& Principles of Design the Language of Art Artist s Garden at Vétheuil by Claude Monet 1880 The Elements of Art A symbol is something that stands for, or represents, something else. In a spoken language words are symbols that represent the real object. In the language of art we use visual symbols to communicate ideas. The basic visual symbols in the language of art are known as the elements of art. Just as there are basic kinds of words such as nouns, verbs, adjectives, etc. there are basic kinds of art elements. These are line, shape or form, space, color, value, and texture. 1
Line In geometry, line is defined as an endless series of dots. In drawing, a line is a mark drawn with a pointed, moving tool. Artists use lines to control your eye movement. Tale à la Hoffmann by Paul Klee 1921 Watercolor on paper mounted on cardboard Metropolitan Museum of Art, NY There are many ways to describe a line: vertical, horizontal, short, long, zig-zag, diagonal, thin, wide, curved. These are just a few descriptive ways. Curved Lines Music Pink & Blue II by Georgia O Keeffe 1919 Diagonal Lines The Sea of Ice by Caspar David Friedrich 1823-25 Horizontal & Vertical Lines Place de la Concorde by Piet Mondrian 1938-43 2
Shape or Form could be defined as a 2-dimensional area that is defined in some way shape has height and width and form has depth. Shapes are either geometric (sphere, circle, cube, square, cone, triangle, etc.) or free-form. Turning Road at Montgeroult by Paul Cezanne 1899 Compare and Contrast: The basic shapes of Paul Cezanne. Turning Road at Montgeroult by Paul Cezanne, 1899 The broken space and basic shapes of Picasso (was inspired by Cezanne). House in a Garden by Picasso, 1908 3
Space The emptiness or area between, around, above, below, or within objects. Shapes & forms are defined by space around and within them. Christina s World by Andrew Wyeth 1948 2 Very Important Types of Space Negative & Positive Space This is a lithograph titled Cups 4 Picasso by Jasper Johns. The question is, Which picture is the cup and which one is the 2 portraits of Picasso? Positive Space is the actual shape or form of an object. Negative Space is the space that surrounds an object. 4
Color Something derived from reflected light. Our eyes see the light color that is reflected off of an object. Color has 3 properties: hue, value, and intensity. Sunday Afternoon on the Island of La Grande Jatte by Georges Seurat 1886 3 Primary Colors: Blue Red Yellow 3 Secondary Colors: Orange Green Purple (or Violet) 6 Tertiary Colors: Red-Violet Yellow-Orange Yellow-Green Blue-Green Red-Orange Blue-Violet 5
More Terms to Know: Complementary Colors: Colors opposite of each other on the color wheel. For example: red and green, purple and yellow, orange and blue. Equal amounts of complementary colors mixed together produce a grayish brown color. Placed next to each other, they cause your eye to jump and will make each other brighter or more intense. A pure color that is placed next to a mixture of that color and its complement will look like it comes forward and the mixed color will look like it is in the background. The Color Wheel invented by Sir Isaac Newton * Left to right: *green yellow green yellow yellow orange orange red orange red red violet violet (purple) blue violet blue blue green 6
Analogous Colors: Colors that are next to each other on the color wheel and have a common hue. These colors make great color schemes. A Tint of a color is made by adding white. A Shade of a color is made by adding black. Red 7
Value The darkness or lightness of an object. Value depends on how much light a surface reflects. The Misses Montagu by Jean-Auguste- Dominique Ingres Texture Refers to how things feel, or look as if they might feel if touched. Texture is perceived by touch and sight. Objects can have: rough or smooth textures, matte or shiny surfaces. The Kiss by Gustav Klimt 1907-08 Oil & Gold on Canvas 8
The Principles of Design Visual images are also organized according to rules. The rules that govern how artists organize the elements of art are called the principles of design. These are: contrast & variety, balance, unity, movement & rhythm, proportion, emphasis, repetition Just remember the acronym: C(ar) B U M P E R Contrast & Variety Technique for creating a focal point or an attention getter by using differences in elements. It could be a color change or a change in the thickness of a line that grabs our attention and keeps the artwork from being monotonous or boring. Homage to the Square: Apparition By Josef Albers 1959 Oil on Masonite Guggenheim Collection, New York 9
