Lecture_3 Electronic Components (Elements) Instructor: IBRAHIM ABU-ISBEIH 25 July 2011 Reverse Engineering 1
Objectives: After completing this class, you will be able to identify the most commonly used electronic parts, their symbols, values and names. 25 July 2011 Reverse Engineering 2
Passive & Active components A passive component is an electronic component that does not increase the power of the electrical signal on which it acts. A passive component may draw the energy it uses for its own operation directly from the signal on which it is operating. For example, resistors, capacitors, inductors, and transformers are passive components. 25 July 2011 Reverse Engineering 3
Passive & Active components An active component is an electronic component that does increase the power of the signal on which it acts. The energy it adds to the signal must be drawn from a power source other than the signal on which it is operating. For example, diodes, transistors, and integrated circuits are active components. 25 July 2011 Reverse Engineering 4
Power Supply The source of emf (electromotive force), with a voltage of e, measured in units of volts, V. (e.g. battery, voltage source, current source,.). 25 July 2011 Reverse Engineering 5
Power Supplies (Batteries): 25 July 2011 Reverse Engineering 6
Power Supplies: 25 July 2011 Reverse Engineering 7
Resistors A resistor is a two-terminal electrical or electronic component that resists an electric current by producing a voltage drop between its terminals in accordance with Ohm's law: R=V/I. The electrical resistance is equal to the voltage drop across the resistor divided by the current through the resistor. Resistors are used as part of electrical networks and electronic circuits. The resistor, measured in units of ohms,. However, wires connecting parts of a circuit are really not resistance-free. 25 July 2011 Reverse Engineering 8
Resistor Color Coding 4 Band resistor 5 Band resistor Tolerance Multiplier 2 nd digit 1 st digit 1 st digit 2 nd digit Multiplier Tolerance 3 rd digit Multiplier = number of zeros Example: the color Red means 2 zeros or 2 10 25 July 2011 Reverse Engineering 9
Color Code Table: Silver Gold Black Brown Red Orange Yellow Green Blue Purple Gray White No color Color Code 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 Tolerance 10% 5% 1% 2% 3% 4% 20% 25 July 2011 Reverse Engineering 10
Examples: Ex1: Green-Blue Red - Gold Resistance value 5600 5% Ex2: Gray-Yellow-Orange-Brown - Silver Resistance value 8430 10% 25 July 2011 Reverse Engineering 11
Resistors: 25 July 2011 Reverse Engineering 12
Resistors: Potentiometers Faders Variable Resistors 25 July 2011 Reverse Engineering 13
Inductors: The inductor, with inductance L, measured in units of henrys, H. Inductance is an effect which results from the magnetic field that forms around a current carrying conductor. 25 July 2011 Reverse Engineering 14
Inductors (Coils): 25 July 2011 Reverse Engineering 15
Inductors (Coils): 25 July 2011 Reverse Engineering 16
Capacitors (Condensers): A capacitor is an electrical device that can store energy in the electric field between a pair of closely-spaced conductors (called 'plates'). When voltage is applied to the capacitor, electric charges of equal magnitude, but opposite polarity, build up on each plate. The capacitor, with capacitance C measured in units of farads, F. 25 July 2011 Reverse Engineering 17
Capacitors: Capacitors are used in electrical circuits as energy-storage devices. They can also be used to differentiate between high-frequency and low-frequency signals and this makes them useful in electronic filters. Capacitors are occasionally referred to as condensers. 25 July 2011 Reverse Engineering 18
Capacitors: Electrolytic Capacitors 25 July 2011 Reverse Engineering 19
Capacitors: 25 July 2011 Reverse Engineering 20
Capacitor Color Codes A color code is used to indicate capacitance and the tolerance rating of most capacitors. On some, the code also indicated the temperature coefficient and working voltage rating. It is interesting to note, however, that there is a strong trend on the part of manufacturers to print the capacitance value and the working voltage rating directly on the most common capacitors, thus eliminating the need for the color code. 25 July 2011 Reverse Engineering 21
Capacitors (Example): 25 July 2011 Reverse Engineering 22
Transformers: 25 July 2011 Reverse Engineering 23
Diodes: A diode is p-n junction formed by combining N-type and P-type semiconductors together in very close contact. e.g., Diode, Zener diode, LED, and Photodiode 25 July 2011 Reverse Engineering 24
Diodes 25 July 2011 Reverse Engineering 25
Diodes: 25 July 2011 Reverse Engineering 26
Diodes (LEDs): 25 July 2011 Reverse Engineering 27
Diodes (LEDs): 25 July 2011 Reverse Engineering 28
Transistors A transistor is a semiconductor device, commonly used as an amplifier. The transistor may be used in a wide variety of digital and analog functions, including amplification, switching, voltage regulation, signal modulation, and oscillators. Transistors may be packaged individually or as part of an integrated circuit chip, which may hold thousands of transistors in a very small area. 25 July 2011 Reverse Engineering 29
