Handbook of Print Media - PDF Free Download

-H=ID=LB=RG- Helmut Kipphan (Ed.) Handbook of Print Media Technologies and Production Methods Including 1275 figures, mostly in color and 92 tables Springer

XIII 1 Fundamentals 1.1 Communication Technologies 4 1.1.1 Print Media 4 1.1.1.1 Books 5 1.1.1.2 Magazines 5 1.1.1.3 Newspapers 6 1.1.1.4 Brochures 6 1.1.1.5 Other Printed Media 6 1.1.2 Electronic Media 6 1.1.3 Multimedia 7 1.1.4 Distribution and Market Volume 8 1.1.5 Trends and Scenarios for the Future 10 1.1.5.1 Changes in the Traditional Printing Sector 10 1.1.5.2 Integration of New Media 11 1.2 Production of Print Media 14 1.2.1 Layout, Typography, Graphic Design 15 1.2.1.1 Type 15 1.2.1.2 Typography 19 1.2.1.3 Graphic Design 23 1.2.2 Prepress 24 1.2.3 Printing 29 1.2.4 Postpress/Finishing 33 1.2.5 Digital Production Equipment in the Workflow 35 1.2.6 Premedia 38 1.3 Printing Technologies 40 1.3.1 Overview of Printing Technologies 40 1.3.2 Printing Technologies with a Printing Master 41 1.3.2.1 Letterpress/Flexographic Printing 45 1.3.2.2 Gravure Printing 48 1.3.2.3 Lithography/Offset Printing 52 1.3.2.4 Screen Printing 55 1.3.3 Printing Technologies without a Master (NIP Technologies) 58 1.3.3.1 Electrophotography 60 1.3.3.2 Ink Jet 63 1.3.3.3 Printing Systems based on Non-Impact Printing Technologies 65 1.4 Print Quality 68 1.4.1 Color/Color Theory 68 1.4.2 Color Image Composition 79 1.4.3 Halftone Process/Screening 90 1.4.4 Quality Control/Measurement Techniques 99 1.4.4.1 Color Measurement 100 1.4.4.2 Color Register 108 1.4.4.3 Measurement of Gloss 110 1.4.5 Surface Finishing 111 1.4.5.1 Characteristics of Surface Finishing 111 1.4.5.2 Surface Finishing Techniques 113 1.5 Print Media Materials 117 1.5.1 Substrates 117 1.5.2 Printing Inks 130 1.5.2.1 Structure and Requirements 130 1.5.2.2 Offset Printing Inks 137 1.5.2.3 Gravure Printing Inks 137 1.5.2.4 Flexographic Printing Inks 139 1.5.2.5 Letterpress Printing Inks 139 1.5.2.6 Screen Printing Inks 139 1.5.2.7 Pad Printing Inks 140 1.5.2.8 Inks for Non-Impact Printing Technologies 140 1.5.3 Varnishes 142 1.6 Printing Presses and Printing Systems 145 1.6.1 General Structure 145 1.6.2 Designs for Multicolor Printing 150 1.6.2.1 Sheet-fed Printing Presses 150 1.6.2.2 Web-fed Printing Presses 154 1.6.2.3 Packaging Printing Presses 159 1.7 Drying Methods 166 1.7.1 Physical Drying (Absorption) 166 1.7.1.1 Infrared (IR) Drying 169 1.7.1.2 Evaporative Drying 170 1.7.1.3 Problems in Practical Operation 172 1.7.2 Chemical Drying/Curing 173 1.7.2.1 Oxidation 173 1.7.2.2 UV Drying/Curing 173 1.7.2.3 Electron Beam Drying/Curing (EBC) 175 1.7.3 Auxiliary Drying Techniques 176

XIV 1.7.3.1 Powder Spraying,. 176 1.7.3.2 Silicone Application 176 1.7.4 Measuring Techniques 176 1.8 Products of Print Finishing 180 1.9 Aspects of Management and Business Models 185 1.9.1 Production Options and Business Models 185 1.9.1.1 The Value-added Chain (Production Depth and Product Range) 186 1.9.1.2 Financing and Distribution Models 188 1.9.1.3 Media Business as a Technical Service 190 1.9.2 Coordination of Workflows 190 1.9.2.1 Lean Production and Lean Management... 