High Precision Urban and Indoor Positioning for Public Safety NextNav LLC September 6, 2012 2012 NextNav LLC
Mobile Wireless Location: A Brief Background Mass-market wireless geolocation for wireless devices grew out of FCC requirements for E911 The original Phase II wireless E911 location rules were conceived in 1996 and ultimately promulgated in 2001, when cellphones were secondary communications devices In 2011, the FCC explicitly clarified that their location accuracy standards apply to outdoor calls The net effect of this on the wireless location ecosystem has been broad: Technologies that work reliably over large geographies tend to be optimized for outdoor positioning Technologies that work indoors tend to lack either reliability, coverage, performance or features This has affected the availability of services for other applications, such as out-of-vehicle officer location Public Safety location has benefited from the mass-market created by GPS-based consumer location (for outdoor location) 2012 NextNav LLC September 5, 2012 2
E911 is Dominated by Wireless Users According to the FCC, 70% of 911 calls are placed from wireless phones with some jurisdictions reporting figures over 80% The most recent data from the Center for Disease Control s wireless substitution survey indicate that 34% of U.S. homes have only cellular wireless telephones (1) Up from approximately 3% in 2003 56% of renters today are wireless only users An additional 16% of households are wireless mostly using wireless devices for all or nearly all voice communications despite the presence of a land line (1) http://www.cdc.gov/nchs/data/nhis/earlyrelease/wireless201206.pdf. 2012 NextNav LLC September 5, 2012 3
Indoor E911 Process at the FCC The FCC has established CSRIC 3, Working Group 3 to examine and make recommendations on indoor location accuracy standards Group includes regulatory, public safety and industry participation CSRIC3, WG3 has recommended to the FCC that it utilize the information gathered from a real world test program to inform a future rule-making process to introduce indoor location accuracy standards Currently scheduled to run in the San Francisco Bay Area through Q4, 2012 Final report will be published in March, 2013 Bay Area Test Network Expected Indoor Location Accuracy Process Q4 2012 March 2013 Expect 2013 TBD CSRIC Indoor Location Recommendations and Final Report Indoor Location NPRM Indoor Location Report & Order Effect on ecosystem will be to bring reliable, accurate indoor wireless geolocation, suitable for safety services, into the mass-market for the first time 2012 NextNav LLC September 5, 2012 4
Areas of Use Urban Outdoors Canyon Indoors Positioning Technology State of Affairs The missing piece... A-GPS Wi-Fi A-GPS + AFLT Cell-ID, U-TDOA Performance Improvements Needed for Public Safety location: Indoor/Urban Canyon High Precision Floor level Vertical Accuracy Ubiquitous, reliable availability 5m 50m 500m Accuracy 2012 NextNav LLC September 5, 2012 5
Location Techniques: A-GPS Pros: Highly synchronized timing signals Broad coverage Very accurate in open sky Cons: Degraded indoors and in urban areas Long TTFF Lower yield Inaccurate height Signal Blocked, No Height Information Open Sky, Good Performance 2012 NextNav LLC September 5, 2012 6
Location Techniques: U-TDOA and AFLT U-TDOA (Uplink Time Difference of Arrival) AFLT (Advanced Forward Link Trilateration) Pros: Service indoors and in urban areas Fast TTFF More accurate than Cell ID Can be combined with GPS in some cases Cons: Usually not accurate enough for dispatch Often poor geometry Moderate synchronization No height capability O-TDOA in LTE will face similar limitations due to fundamental network architecture and design principles 2012 NextNav LLC September 5, 2012 7
Location Techniques: WiFi / Short Range Beacons Popularized with the smartphone revolution in 2007 and the growing inclusion of WiFi and BlueTooth as secondary radios in advanced phones Acceptable for some consumer uses, WiFi has not been seriously considered for public safety applications Pros: Service indoors and in urban areas Fast TTFF Equipment cost typically borne by 3 rd parties Good accuracy in dense locations Cons: Unmanaged (uncontrollable), accuracy limits No autonomous location capability Accuracy degrades in lowdensity areas Poor coverage, difficult to scale No single party responsible for multiple essential system elements 2012 NextNav LLC September 5, 2012 8
Location Techniques: Inertial Sensors Smartphones typically contain multiple accelerometers, gyros and magnetometers for user interface and other applications Mass-market scale has significantly lowered the price of a full sensor package With intelligent algorithms, inertial navigation capabilities are currently under development (none currently deployed) Operating principles differ from strap-down IMUs using traditional inertial and multi-reference techniques Requires a known starting location from some other technology, and then degrades as drift sets in Calibration required, both on device and initial location level Indoors, no ability to initiate or correct via GPS Disruption of magnetic sensor performance in metal structures Drift a function of motion and time Pros: Autonomous tracking capability High precision over limited time periods Cons: Not a positioning technology per se, only measures offset from a known location Requires full sensor package Sensor drift rates can be very high relative to required accuracy Predictability of performance is unknown (especially with low cost, mass market devices) 2012 NextNav LLC September 5, 2012 9
What Is The Ideal Solution? High accuracy in urban and indoor environments High reliability, high yield and pervasive coverage Low time to first fix and reduced power drain Minimal device, core network impact and application impact A network of high-power GPS satellites on the ground would satisfy all of these requirements 2012 NextNav LLC September 5, 2012 10
NextNav Metro Overlay Deployment High Performance Precise location in urban and indoor environments Accurate vertical position (1-2m) Fast time to first fix (6 sec) Dependable carrier-grade performance NextNav Beacon Blocked! NextNav Beacon GPS Satellite Wide Area Broadcast Network Low-power, highly synchronized Encrypted signal Broad coverage from minimal sites No backhaul, small form factor Operate on licensed spectrum Cell phone In urban canyon Cell phone Indoors NextNav Beacon Limited Core Network Impact Utilizes existing PDE, SUPL elements Modifications to support NextNav information Similar to Standalone GPS Mode call flows Location Network Element (SUPL, PDE, MPC) Limited Receiver Impact Firmware upgrade to typical GPS chipsets Minimal handset integration cost On-device computation of location Reduced power consumption 2012 NextNav LLC September 5, 2012 11
Fully Managed Location Network Licensed Spectrum Managed Location Network Every network element is owned, operated and managed by NextNav Broadcast beacon locations selected to optimize location precision Use of owned assets and licensed spectrum ensures performance Approximately 93% POP coverage Accuracy and dependability suitable for public safety applications Spectrum designated for location services in attractive 900 MHz band Nationwide deployment underway 2012 NextNav LLC September 5, 2012 12
San Francisco Market Coverage San Francisco Oakland San Mateo Fremont Mountain View Cupertino San Jose Coverage Key Good Best 2012 NextNav LLC September 5, 2012 13
Reliable Indoor Accuracy Results across suburban/urban environment Offices Hotels Malls Homes Indoor results only ~100 locations and 5,000 data points 2012 NextNav LLC September 5, 2012 14
Depiction of Existing Outdoor E911 Rules (Handset-based) 2012 NextNav LLC September 5, 2012 15
Height System Accuracy 16 2012 NextNav LLC September 5, 2012 16
Summary The location needs for E911 and public safety applications have outgrown previous outdoor only technologies as shown in the FirstNet SoR effort Public Safety can leverage the commercial Mass Market location trends to provide indoor high-precision and vertical location NextNav is deploying a Carrier Grade wide-area positioning system for US urban coverage to enable next generation location capabilities Addresses wide area needs of public safety location Commercial deployment and device developments enable cost effective derivative products and services for Public Safety 2012 NextNav LLC September 5, 2012 17