminal to ground. The value that is stored at the output during the charging phase discharges towards the ground results in logic OW output. The equivalent circuit consists of a resistor in series with output terminal to ground. Here the resistor acts as NMOS ON resistor. Fig. 3: Equivalent circuit for discharging process in CMOS From the operation of the CMOS design it is evident that during the charging process, the output load capacitor is charged to Q = CVdd and the energy stored at the output is (½)CVdd 2. During the discharging phase, the amount of energy dissipated is also(½)cvdd 2. So the total amount of energy dissipated during the charging and discharging phases is Fig. 4: CMOS full adder Fig.4 shows the circuit for full adder in conventional CMOS design. It requires 28 transistors. The power consumption of the CMOS circuit is based on the following equation P = CV 2 f (2) From the equation it is evident that the power dissipation of CMOS can be reduced by minimizing the supply voltage, node capacitance and switching activity to some extent. But reducing the values of these parameters may suffer from some disadvantages. Reducing the load capacitance is strongly limited by the technology. Reducing the supply voltage may degrade the performance of the device. Reducing the supply voltage may also suffer from leakage problems. In order to overcome these problems an efficient low power technique called adiabatic logic is explained in this paper. III. ADIABATIC OGIC ISSN: 2231-5381 http://www.internationaljournalssrg.org Page 33
The word ADIABATIC is derived from the Greek word adiabatos, which means there is no exchange of energy with the environment and hence no energy loss in the form of heat dissipation. Adiabatic logic is commonly used to reduce the energy loss during the charging and discharging process of circuit operation. Adiabatic logic is also known as energy recovery or charge recovery logic. As the name itself indicates that instead of dissipating the stored energy during charging process at the output node towards ground it recycles the energy back to the power supply thereby reducing the overall power dissipation and hence the power consumption also decreases. The adiabatic logic uses AC power supply instead of constant DC supply, this is one of the main reasons in the reduction of power dissipation. The adiabatic logic can be explained with the help of basic inverter circuit Fig. 7: Equivalent circuit for charge recovery process in adiabatic inverter The charging process and the charge recovery process are efficient only when the charging voltage is varying one. ower the rate of charging, lesser the power drawn from the supply voltage. IV. ADIABATIC TECHNIQUES Adiabatic logic has a different logic style which helps in the reduction of the power dissipation of the circuit. The present paper explains basic full adder using some of the important adiabatic techniques. (i) ECR Fig. 5: Adiabatic inverter The adiabatic inverter circuit can be constructed using CMOS inverter with two AC power supplies instead of DC supply. The power supply s are arranged in such a way that one of the clock is in phase while the other is out of phase with the first one. The operation of the adiabatic inverter can be explained in two stages. During the charging phase, the PMOS transistor conducts and NMOS transistor goes into OFF state which charges the output load capacitor towards the power supply results in logic HIGH output. Efficient charge recovery logic consists of two cross couple PMOS transistors in the pull up section where as the pull down section is constructed with a tree of NMOS transistors. Its structure is similar to Cascode Voltage Switch ogic (CVS) with differential signaling. The logic function in the functional block can be realized with only NMOS transistors in the pull down section. The basic inverter and full adder in ECR logic can be constructed as Fig. 8: ECR inverter Fig. 6: Equivalent circuit for charging process in adiabatic inverter During discharging phase, the NMOS transistor conducts and PMOS transistor goes into OFF state. Instead of discharging the stored value at the output towards ground, the energy is recycled back to the power supply. Its equivalent circuit consists of a resistor in series with output load capacitance and power supply. Fig. 9: ECR sum circuit ISSN: 2231-5381 http://www.internationaljournalssrg.org Page 34