190 1.9.2.2 Tracking 192 1.9.2.3 Quality Assurance 195 1.9.3 Production Layout 197 1.9.3.1 Material Flow 197 1.9.3.2 Capacity Planning 199 1.9.3.3 Personnel Deployment and Supply of Utilities 200 2 Printing Technologies with Permanent Printing Master 2.1 Offset Printing 206 2.1.1 Basic Principles 206 2.1.1.1 Process 206 2.1.1.2 Printing Plates, Printing Ink, Dampening Solution 209 2.1.1.3 Inking Unit, Dampening Unit, Printing Unit 213 2.1.1.4 Print Quality 223 2.1.2 Sheet-fed Offset Printing 226 2.1.2.1 Paper Travel 226 2.1.2.2 Feeders 229 2.1.2.3 Printing Units 237 2.1.2.4 Sheet Reversal/Perfecting 244 2.1.2.5 Delivery 247 2.1.2.6 Drying 251 2.1.2.7 Print Enhancement and In-line Finishing.. 254 2.1.2.8 Press Architecture (Special Designs) 257 2.1.3 Web-fed Offset Printing 260 2.1.3.1 Press and System Concepts (Components).. 260 2.1.3.2 Web Travel (Infeed and Further Processing) 276 2.1.3.3 Printing Unit 281 2.1.3.4 Folders and Print Product Variations 286 2.1.3.5 Newspaper Printing 292 2.1.4 Remote Control, Measurement and Control Technology/Systems 297 2.1.4.1 Press Remote Control Systems 298 2.1.4.2 Color Measurement and Control Systems.. 300 2.1.4.3 Register Measurement and Control 307 2.1.4.4 Inspection of the Printed Image 308 2.1.4.5 In-line Print Quality Measurement and Control Systems 312 2.1.4.6 The State of the Art in Remote Control, Measurement and Control Systems 317 2.1.5 Automation in Print Media Production... 319 2.1.5.1 Wash-up Procedures 320 2.1.5.2 Plate Changing 321 2.1.5.3 Sheet Size and Paper Travel Adjustment... 323 2.1.5.4 Ink Feed Presetting in the Printing Unit... 325 2.1.5.5 Ink and Dampening Solution Supply 328 2.1.5.6 Makeready for Print Production 329 2.1.6 Examples of Offset Printing Presses and Production Systems 333 2.1.6.1 Sheet-fed Offset Printing Presses 333 2.1.6.2 Web-fed Offset Printing Presses/Systems... 338 2.1.7 Potential for Further Development 354 2.1.7.1 Print Quality 354 2.1.7.2 Offset Printing Process 355 2.1.7.3 Drying 356 2.1.7.4 Automation 357 2.2 Gravure Printing 360 2.2.1 Process 360 2.2.1.1 Gravure Cylinder Manufacture 360 2.2.1.2 Gravure Cylinder Imaging 363 2.2.1.3 Storage and Changing of Gravure Cylinders 366 2.2.1.4 Impression Roller 368 2.2.1.5 Inking Unit and Doctor Blade 369 2.2.1.6 Drying 372 2.2.1.7 Circumferential and Lateral Register 372 2.2.1.8 Magazine Turner Bars Superstructure 374 2.2.1.9 Gravure Printing Folders 374 2.2.1.10 Reel Stand 377 2.2.2 Examples of Gravure Printing Systems 377 2.2.3 Gravure Printing in the Packaging Industry 384 2.2.4 Potential for Further Development 391 2.3 Letterpress Printing 395 2.3.1 Basic Principles 395 2.3.2 Letterpress Printing (Process and Applications) 396 2.3.3 Flexography 397 2.3.3.1 Process 397 2.3.3.2 Printing Unit 401 2.3.3.3 Examples of Flexographic Printing Presses 404 2.3.4 Potential for Further Development 407 2.4 Screen Printing 409 2.4.1 Basic Principles/Process 409 2.4.1.1 Platemaking 410 2.4.1.2 Printing Process 414 2.4.2 Applications 416 2.4.2.1 Screen Printing on Flat Surfaces 416 2.4.2.2 Screen Printing on Curved Surfaces 417

XV 2.4.3 Examples of Machinery 417 2.4.3.1 Equipment and Machinery tor Flat-bed Screen Printing 417 2.4.3.2 Screen Printing Machinery for Printing on Curved Surfaces 418 2.4.3.3 Rotary Screen Printing Presses 418 2.4.4 Potential for Further Development 422 2.5 Special Printing Technologies and Product Specific Applications 423 2.5.1 Security Printing 423 2.5.1.1 Bank Notes 423 2.5.1.2 Postage Stamps, Stamps 429 2.5.1.3 Documents 432 2.5.2 Business Forms Printing 433 2.5.3 Label Printing 438 2.5.4 Pad Transfer Printing 442 