Contrast & Variety examples: This contrast is provided by Color. The red vest stands out and draws our focus to the central figure. Boy in a Red Vest by Paul Cezanne 1888-90 This contrast is provided by Value. The extremely dark shadows in the chrome and under the cars draw our focus to the central subject. Untitled (4 VW s) by Don Eddy 1971 Balance Concerned with equalizing visual forces, or elements, in a work of art. If a work of art has balance, the viewer feels that the elements have been arranged in a satisfying way. The two types of balance are formal and informal. The Voice of the City of New York Interpreted: The Bridge By Joseph Stella 1920-22 10
Compare and Contrast: using artwork by Georgia O Keeffe Formal or symmetrical balance: equal or very similar elements are placed on opposite sides of a central axis Red, White, and Blue 1931 Informal or asymmetrical balance: way of organizing parts of a design so that unlike objects have equal eye attraction Two Calla Lilies on Pink 1928 Unit y The quality of wholeness or oneness that is achieved through the use of the elements of art. Unity is created by simplicity, repetition, proximity, and continuation. The Basket of Apples by Paul Cezanne 1895 The Art Institute of Chicago 11
Unity examples: This unity is provided by the repetition and balance of Line & Value. The Peacock Skirt by Aubrey Beardsley 1894 This unity is provided by balance of Space & Color, and the proximity or closeness of the viewer to the subject. The Bedroom at Arles by Vincent van Gogh 1889 Movement & Rhythm It indicates movement by the repetition of elements. Visual rhythm is perceived through the eyes and is created by repeating positive spaces separated by negative spaces. The Starry Night by Vincent van Gogh 1889 Museum of Modern Art (MOMA), NY 12
Movement & Rhythm examples: This movement & rhythm is provided by repetition of Color and Shapes that dance around the artwork. Broadway Boogie-Woogie by Piet Mondrian 1942-43 This movement & rhythm is provided by Line applied with quick brushstrokes, the illusion of Space, and the intensity of the subject matter. The Gulf Stream by Winslow Homer 1899 Proportion Concerned with the size relationship of one part to another. Is the head too small for the body, the flower too large for the vase, etc? The Vitruvian Man by Leonardo da Vinci 1492 Gallerie dell'accademia, Venice, Italy 13
Proportion examples: This proportion is abnormal and done to make a point or an emphasis. The comb is too large for the bed, etc. This proportion is provided by Shape. Michelangelo has carved this piece in the perfect human proportion. David by Michelangelo 1504 Personal Values by Rene Magritte 1951-52 Using the human head as the basic measurement, a human being is 8 heads tall. 14
Emphasis Makes one part of a work dominant over the other parts. The element noticed first is called dominant, the elements noticed later are called subordinate. The Conversion on the Way to Damascus by Caravaggio 1600 Cerasi Chapel, Santa Maria del Popolo, Rome Emphasis examples: This emphasis is provided by using Value contrast to emphasize a focal point. The Holy Family with Angels by Rembrandt 1645 This emphasis is provided by warm Colors drawing attention to the main focal point. The Visitation after the Sermon by Paul Gauguin 1888 15
Repetition A technique for creating rhythm and unity in which a motif or single element appears again and again it is a means of emphasizing. Spam by Andy Warhol c1960 Repetition example: This repetition is provided by the Shapes of the birds in this print. Escher uses geometric shapes to repeat a design. Day and Night by MC Escher 1938 16
6/1/2017 Composition is not one of the elements or principles, but it is an important part of art: Compare the compositional structure of Rembrandt s classical piece and Cezanne s modern piece. Rembrandt uses the strong triangular structure, while Cezanne lets the positive & negative spaces balance or offset each other. Identify the major element and principle used in this artwork. Use the statement, The art element(s) is/are used in this artwork to create. Circle Limit IV (Heaven and Hell) by MC Escher 1960 17
