U. Tietze Ch. Schenk Advanced Electronic Circuits Wi th the Assistance of E. Schmid With 570 Figures Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg New York 1978
Dr.-Ing. Ulrich Tietze Dr.-Ing. Christoph Schenk Universitat Erlangen-Niirnberg Dipl.-Ing. Eberhard Schmid Ph.D. (University of Southampton, UK) Siemens AG, Erlangen The book is based on Tietze, U.; Schenk, Ch.: Halbleiter-Schaltungstechnik. 4. Aufl. Berlin, Heidelberg, New York: Springer 1978 ISBN-13:978-3-642-81243-9 DOl: 10.1007/978-3-642-81241-5 e-isbn-13:978-3-642-81241-5 Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data. Tietze, Ulrich, 1946-. Advanced electronic circuits. Based on the 4th ed. (1978) of the authors' Halbleiter-Schaltungstechnik. Bibliography: p. Includes index. J. Integrated circuits. 2. Electronic circuits. I. Schenk, Christoph, 1945- joint author. II. Schmid, Eberhard, 1946- joint author. III. Title TK7874.T53 621.3815'3 78-13342. This work is subject to copyright. All rights are reserved, whether the whole or part of the material is concerned, specifically those of translation, reprinting, re-use of illustrations, broadcasting, reproduction by photocopying machine or similar means, and storage in data banks. Under 54 of the German Copyright Law where copies are made for other than private use, a fee is payable to the publisher, the amount of the fee to be determined by agreement with the publisher. by Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg 1978. Softcover reprint of the hardcover 1st edition 1978 The use of registered names, trademarks, etc. in this publi,ation does not imply, even in the absence of a specific statement, that such names are exempt from the relevant protective laws and regulations and therefore free for general use. We also undertake no guarantee that the contents of this book are free from rights of patent. The publication guarantees neither tacit nor explicit license for existing patents. 236213020-543210
Preface In the earlier stages of integrated circuit design, analog circuits consisted simply of type 741 operational amplifiers, and digital circuits of 7400-type gates. Today's designers must choose from a much larger and rapidly increasing variety of special integrated circuits marketed by a dynamic and creative industry. Only by a proper selection from this wide range can an economical and competitive solution be found to a given problem. For each individual case the designer must decide which parts of a circuit are best implemented by analog circuitry, which by conventional digital circuitry and which sections could be microprocessor controlled. In order to facilitate this decision for the designer who is not familiar with all these subjects, we have arranged the book so as to group the different circuits according to their field of application. Each chapter is thus written to stand on its own, with a minimum of cross-references. To enable the reader to proceed quickly from an idea to a working circuit, we discuss, for a large variety of problems, typical solutions, the applicability of which has been proved by thorough experimental investigation. Our thanks are here due to Prof. Dr. D. Seitzer for the provision of excellent laboratory facilities. The subject is extensive and the material presented has had to be limited. For this reason, we have omitted elementary circuit design, so that the book addresses the advanced student who has some background in electronics, and the practising engineer and scientist. The book is based on the fourth edition (1978) of the text book "Tietze/Schenk, Halbleiter-Schaltungstechnik". Chapter 17 has been added to help the reader settle questions arising from definitions and nomenclature. The English manuscript was prepared by Eberhard Schmid in close collaboration with the authors. We should like to express our gratitude to Patricia Schmid for her careful revision and to Springer-Verlag for their continued close co-operation. Erlangen, September 1978 U. Tietze Ch. Schenk