2.5.4.1 Printing Process 443 2.5.4.2 Cliche Making 445 2.5.4.3 Pad, Ink, Object Holding Device 447 2.5.4.4 Multicolor Pad Transfer Printing, Applications 447 3 Prepress 3.1 Conventional Prepress 452 3.1.1 Word Processing, Typesetting 453 3.1.1.1 Typesetting Procedure 453 3.1.1.2 Manuscript 454 3.1.1.3 Text Input 454 3.1.1.4 Word Processing and Typesetting 456 3.1.2 Text Output for the Production of Film/Plate 458 3.1.2.1 Designs of Output Devices 458 3.1.2.2 Requirements on Films 460 3.1.3 Photomechanical Image Processing/ Reproduction 461 3.1.3.1 Use and Importance of Analog Reproduction 462 3.1.3.2 Principles, Tasks of Photomechanical Reproduction 464 3.1.3.3 Materials 469 3.1.3.4 Machines and Devices used in Reproduction Technology 469 3.1.3.5 Production of Film Copies for Single-Color Printing 474 3.1.3.6 Production of Film Copies for Multicolor Printing 479 3.1.4 Electronic Reproduction Technology (Repro Scanner) 482 3.1.5 Assembly 485 3.1.5.1 Page Make-up 485 3.1.5.2 Sheet Assembly 487 3.1.6 Proofs/Test Print 490 3.1.7 Platemaking and Quality Control 493 3.1.7.1 General Information 493 3.1.7.2 Offset Printing 494 3.1.7.3 Letterpress Printing, Flexography 497 3.1.7.4 Gravure Printing 498 3.1.7.5 Screen Printing 498 3.1.8 Color Management 499 3.1.8.1 Processes for the Correction of Tone Values and Color Values 500 3.1.8.2 Offset-Gravure Conversion 501 3.2 Digital Prepress 503 3.2.1 Structure of Digital Printed Products 503 3.2.1.1 Technological Capabilities and Workflows 503 3.2.1.2 Digital Description of the Printed Page... 505 3.2.1.3 Digital Screening Processes 508 3.2.2 Quality Requirements 513 3.2.2.1 Input and Output Resolution 514 3.2.2.2 Transferable Tonal Range 516 3.2.2.3 Dot Shape 517 3.2.2.4 Tone Value Influences in Printing 518 3.2.2.5 Color Management Profiles 519 3.2.2.6 Image-dependent Effects and Corrections.. 519 3.2.3 Digital Photography 520 3.2.3.1 Origins of Digital Photography 520 3.2.3.2 Image Scanning with Digital Cameras 521 3.2.3.3 Demands on the Resolution 523 3.2.3.4 Special Features of Digital Cameras 524 3.2.3.5 Digital Photography and Color Management 525 3.2.4 Digitizing Originals (Scanner) 525 3.2.4.1 Scanner Designs and Models 526 3.2.4.2 Drum Scanners 529 3.2.4.3 Flat-bed Scanners 529 3.2.4.4 Digitizing and Redigitizing 531 3.2.5 Sheet Assembly and Imposition 532 3.2.5.1 Page Make-up and Sheet Assembly 533 3.2.5.2 Full-Sheet Output 533 3.2.5.3 Imposition through Software 534 3.2.5.4 Imposition Workflows 537 3.2.6 Raster Image Processor (RIP) 540 3.2.7 Storage Media 545 3.2.8 Networks 547 3.2.8.1 Network Concepts and Components 547 3.2.8.2 Working with Networks 549 3.2.9 Data Formats 550 3.2.10 Color Management 555 3.2.10.1 The Image Reproduction Process using Color Management 555 3.2.10.2 Production of Color Profiles 555 3.2.10.3 Structure of Color Profiles 557 3.2.10.4 Connection of Color Profiles 558 3.2.10.5 Rendering Intent 560 3.2.10.6 Color Management and the Production of Proofs 561 3.2.10.7 Color Management for Images on the Internet 562 3.2.10.8 Color Management and Standardization... 562 3.2.11 Digital Proof 562