Line, Space, and Value are used in this artwork to create Balance, Repetition, and Emphasis. Identify the major element and principle used in this artwork. Use the statement, The art element(s) is/are used in this artwork to create. Irises by Vincent van Gogh 1889 18
Line and Color are used in this artwork to create Movement and Rhythm. Identify the major element and principle used in this artwork. Use the statement, The art element(s) is/are used in this artwork to create. Flower Festival by Diego Rivera 1925 19
Shape and Color are used in this artwork to create Unity and Balance. Credits: http://cgfa.sunsite.dk/monet/monet2.htm http://cgfa.sunsite.dk/klee/index.html http://cgfa.sunsite.dk/okeeffe/index.html http://www.artchive.com/artchive/ftptoc/friedrich_ext.html http://cgfa.sunsite.dk/mondrian/index.html http://www.artchive.com/artchive/ftptoc/cezanne_ext.html http://www.artchive.com/artchive/w/wyeth/christinas_world.jpg.html 20
Credits: http://cgfa.sunsite.dk/seurat/index.html http://cgfa.sunsite.dk/ingres/index.html http://www.guggenheimcollection.org/site/artist_works_87_0.html http://www.artchive.com/artchive/ftptoc/cezanne_ext.html http://www.abcgallery.com/r/rembrandt/rembrandt.html Credits: http://hort.ifas.ufl.edu/teach/floral/color.htm http://www.artregisterpress.com/doneddy/files/chapter2.html http://www.guggenheimcollection.org/site/artist_works_1_0.html Albers http://www.newarkmuseum.org/americanart/html/tour/galleries/machi ne_age.htm Stella http://cgfa.sunsite.dk/okeeffe/index.html & http://www.metmuseum.org/collections/view1.asp?dep=21&full=0&item=52 %2E203 21
Credits: http://www.artic.edu/artaccess/aa_impressionist/pages/imp_10.shtml# Cezanne http://www.artic.edu/artaccess/aa_impressionist/pages/imp_8.shtml van Gogh http://www.artrenewal.org/asp/database/art.asp?aid=1248 Beardsley http://moma.org/collection/depts/paint_sculpt/blowups/paint_sculpt_0 03.html van Gogh http://moma.org/collection/depts/paint_sculpt/blowups/paint_sculpt_ 018.html Mondrian Credits: http://www.artchive.com/artchive/ftptoc/homer_ext.html http://cgfa.sunsite.dk/magritte/magritte2.htm http://www.artrenewal.org/asp/database/art.asp?aid=123 Michelangelo http://www.mauigateway.com/~donjusko/human.htm http://www.artrenewal.org/asp/database/art.asp?aid=589&page=4 Caravaggio 22
Credits: http://cgfa.sunsite.dk/gauguin/index.html http://tigtail.org/l_view/tvm/b/namerican/b.%20post%20ww%20ii/namerican-b2.html#warhol http://www.artchive.com/artchive/e/escher/escher_day_night.jpg.html http://cgfa.sunsite.dk/escher/index.html http://www.artchive.com/artchive/v/van_gogh/irises.jpg.html & http://cgfa.sunsite.dk/rivera/index.html 23
Name Period Date Elements of Art DIRECTIONS: In the thumbnail sketch blanks provided on this worksheet, draw a piece of artwork that you find in your textbook that illustrates the element or principle asked for. Remember, the element or principle asked for must be the main element or principle the artwork emphasizes. Remember, you must use the sentence pattern provided to describe the piece of artwork you chose, placing the main element in the first blank and then the main principle in the second blank. 1. Line In geometry, line is defined as an endless series Place thumbnail sketch here: of dots. In drawing, a line is a mark drawn with a pointed, moving tool. Artists use lines to control your eye movement. is used in this artwork to create. The name of this artwork The name of the artist Textbook page number 2. Shape or Form Could be defined as a 2-dimensional area that is defined in some way shape has height and width and form has depth. Shapes are either geometric (sphere, circle, cube, square, cone, triangle, etc.) or free-form. is used in this artwork to create. The name of this artwork The name of the artist Textbook page number 3. Space The emptiness or area between, around, above, below, or within objects. Shapes & forms are defined by space around and within them. is used in this artwork to create. The name of this artwork Place thumbnail sketch here: Place thumbnail sketch here: The name of the artist Textbook page number
