Preface Introduction p. 1 History and Fundamentals p. 1 Devices for Mixers p. 6 Balanced and Single-Device Mixers p. 7 Mixer Design p. 9 Monolithic Circuits p. 10 Schottky-Barrier Diodes p. 11 Schottky-Diode Operation p. 11 Ideal Junction Characteristics p. 11 Ideal I/V Characteristic and Junction Capacitance p. 15 Deviations From Ideality p. 19 Diode Circuit Model p. 23 Equivalent Circuit p. 23 Diode Measurements p. 25 Microwave-Frequency Diode Measurements p. 29 Effect of Temperature on Diode Characteristics p. 35 Mott Diodes p. 37 Practical Diode Structures p. 41 Dot-Matrix Diode p. 41 Dot-Matrix Diode Variants p. 45 Point-Contact Diodes p. 46 Beam-Lead Diodes p. 47 Low-Parasitic Diodes for Millimeter-Wave Applications p. 49 Diodes for Monolithic Circuits p. 51 Considerations in Using Dot-Matrix Diodes p. 53 Mount Mechanical Design p. 53 Diode Whiskering p. 55 Packaged Diodes p. 57 References p. 58 MESFETs and HEMTs p. 61 MESHET Structure and Operation p. 61 Structure p. 61 Operation of GaAs MESFETs p. 64 HEMT Structure ad Operation p. 69 Circuit Models for GaAs MESFETs p. 71 Lumped Large-Signal Models p. 71 Curtice Quadratic Model p. 77 Curtice Cubic Model p. 78 Materka end Kacprzak Model p. 79 Statz et al. Model p. 79
Maas-Neilson Model p. 80 Modeling FET Resistive Mixers p. 81 Modeling HEMT Devices p. 82 Comparison of Models p. 83 Determining Equivalent-Circuit Parameters p. 84 Dual-Gate FETs p. 88 Description p. 88 Modeling Dual-Gate Devices p. 88 I/V Characteristics p. 89 Parameter Extraction for Dual-Gate Devices p. 90 References p. 92 Diode Mixer Theory p. 95 Currents end Voltages in the Pumped Diode p. 96 Large-Signal Analysis p. 97 The Diode Model p. 97 The Harmonic-Balance Equations p. 99 Solution Algorithms p. 105 Convergence and Accuracy p. 113 Improving Speed and Convergence p. 116 LO Power and Matching p. 117 Multiple-Diode Mixers p. 118 Small-Signal Analysis p. 120 Diode Conductance and Capacitance Waveforms p. 120 Conversion Matrices p. 121 Small-Signal Analysis p. 127 Noise Analysis p. 135 Noise Sources p. 135 Mixer Noise Theory p. 136 Mixer Analysis by General-Purpose Harmonic-Balance Simulators p. 142 Performance Optimization p. 144 Image Terminating Impedance and Image Enhancement p. 146 LO Power p. 146 Minimizing Intermodulation p. 148 DC Bias Voltage p. 148 References p. 150 System Considerations p. 153 Internally-Generated Mixer Noise p. 153 Noise Temperature and Noise Figure p. 153 Noise Temperature and Noise Figure of an Attenuator p. 157 Noise Temperature of a Cascade of Stages p. 158 Mixer Noise Temperature p. 159
Noise Temperature of a Mixer Receiver p. 163 Mixer Noise Figure p. 167 LO-Induced Noise, Intermodulation, and Spurious Signals p. 171 AM Noise in the LO p. 172 Phase Noise p. 173 Internally-Generated Spurious Signals p. 175 Two-Tone Intermodulation and Saturation p. 176 Spurious Responses p. 180 Miscellaneous Considerations p. 183 Sensitivity of Noise Temperature and Conversion Loss to LO Level and DC Bias p. 183 Port-to-Port Isolation p. 185 IF-Port VSWR and Reflected Noise p. 186 Reactive Terminations in Balanced Mixers p. 188 Image Noise From an RF Preamplifier p. 189 LO Power and Bias Leveling p. 190 Cryogenic Operation of Mixers p. 190 Methods of Refrigeration p. 191 Insulation p. 192 Mechanical Design of Cooled Mixers p. 193 Diodes and Electrical Considerations p. 194 Noise Measurements p. 195 Basic Technique p. 195 Simultaneous Noise and Gain Measurement p. 197 Noise Sources p. 200 Noise Measurement Errors p. 202 References p. 203 Single-Diode Mixers p. 205 Basic Approach p. 206 Design Rationale p. 206 Diode Selection p. 209 Design Methodology p. 211 Special Considerations for Very-High-Frequency Mixers p. 212 Single-Diode Mixer Designs p. 215 Untuned Mixer p. 215 Waveguide Mixer p. 216 Accurate Determination of the Embedding Impedances p. 226 Single-Diode Millimeter-Wave Mixers Using Beam-Lead Diodes p. 227 Single-Diode Mixers Above 100 GHz p. 229 References p. 235 Balanced Mixers p. 237 Microwave Hybrids p. 238
Fundamentals of Hybrid Couplers p. 238 Hybrid Couplers p. 240 Baluns p. 255 Singly Balanced Mixers p. 260 General Concepts p. 260 180-Degree Hybrid Mixers p. 267 Doubly Balanced Mixers p. 269 Ring Mixers p. 269 Star Mixer p. 273 High-Level Doubly Balanced Mixers p. 275 Subharmonically Pumped Mixers p. 277 Image-Rejection Mixers p. 280 SSB Modulators p. 283 Conclusions p. 284 References p. 288 Balanced Mixer Circuits p. 289 Waveguide Mixers p. 289 "Magic Tee" Hybrid Mixer p. 289 Crossbar Mixer p. 291 Fin-Line Mixers p. 293 Stripline and Microstrip Mixers p. 296 Hybrid Ring (Rat-Race) Mixer p. 296 Slotline Rat-Race Mixer p. 298 Quadrature Hybrid Mixers p. 299 Doubly Balanced Mixer Circuits p. 300 Low-Frequency Ring Mixers p. 300 Microwave Doubly Balanced Ring Mixers p. 301 Microwave Star Mixer p. 303 Biasable Balanced Mixer p. 308 Subharmonically Pumped Mixers p. 309 High-Frequency SHP Mixers Using Beam-Lead Diodes p. 309 Microstrip SHP Mixer p. 311 References p. 312 FET Mixers p. 313 Design of Single-Gate FET Mixers p. 314 Design Philosophy p. 314 Approximate Design of Single-Gate Mixers p. 318 Design Example p. 320 Numerical Analysis of FET Mixers p. 322 Dual-Gate Mixers p. 328 Operation of Dual-Gate Mixers p. 328
Approximate Small-Signal Analysis of Dual-Gate FET Mixers p. 331 Balanced FET Mixers p. 333 Single-Gate Balanced FET Mixers p. 334 Doubly Balanced FET Mixers p. 336 FET Resistive Mixers p. 338 Fundamental Concept p. 338 Single-Device FET Resistive Mixer p. 339 Balanced FET Resistive Mixers p. 340 Distributed Mixers p. 344 References p. 348 Monolithic Mixers p. 349 Applications p. 349 Communication Receivers p. 350 Television p. 350 Radar p. 350 Characteristics of the Monolithic Medium p. 351 General Characteristics p. 351 Materials p. 351 Circuit Elements p. 352 Models p. 353 Testing p. 354 Circuits p. 354 Devices p. 354 FET Circuits p. 355 Baluns and Hybrids p. 361 Diode Circuits p. 364 References p. 367 Table of Contents provided by Blackwell's Book Services and R.R. Bowker. Used with permission.