XVI 3.2.11.1 Digital Proofing Processes,. 563 3.2.11.2 Soft Proof 563 3.2.11.3 Hard Proof 563 3.2.11.4 Color Management Concepts 566 3.2.11.5 Preflight Check 570 3.2.12 Film Production and Platemaking 570 3.2.12.1 Computer to Film Systems 570 3.2.12.2 Computer to Plate Systems 573 3.2.12.3 Computer to Film and Computer to Plate in the Prepress Workflow 573 4 Computer to... Technologies 4.1 Survey of the Technologies 581 4.1.1 Computer to Film 583 4.1.2 Computer to Plate 583 4.1.3 Computer to Press (Direct Imaging and Computer to Print) 584 4.1.4 The Use of Computer to... Technologies and Networking for the Production of Print Media 588 4.2 Computer to Film 593 4.2.1 Principles and Equipment 593 4.2.2 Film Material 594 4.3 Computer to Plate/to Cylinder/to Screen.. 597 4.3.1 Introduction 597 4.3.2 Technology of Computer to Plate Systems for Offset Printing 598 4.3.2.1 Design Principles 598 4.3.2.2 Imaging Methods and Plate Punching 601 4.3.2.3 Computer to Plate Systems for Offset Printing 604 4.3.3 Computer to Plate for Flexographic Printing 608 4.3.4 Computer to Cylinder for Gravure Printing 611 4.3.5 Computer to Screen for Screen Printing... 611 4.3.6 Computer to Plate Workflow 612 4.3.7 Rise in Quality as a Result of Computer to Plate 614 4.3.8 Productivity and Economic Efficiency 615 4.3.9 Printing Plates for Digital Imaging 616 4.3.10 Trends in Computer to Plate 623 4.4 Computer to Press/Direct Imaging 627 4.4.1 Computer to Press/Direct Imaging with Removal of the Master for each Print Job 628 4.4.1.1 Computer to Press/Direct Imaging Printing Systems 628 4.4.1.2 Expansion and Comparison of Systems... 638 4.4.2 Computer to Press/Direct Imaging Printing Systems with Re-imageable Master 641 4.4.2.1 Concepts for Re-imageable Masters with Material Application/Ablation 643 4.4.2.2 Re-imageable Printing Plate Systems without Material Application 652 4.5 Computer to Print 657 4.5.1 Printing Systems based on Electrophotography 658 4.5.2 Printing Systems based on Ionography, Magnetography, and Ink Jet 664 4.5.3 Design Principles of Computer to Print Systems 665 4.5.4 Digital Printing 672 5 Printing Technologies without a Printing Plate (NIP Technologies) 5.1 Principles and Basic Components 677 5.1.1 Computer to Press/to Print Technology 677 5.1.2 Non-Impact Printing Technologies (Overview) 678 5.1.3 Printing Process and Functional Components in NIP Technologies 679 5.1.4 Digitally Controlled Image Creation in NIP Technologies 679 5.1.5 System Concepts/Architecture of Computer to Print Systems 681 5.1.6 Inks for Non-Impact Printing Processes 685 5.1.7 Components for Computer to Print Systems 687 5.2 Electrophotography 689 5.2.1 Principle of Electrophotography 689 5.2.2 Imaging Systems 691 5.2.3 Inking Unit (Developing Unit) and Toner 692 5.2.4 Fixing and Cleaning 696 5.2.5 Conception of the Printing Unit 698 5.3 Ionography 701 5.3.1 Printing Unit 701 5.3.2 Imaging System and the Principle of Ionography 702 5.3.3 Printing Unit Concepts and Printing Systems based on Ionography 703 5.4 Magnetography 706 5.4.1 Principle of Magnetography 706 5.4.2 Imaging System for Magnetography 708 5.4.3 Examples of Applications/Printing Systems 709 5.5 Ink Jet 711 5.5.1 Overview of Ink Jet Technologies and Processes 711