Transistors Transistors are divided into two main categories: Bipolar junction transistors (BJTs) Field effect transistors (FETs). Application of current in BJTs and voltage in FETs between the input and common terminals increases the conductivity between the common and output terminals, thereby controlling current flow between them. 25 July 2011 Reverse Engineering 30
Transistors BJT symbols: PNP NPN JFET symbols: P-channel N-channel 25 July 2011 Reverse Engineering 31
Transistors (Example) The popular 2N5961 NPN TO-92 Transistor is shown below. This is an excellent transistor to use when lownoise, high gain, and low-current are required. 25 July 2011 Reverse Engineering 32
Transistors 25 July 2011 Reverse Engineering 33
Transistors 25 July 2011 Reverse Engineering 34
Operational Amplifiers An operational amplifier IC is a solidstate integrated circuit that uses external feedback to control its functions. The op-amp without any external devices is called 'open-loop' mode, referring actually to the so-called 'ideal' operational amplifier with infinite open-loop gain, input resistance, bandwidth and a zero output resistance. However, in practice no op-amp can meet these ideal characteristics. 25 July 2011 Reverse Engineering 35
Operational Amplifiers The LM741/NE741/uA741 (741 family) Op- Amps are the most popular one. 741-Type ICL7612 CMOS Op Amp 25 July 2011 Reverse Engineering 36
Operational Amplifiers 25 July 2011 Reverse Engineering 37
741 Op-Amp 25 July 2011 Reverse Engineering 38
Photocells A photoresistor is an electronic component whose resistance decreases with increasing incident light intensity. It can also be referred to as a light-dependent resistor (LDR), photoconductor, or photocell. A photoresistor is made of a highresistance semiconductor. If light falling on the device is of high enough frequency, photons absorbed by the semiconductor give bound electrons enough energy to jump into the conduction band. The resulting free electron (and its hole partner) conduct electricity, thereby lowering resistance. 25 July 2011 Reverse Engineering 39
Photocells 25 July 2011 Reverse Engineering 40
Relays A relay is an electrical switch that opens and closes under the control of another electrical circuit. The switch is operated by an electromagnet to open or close one or many sets of contacts. 25 July 2011 Reverse Engineering 41
Crystal Oscillators A crystal oscillator is an electronic circuit that uses the mechanical resonance of a vibrating crystal of piezoelectric material to create an electrical signal with a very precise frequency. 25 July 2011 Reverse Engineering 42
Integrated Circuits (ICs) An integrated circuit (also known as IC, microcircuit, microchip, silicon chip, or chip) is an electronic circuit (consisting mainly of semiconductor devices, as well as passive components) that has been manufactured in the surface of a thin substrate of semiconductor material. 25 July 2011 Reverse Engineering 43
Integrated Circuits (ICs) There are two main advantages of ICs over discrete circuits: cost and performance. Cost is low because the chips, with all their components, are printed as a unit by photolithography and not constructed a transistor at a time. Performance is high since the components switch quickly and consume little power, because the components are small and close together. Chip areas range from a few square mm to around 350 mm2, with up to 1 million transistors per mm2. 25 July 2011 Reverse Engineering 44
Integrated Circuits (ICs) SSI, MSI, LSI: The first integrated circuits contained only a few transistors. Called "Small-Scale Integration" (SSI), they used circuits containing transistors numbering in the tens. The next step in the development of integrated circuits, taken in the late 1960s, introduced devices which contained hundreds of transistors on each chip, called "Medium-Scale Integration" (MSI). Further development, driven by the same economic factors, led to "Large-Scale Integration" (LSI) in the mid 1970s, with tens of thousands of transistors per chip. 25 July 2011 Reverse Engineering 45
Integrated Circuits (ICs) VLSI: The final step in the development process, starting in the 1980s and continuing on, was "Very Large- Scale Integration" (VLSI), with hundreds of thousands of transistors, and beyond (well past several million in the latest stages). 25 July 2011 Reverse Engineering 46
Integrated Circuits (ICs) VLSI: The final step in the development process, starting in the 1980s and continuing on, was "Very Large- Scale Integration" (VLSI), with hundreds of thousands of transistors, and beyond (well past several million in the latest stages). 25 July 2011 Reverse Engineering 47
Integrated Circuits (ICs) ULSI, WSI, SOC: To reflect further growth of the complexity, the term ULSI that stands for "Ultra-Large Scale Integration" was proposed for chips of complexity more than 1 million of transistors. The most extreme integration technique is waferscale integration (WSI), which uses whole uncut wafers containing entire computers (processors as well as memory). The WSI technique failed commercially, but advances in semiconductor manufacturing allowed for another attack on IC complexity, known as System-on-Chip (SOC) design. 25 July 2011 Reverse Engineering 48