Fig. 12: PFA sum Fig. 10: ECR carry circuit (iii) PFA The Positive Feedback Adiabatic ogic is a partial energy recovery circuit. It is also known as PA-2N (Pass transistor Adiabatic ogic). The core of PFA logic is a latch made up of two PMOS and two NMOS transistors that avoid logic level degradation on the output nodes. The logic function in the functional block can be realized with only NMOS transistors connected parallel to the PMOS transistors. The primary advantage of PFA over ECR is that the functional blocks are in parallel with the PMOSFETs forming transmission gate. It also has the advantage of implementing both the true function and its complimentary function. Using PFA, the basic inverter and full adder can be constructed as Fig. 11: PFA inverter (iv) 2PASC Fig. 13: PFA carry The Two Phase Adiabatic Static Clocked ogic (2PASC) uses two phase clocking split level sinusoidal power supply s which has symmetrical and unsymmetrical power clocks where one clock is in phase while the other is out of phase. The circuit has two diodes in its construction where one diode is placed between the output node and power clock, and another diode connected between one of the terminals of NMOS and power source. Both the MOSFET diodes are used to recycle charges from the output node and to improve the discharging speed of internal signal nodes. The circuit operation is divided into two phases hold phase and evaluation phase. During the evaluation phase, the power clock swings up and power source swings down. During the hold phase, the power source swings up and power clock swings down. Using 2PASC the basic inverter and full adder can be constructed as ISSN: 2231-5381 http://www.internationaljournalssrg.org Page 35
and PFA and it also gives the true function and complementary function of a given circuit. Using PFA&2PASC, the basic inverter and full adder can be constructed as Fig. 14: 2PASC inverter Fig. 17: PFA&2PASC inverter Fig. 15: 2PASC sum Fig. 18: PFA & 2PASC sum Fig. 16: 2PASC carry (v) PFA& 2PASC The PFAl&2PASC logic can be realized as a combination of both PFA and 2PASC. Its structure is similar to 2PASC except the core part of 2PASC is replaced by PFA logic circuit. It has two power clock signals operated in two different modes. The major advantage of this technique is it has less power dissipation compared to ECR ISSN: 2231-5381 http://www.internationaljournalssrg.org Page 36
Fig. 21: Simulated waveforms of ECR sum Fig. 21 shows the simulated waveforms of ECR sum, where the uppermost signal indicate sinusoidal power clock, the three signals below it are input signals and the bottom two signals are output and its complimentary signals. Fig. 19: PFA & 2PASC carry V. SIMUATION RESUTS AND DISCUSSION The simulation results were verified using PSPICE software at 50 KHz and 50 MHz frequency. The simulation results of full adder in conventional CMOS design and different adiabatic logic design styles were presented in this section Fig. 22: Simulated waveforms of ECR carry Fig. 22 shows the simulated waveform of ECR carry, where the top signal indicates the sinusoidal power clock, the three signals below it are inputs while the bottom two signals are output and its complimentary signals respectively. Fig. 20: Simulated waveforms CMOS full adder Fig. 20 shows the simulated waveforms of full adder, where the top three signals indicate inputs while the bottom two signals are carry and sum respectively. Fig. 23: Simulated waveforms of PFA sum ISSN: 2231-5381 http://www.internationaljournalssrg.org Page 37
Fig. 23 shows the simulated waveform of PFA sum, where the uppermost signal indicates sinusoidal power clock, the three signals below it indicate inputs and the lower two signals are output signal and its complimentary signal respectively. Fig. 26: Simulated waveforms of 2PASC carry Fig. 26 shows the simulated waveforms of Modified 2PASC carry, where the top and bottom signals indicate sinusoidal power clock signals and the signals between power clocks are three inputs and output signals respectively. Fig. 24: Simulated waveforms of PFA carry Fig. 24 shows the simulated waveform of PFA carry, where the uppermost signal indicates sinusoidal power clock, the three signals below it indicate inputs and the lower two signals are output signal and its complimentary signal respectively. Fig. 27: Simulated waveforms of PFA&2PASC sum Fig. 27 shows the simulated waveforms of PFA&2PASC sum, where the top and bottom signals indicate sinusoidal power clocks and the signals between power clocks are three inputs, output and complimentary output signals respectively. Where the flat amplitude refers to logic HIGH and varying amplitude refers to logic OW. Fig. 25: Simulated waveforms of 2PASC sum Fig. 25 shows the simulated waveform of 2PASC sum, where the top and bottom signals indicate sinusoidal power clocks, the signal between power clocks are three inputs and output signals respectively. Fig. 28: Simulated waveforms of PFA & 2PASC carry Fig. 28 shows the simulated waveforms of PFA&2PASC carry, where the top and bottom signals indicate sinusoidal power clocks and the signals between power clocks are three inputs, output and complimentary output signals respectively. Where the flat amplitude refers to logic HIGH and varying amplitude refers to logic OW. Table: 1: Comparison of different parameters of full adder in adiabatic logic with CMOS ISSN: 2231-5381 http://www.internationaljournalssrg.org Page 38