XVII 5.5.2 Continuous Ink Jet, a 714 5.5.3 Drop on Demand Ink Jet Technologies 715 5.5.4 Structure of Ink Jet Arrays 723 5.5.5 Printing Systems based on Ink Jet Technology for Multicolor Printing (Selection) 725 5.6 Thermography 731 5.6.1 Overview of Thermography Technologies 731 5.6.2 Thermal Transfer Printing Systems 734 5.6.3 Thermal Sublimation Printing Systems 738 5.7 Electrography 742 5.8 Photography 746 5.9 "X"-Graphy 749 5.9.1 Tonerjet Printing Technology 750 5.9.2 Elcography 752 5.9.3 Direct Imaging Printing Technology 754 5.9.4 Assessment of New Types of NIP Technologies 756 6 Hybrid Printing Systems 6.1 Overview of Printing Methods and Technologies 761 6.2 Combination Variants of Hybrid Printing Systems 763 6.3 System Concepts and Examples of Implementations 765 6.3.1 Hybrid Printing Systems combining Conventional Printing Technologies 765 6.3.2 Hybrid Printing Systems combining NIP Technologies 765 6.3.3 Hybrid Printing Systems combining Conventional and NIP Technologies 766 6.3.4 Hybrid Printing Systems combining Computer to Press/Direct Imaging with NIP Technologies 768 6.3.5 Hybrid Printing Systems combining Conventional Printing Technologies with Computer to Press Technologies 769 6.4 Hybrid Techniques for In-line and Off-line Print Production 771 7 Print Finishing Processes 7.1 Classification of Print Finishing Processes 7.2 Process Steps and Procedures for Print Finishing 775 782 7.2.1 Cutting and Die-Cutting 782 7.2.1.1 Characterization of the Processes 782 7.2.1.2 Cutting with Guillotine Cutters 782 7.2.1.3 Cutting Webs 789 7.2.1.4 Die-Cutting 791 7.2.2 Folding 796 7.2.2.1 Characterization of the Process 796 7.2.2.2 Folding with Folding Machines 796 7.2.2.3 Folding Bookbinding Sheets 806 7.2.3 Forwarding 811 7.2.3.1 Characterization of the Process 811 7.2.3.2 Forwarding Process in Industrial Finishing 812 7.2.4 Assembling into Blocks 816 7.2.4.1 Characterization of the Process 816 7.2.4.2 Gathering 816 7.2.4.3 Gathering into Single-layer Blocks 821 7.2.5 Binding Blocks 825 7.2.5.1 Characterization of the Process 825 7.2.5.2 Thread-Stitching Books 826 7.2.5.3 Perfect Binding 830 7.2.5.4 Thread-Sealing 837 7.2.5.5 Wire-Stitching 839 7.2.6 Trimming 842 7.2.6.1 Characterization of the Process 842 7.2.6.2 Trimming Book Blocks and Brochures 842 7.2.7 Edge Treatments on Books and Brochures 844 7.2.7.1 Characterization of the Process 844 7.2.7.2 Process Sections of Block Edge Treatments 845 7.2.8 Case Making 848 7.2.8.1 Characterization of the Process 848 7.2.8.2 Producing Book Covers 850 7.2.9 Book Finishing 853 7.2.9.1 Characterization of the Process 853 7.2.9.2 The Process Sections of Book Finishing 855 7.2.10 Packaging 857 7.2.10.1 Characterization of the Process 857 7.2.10.2 Packaging of Books and Brochures 858 7.3 Process Structuring in Print Finishing 862 7.3.1 Basic Principles of Process Structuring 862 7.3.1.1 Production Flow in Print Finishing 862 7.3.1.2 Interlinking Modules in Print Finishing... 863 7.3.1.3 Temporary Storage of Folded Sheets 867 7.3.2 Production Lines in Print Finishing (Examples) 870 7.3.2.1 Cutting Lines for Labels 870 7.3.2.2 Production Lines for Mailings and Folded Products 873 7.3.2.3 Newspaper Mailroom 876 7.3.2.4 Mailroom for Magazines 882 7.3.2.5 Binding Lines for Multi-layer Brochures 886 7.3.2.6 Production Lines for Hardcovers 887 7.3.2.7 Finishing Short Print Runs 891