Contents 1 Linear and non-linear operational circuitry 1.1 Summing amplifier 1.2 Subtracting circuits 1.3 Bipolar-coefficient circuit. 1.4 Integrators. 1.5 Differentiators 1.6 Solution of differential equations 1.7 Function networks 1.8 Analog multipliers. 1.9 Transformation of coordinates 2 Controlled sources and impedance converters 2.1 Voltage-controlled voltage sources. 2.2 Current-controlled voltage sources. 2.3 Voltage-controlled current sources. 2.4 Current-controlled current sources. 2.5 NIC (negative impedance converter) 2.6 Gyrator 2.7 Circulator 3 Active filters.. 3.1 3.2 3.3 3.4 3.5 3.6 3.7 3.8 3.9 Basic theory of lowpass filters. Lowpassjhighpass transformation Realization of first order lowpass and high pass filters............... Realization of second order lowpass and highpass filters........... Realization of lowpass and highpass filters of higher orders............ Lowpassjbandpass transformation.... Realization of second order bandpass filters Lowpassjband-rejection filter transformation Realization of second order rejection filters. 1 2 6 7 13 16 18 34 47 50 50 51 53 64 65 68 72 76 76 97 98 102 108 111 116 122 123
VIII Contents 3.10 All pass filters. 126.3.11 Adjustable universal filter 131 4 Broadband amplifiers. 136 4.1 Frequency dependence of the current gain 136 4.2 Influence of transistor and stray capacitances 138 4.3 Casco de amplifier. 139 4.4 Differential amplifier as a broadband amplifier 140 4.5 Symmetrical broadband amplifiers. 142 4.6 Broadband voltage follower. 147 4.7 Broadband operational amplifiers 149 5 Power amplifiers. 152 5.1 Emitter follower as a power amplifier 152 5.2 Complementary emitter followers 154 5.3 Electronic current limiter. 160 5.4 Complementary emitter followers using Darlington circuits 162 5.5 Rating a power output stage 164 5.6 Driver circuits with voltage gain 166 5.7 Boosting the output current of integrated operational amplifiers 169 6 Power supplies. 171 6.1 Properties of mains transformers 171 6.2 Transformer rectifiers 172 6.3 Series regulation 177 6.4 Generation of the reference voltage 190 6.5 Switching power supplies. 196 7 Analog switches and comparators. 203 7.1 Principle. 203 7.2 Electronic switches 203 7.3 Analog switch using amplifiers 209 7.4 Sample-and-hold circuits 213 7.5 Analog comparators. 216 7.6 Schmitt trigger 219 8 Signal generators. 224 8.1 LC oscillators. 224 8.2 Quartz oscillators 231
Contents IX 8.3 RC sinewave oscillators 235 8.4 Function generators. 242 8.5 Multivibrators 247 9 Combinatorial logic circuitry. 256 9.1 Coding circuits 257 9.2 Multiplexer and demultiplexer 268 9.3 Unc10cked shift register 270 9.4 Digital comparators 272 9.5 Adders. 274 9.6 Multipliers. 286 9.7 Digital function networks 288 10 Sequential logic circuitry 292 10.1 Straight binary counters. 293 10.2 BCD counters in 8421 code 301 10.3 Presettable counters 305 10.4 Shift registers 306 10.5 Generation of pseudo-random sequences 309 10.6 Processing of asynchronous signals. 312 10.7 Systematic design of sequential circuits 317 11 Microprocessors 325 11.1 Basic structure of a microcomputer. 325 11.2 Operation of a microprocessor. 326 11.3 Instruction set. 332 11.4 Development aids 345 11.5 Microcomputer hardware 349 11.6 Input/output circuits 357 11.7 Minimum systems 365 12 Digital filters 373 12.1 Sampling theorem 373 12.2 Digital transfer function. 377 12.3 Bilinear transformation. 380 12.4 Construction of digital filters 384 13 Data transmission and display 394 13.1 Transmission lines 394 13.2 Error detection and correction 396 13.3 Static digital displays 403 13.4 Multiplex displays 406
x Contents 14 DjA and AjD converters. 411 14.1 Design principles of DjA converters 411 14.2 Design of DjA converters using electronic switches. 416 14.3. DjA converters for special applications 421 14.4 Basic principles of AjD conversion 426 14.5 Accuracy of AjD converters 427 14.6 Design of AjD converters 431 15 Measurement circuits. 442 15.1 Measurement of voltage. 442 15.2 Measurement of current. 447 15.3 A.C.jD.C. converters 449 16 Electronic controllers. 464 16.1 Underlying principles. 464 16.2 Controller types 465 16.3 Control of non-linear systems 474 16.4 Phase-locked loop 477 17 Appendix: Definitions and nomenclature 491 Bibliography 498 Index 501