4. Color Something derived from reflected light. Our eyes see the light color that is reflected off of an object. Color has 3 properties: hue, value, and intensity. Place thumbnail sketch here: is used in this artwork to create. The name of this artwork The name of the artist Textbook page number 5. Value The darkness or lightness of an object. Value depends on how much light a surface reflects. Place thumbnail sketch here: is used in this artwork to create. The name of this artwork The name of the artist Textbook page number 6. Texture Refers to how things feel, or look as if they might feel if touched. Texture is perceived by touch and sight. Objects can have: rough or smooth textures, matte or shiny surfaces. Place thumbnail sketch here: is used in this artwork to create. The name of this artwork The name of the artist Textbook page number
Name Period Date Principles of Design DIRECTIONS: In the thumbnail sketch blank provided, draw a piece of artwork that you find in the Reclaimed Exhibit that illustrates the element or principle asked for. Remember, the element or principle asked for must be the main element or principle the artwork emphasizes. Remember, you must use the sentence pattern provided to describe the piece of artwork you chose, placing the main element in the first blank and then the main principle in the second blank. 1. Contrast & Variety Technique for creating a focal point or an attention getter by using differences in elements. It could be a color change or a change in the thickness of a line that grabs our attention and keeps the artwork from being monotonous or boring. Place thumbnail sketch here: is used in this artwork to create. The name of this artwork The name of the artist Textbook page number 2. Balance Concerned with equalizing visual forces, or elements, in a work of art. If a work of art has balance, the viewer feels that the elements have been arranged in a satisfying way. The two types of balance are formal and informal. Place thumbnail sketch here: is used in this artwork to create. The name of this artwork The name of the artist Textbook page number 3. Unity The quality of wholeness or oneness that is achieved through the use of the elements of art. Unity is created by simplicity, repetition, proximity, and continuation. Place thumbnail sketch here: is used in this artwork to create. The name of this artwork The name of the artist Textbook page number
4. Movement & Rhythm It indicates movement by the repetition of elements. Visual rhythm is perceived through the eyes and is created by repeating positive spaces separated by negative spaces. Place thumbnail sketch here: is used in this artwork to create. The name of this artwork The name of the artist Textbook page number 5. Proportion Concerned with the size relationship of one part to another. Is the head too small for the body, the flower too large for the vase, etc? Place thumbnail sketch here: is used in this artwork to create. The name of this artwork The name of the artist Textbook page number 6. Emphasis Makes one part of a work dominant over the other parts. The element noticed first is called dominant, the elements noticed later are called subordinate. Place thumbnail sketch here: is used in this artwork to create. The name of this artwork The name of the artist Textbook page number 7. Repetition A technique for creating rhythm and unity in which a motif or single element appears again and again it is a means of emphasizing. Place thumbnail sketch here: is used in this artwork to create. The name of this artwork The name of the artist Textbook page number
Name Period Date TEST: Elements of Art, Principles of Design Fill-in-the-Blank (10 points each) DIRECTIONS: In your best handwriting, complete the sentences describing the artwork shown in the front of the room using the Elements of Art on the first blank, and the Principles of Design on the second blank. One or more than one element or principle may be used on the blanks (SUGGESTION use 3 for each 3 elements, 3 principles). 1. are used in this artwork artwork to create. 2. are used in this artwork artwork to create. 3. are used in this artwork artwork to create. 4. are used in this artwork artwork to create. 5. are used in this artwork artwork to create.
6. are used in this artwork artwork to create. 7. are used in this artwork artwork to create. 8. are used in this artwork artwork to create. 9. are used in this artwork artwork to create. 10. are used in this artwork artwork to create.