XVIII 7.3.2.8 Bag Production Systems 7.3.2.9 Folding Boxes 894 10 Comparison of Printing and Production 897 Technologies for Print Media 8 Material and Data Flow in Print Media Production 8.1 Material Logistics 905 8.1.1 Logistics around the Press 905 8.1.1.1 Supply of Printing Plates 906 8.1.1.2 Paper Reel Logistics 908 8.1.1.3 Ink, Dampening Solution, and Air Supply 910 8.1.1.4 Waste Disposal 911 8.1.1.5 Paper Pile Logistics for Sheet-fed Offset Presses 911 8.1.2 Logistics in Printing Companies 914 8.1.2.1 Procurement Logistics in Printing Companies 915 8.1.2.2 Inventory Management in Printing Companies 917 8.1.2.3 Production Logistics in Printing Companies 8.1.3 Logistics in Publishing Houses 920 8.2 Networking and Data Flow 923 8.2.1 Network Concepts and Interfaces 924 8.2.2 Digital Workflow 926 8.2.2.1 Digital Workflow in Prepress 926 8.2.2.2 Digital Workflow and Digital Printing (Computer to Press) 928 8.2.2.3 Digital Workflow: Advantages, Challenges, and Possibilities 929 8.2.3 CIP3 for the Computer-Integrated Manufacturing (CIM) of Printed Products 930 8.2.4 Production Management/Monitoring Systems 934 8.2.4.1 Purpose, Applications 934 8.2.4.2 Production Monitoring Systems 935 9 Production Strategies for Print Media 9.1 Production Concepts 939 9.1.1 Strategic Orientation of Printing Companies 939 9.1.2 Centralized and Distributed Production 941 9.1.2.1 Centralized Production at One Site 941 9.1.2.2 Distributed Production at Several Sites 943 9.1.2.3 Integrated Production, Interlinking of Systems 944 9.1.3 Print on Demand 945 9.1.4 Personalization 948 9.2 Production Systems 952 10.1 Introduction 963 10.2 Overview of Methods and Technologies for the Production of Print Media 965 10.3 Production Methods and Strategies 969 10.4 Criteria for the Selection of Printing Technologies and Production Methods... 973 10.5 Performance Criteria of Printing Systems and Trends in Print Media Production... 975 10.5.1 Quality and Productivity/Run Length 975 10.5.2 Productivity 976 10.5.3 Production Costs per Printed Page 976 10.5.4 Trends in Print Media Production 978 918 11 Electronic Media and Multimedia 11.1 Media Concepts 983 11.2 Data Types, Data Structures and their Applications 985 11.2.1 Text 985 11.2.2 Graphics 986 11.2.3 Image 986 11.2.4 Audio 989 11.2.5 Video 989 11.2.6 Animation 989 11.2.7 Virtual Reality (VR) 989 11.2.8 Augmented Reality 990 11.2.9 Multimedia 991 11.2.10 Document 991 11.3 Data Carriers 993 11.3.1 Hard Disk Storage Units 993 11.3.2 Rewritable, Removable Storage Units 993 11.3.3 CD-ROM and DVD r ROM 993 11.3.4 Magnetic Tapes 994 11.4 Networks 995 11.4.1 Internet 995 11.4.2 Intranet, Extranet 996 11.4.3 Broad Band Networks 996 11.5 Data Compression 998 11.5.1 Compressed Data Archives 998 11.5.2 Compression Processes for Image Data Files 998 11.5.3 Compression Processes for Audio 999 11.5.4 Compression Processes for Video 999

XIX 11.6 Output Devices for Electronic Media and Multimedia 1001 11.6.1 Screen Output 1001 11.6.2 Projection Equipment 1002 11.6.3 Stereo Output 1002 11.6.4 Projection Directly to the Eyes 1003 11.7 Multimedia Applications 1004 12 Print Media and Electronic Media 12.1 Examples of Print Media and Electronic Media 1007 12.2 The Production of Print Media and Electronic Media 1010 12.3 "Electronic" Books, "Electronic" Ink, "Electronic" Paper 1013 12.3.1 "Electronic" Books (E-Books) 1013 12.3.2 "Electronic" Ink (E-Ink), "Electronic" Paper (E-Paper) 1015 12.4 Market Shares and Trends 1020 13 Special Topics 13.1 History, Education, Research 1029 13.1.1 History of Technology (Press and Prepress) 1029 13.1.1.1 Offset Printing and Offset Printing Presses 1029 13.1.1.2 Gravure Printing and Gravure Printing Presses 1032 13.1.1.3 Letterpress Printing and Letterpress Printing Presses 1034 13.1.1.4 The Historical Relationship of the Printing Press Manufacturers 1041 13.1.1.5 Prepress 1043 13.1.2 Education and Qualifications (Career Profiles, Courses) 1048 13.1.2.1 The Printing Industry as an Employer 1048 13.1.2.2 Educational Requirements and Options... 