S U M ogi c style CM OS ECR Power dissip ation (Watt s) 2.4029 E-10 4.2591 E-07 Mem ory Space alloca ted (bytes ) 43274 240 43274 240 Aver age no. of Newt on iterat ions 3.899 28 4.936 30 Nu mb er of tra nsis tors ate ncy (%) 28 0.000 28 0.000 VI. CONCUSION This paper proposes energy efficient adiabatic logic for digital circuits. The results were simulated using PSPICE and comparison has been done for different parameters of full adder in different adiabatic logic styles and CMOS design. The results show that the proposed adiabatic logic has less power dissipation compared to conventional CMOS design and it also uses less power supply. These advantages made this logic more convenient for energy efficient digital applications. REFERENCES [1] Atul Kumar Maurya and Ganesh Kumar, Adiabatic ogic: Energy Efficient Technique for VSI Applications, International Conference on Computer& Communication Technology (ICCCT)- 2011. PFA 1.2857 E-10 43274 240 4.371 68 30 0.000 [2] Vojin G. Oklobd"zija, Dragan Maksimovi' c, "Pass-Transistor Adiabatic ogic Using Single Power-Clock Supply ", IEEE Transactions on Circuits and Systems, Vol. 44, No. 10, October 1997. 2PA SC 1.0448 E-11 43274 240 4.384 41 28 0.000 [3] A. P. Chandrakasan, S. Sheng, and R. W. Brodersen, ow power CMOS digital design, IEEE J. Solid-State Circ., vol. 27, no. 4, pp.473-484, Apr. 1992. C A R R Y PFA &2 PAS CM OS ECR PFA 2PA SC PFA &2 PAS 3.7550 E-11 1.0020 E-10 1.5400 E-06 1.1840 E-10 9.1543 E-12 2.6742 E-11 43270 144 43294 720 43282 432 43286 528 43282 432 43286 528 3.888 61 3.199 01 4.490 95 4.474 40 3.862 97 4.193 46 32 0.000 12 0.000 18 0.000 20 0.000 14 0.000 22 0.000 [4] T. Indermauer and M. Horowitz, Evaluation of Charge Recovery Circuits and Adiabatic Switching for ow Power Design, Technical Digest IEEE Sym. ow Power Electronics, San Diego, pp. 102-103, Oct. 2002. [5] Arsalan, M. Shams, M., Charge-recovery power clock generators for adiabatic logic circuits, 18th International Conference on VSI Design, pp. 171-174, 3-7 January 2005. [6] Dragan Maksimovic et al, Clocked CMOS adiabatic ogic with Integrated Single Phase Power Clock Supply, IEEE Transactions on VSI Systems, vol 8, No 4, pp 460-463, August 2000. [7] W.C. Athas,. Svensson, J.G. Koller et,n.tzartzanis and E.Y.Chou: ow-power Digital Systems Bared on Adiabaticswitching Principles. IEEE Transactions on VSI Systems. Vol. 2, No. 4, pp. 398-407 December. 1994. [8] Satyam Mandavilli, Prashanth Paramahans An Efficient Adiabatic Circuit Design Approach for International Journal of Recent Trends in Engineering, Vol 2, No. 1, November 2009 ow Power Applications. [9] A. Vetuli, S. Di Pascoli, and.m. Reyneri, Positive feedback inadiabatic logic, Electron.ett.,vol.32, pp.1867-1869, Sept. 1996. [10] N. Anuar, Y. Takahashi, T. Sekine, Two phase clocked adiabatic static CMOS logic, proc. IEEE SOCC 2009, pp. 83-86, Oct. 2009. [11] N. Anuar, Y. Takahashi, T. Sekine, Two-Phase clocked adiabatic static CMOS logic and its logic family Journal of semiconductor technology and science, vol 10, no. 1, Mar. 2010. Table 1 shows that the power dissipation of different adiabatic logic styles is lesser than the conventional CMOS design. The power supply that is given to the adiabatic circuits is also lesser than the conventional CMOS design. ISSN: 2231-5381 http://www.internationaljournalssrg.org Page 39
Authors: B. Dilli kumar, Student, is currently Pursuing his M.Tech VSI., in ECE department of Sree Vidyanikethan Engineering College, Tirupati. He has completed B.Tech in Electronics and Communication Engineering in Jawaharlal Nehru Technological University, Anantapur. His research areas are VSI, Digital IC Design, and VSI and Signal processing. M. Bharathi, Assistant Professor, Department of ECE, Sree Vidyanikethan Engineering College (Autonomous), Tirupati, India. She has completed M.Tech in VSI Design, in Satyabhama University. Her research areas are Digital System Design, VSI Signal Processing ISSN: 2231-5381 http://www.internationaljournalssrg.org Page 40