1049 13.1.2.3 Vocational Training 1050 13.1.2.4 Course of Study 1052 13.1.2.5 Scholarships for International Study Programs 1056 13.1.2.6 Heidelberg Print Media Academy 1057 13.1.3 Science and Research (selected Examples) 1059 13.1.3.1 Subjects, Methods, and Cooperations 1059 13.1.3.2 Inking Units 1060 13.1.3.3 Printing Units 1063 13.1.3.4 Sheet Transfer 1067 13.1.3.5 Industrial Joint Research 1070 13.2 Environment, Safety, Standardization 1076 13.2.1 Environmental Protection in the Printing Industry 1076 13.2.1.1 Introduction 1076 13.2.1.2 Environmental Protection in Offset Printing 1078 13.2.1.3 Environmental Protection in Gravure Printing 1079 13.2.1.4 Environmental Protection in Letterpress and Flexographic Printing 1080 13.2.1.5 Environmental Protection in Screen Printing 1080 13.2.1.6 Environment-oriented Business Management 1080 13.2.1.7 Legal Foundations 1081 13.2.1.8 Support and Advice for Environmentrelevant Measures 1083 13.2.2 Safety Resources 1084 13.2.2.1 Health and Safety 1084 13.2.2.2 International and European Directives (Laws) and Standards 1085 13.2.2.3 Safety-conscious Design 1086 13.2.2.4 Requirements for Separating Protective Devices 1089 13.2.2.5 Hazard Analysis, Risk Assessment 1091 13.2.2.6 CE and GS Marks of Conformity 1091 13.2.2.7 Intended Use 1093 13.2.3 Industry Standards, Codes of Practice and National/International Standards 1093 13.3 Markets and Development Trends for Print Media 1102 13.3.1 Newspaper Market 1102 13.3.2 Magazine Market 1105 13.3.3 Book Market 1106 13.3.4 Catalog Market 1107 13.3.5 Advertising Printing Market 1107 13.3.6 Packaging Market 1108 13.3.7 SOHO Market 1108 14 Appendix 14.1 Explanation of Specific Terms 1115 14.1.1 Glossary 1115 14.1.2 Abbreviations and their Meaning (Selection) 1125 14.1.3 Abbreviations for Source References Information 1128 14.2 Physical/Technical Quantities and Conversions 1130 14.2.1 Quantities and Units in the Si-System (Selection) 1130 14.2.2 Conversion between the Si-System and the Imperial System (Metric/Imperial) 1133

XX 14.3 Bibliography, 1134 14.3.1 List of References to Readings on the Chapters and Sections in this Handbook... 1134 14.3.2 Selected Literature on Print Media related Topics (General Bibliography and Individual Topics) 1135 14.4 Standards (Selection) 1137 14.4.1 Prepress 1137 14.4.2 Printing Inks 1138 14.4.3 Substrates 1139 14.4.4 Materials (Printing Plates, Blankets) 1140 14.4.5 Printing Technologies and Printing Presses 1140 14.4.6 Finishing 1141 14.4.7 Quality, Quality Specifications, and Measurement Techniques 1141 14.4.8 Safety of Machinery 1143 14.4.9 Environmental Management 1143 14.5 Research Associations and Educational Institutions for the Graphic Arts Industry (Selection) 1145 14.5.1 Universities 1145 14.5.2 Research Institutes and Research Centers 1147 14.5.3 Institutions for Teaching/Training and Education 1150 14.6 Associations and Organizations in the Printing and Publishing Industry (Selection) 1153 14.6.1 Associations and Organizations 1153 14.6.2 Industrial Joint Research 1166 14.7 International Conferences for the Graphic Arts Industry (Selection) 1168 15 Subject Index 1173