MODULATION AND CODING TECHNIQUES IN WIRELESS COMMUNICATIONS Edited by Evgenii Krouk Dean of the Information Systems and Data Protection Faculty, St Petersburg State University of Aerospace Instrumentation, Russia Sergei Semenov Specialist, Nokia Corporation, Finland WILEY A John Wiley and Sons, Ltd., Publication
Contents About the Editors List of Contributors Acknowledgements Introduction 1 Channel Models and Reliable Communication Evgenii Krouk, Andrei Ovchinnikov, andjussipoikonen 1.1 Principles of Reliable Communication 1.2 AWGN 1.2.1 Baseband Representation of AWGN 1.2.2 From Sample SNR to ЕЬ/NQ 1.3 Fading Processes in Wireless Communication Channels 1.3.1 Large-Scale Fading (Path Loss) 1.3.2 Medium-Scale Fading (Shadowing) 1.3.3 Small-Scale Fading (Multipath Propagation) 1.4 Modelling Frequency-Nonselective Fading 1.4.1 Rayleigh and Rice Distributions 1.4.2 Maximum Doppler Frequency Shift 1.4.3 Wide-Sense Stationary Stochastic Processes 1.4.4 Rayleigh and Rice Models for Frequency-Nonselective Fading 1.4.5 SNR in Rayleigh Fading Channels 1.5 WSSUS Models for Frequency-Selective Fading 1.5.1 Basic Principles 1.5.2 Definitions References 2 Modulation Sergei Semenov 2.1 Basic Principles of Bandpass Modulation 2.1.1 The Complex Representation of a Bandpass Signal 2.1.2 Representation of Signal with Basis Functions 2.1.3 Pulse Shaping 2.1.4 Matched Filter 2.2 PSK 2.2.1 BPSK 2.2.2 QPSK
vi Contents 2.2.3 2.2.4 2.2.5 2.2.6 2.3 MSK 2.3.1 2.4 QAM 2.5 OFDM References M-PSK DPSK OQPSK ж/4-qpsk GMSK 47 48 50 51 54 54 60 66 81 3 3.1 3.2 3.3 3.4 3.5 3.6 3.7 3.8 3.9 3.10 3.11 3.12 3.13 Block Codes Grigorii Kabatiansky, Ev genii Krouk, Andrei Ovchinnikov, and Sergei Semenov Main Definitions Algebrai ic Structures Linear Block Codes Cyclic Codes Bounds on Minimum Distance Minimum Distance Decoding Information Set Decoding Hamming Codes Reed-Solomon Codes BCH Codes Decodin g of BCH Codes Sudan Algorithm and Its Extensions LDPC Codes 3.13.1 3.13.2 References LDPC Constructions Decoding of LDPC Codes 83 83 86 94 98 114 119 120 128 131 133 135 139 146 148 154 157 4 Convolutional Codes and Turbo-Codes 161 Sergei Semenov andandrey Trofimov 4.1 Convolutional Codes Representation and Encoding 161 4.2 Viterbi Decoding Algorithm 169 4.2.1 Hard Decision Viterbi Algorithm 170 4.2.2 Soft Decision Viterbi Algorithm 174 4.3 List Decoding 178 4.4 Upper Bound on Bit Error Probability for Viterbi Decoding 178 4.5 Sequential Decoding 183 4.5.1 Stack Algorithm 184 4.5.2 Fano Algorithm 187 4.6 Parallel-Concatenated Convolutional Codes and Soft Input Soft Output Decoding 190 4.7 SISO Decoding Algorithms 195 4.7.1 MAP Algorithm and Its Variants 195 4.7.2 Soft-In/Soft-Out Viterbi Algorithm (SOVA) 201 References 205 4. A Modified Chernoff Bound and Some Applications 206 Andrey Trofimov References 219
Contents vii 5 Equalization 221 Sergei Semenov 5.1 Equalization with Filtering 222 5.1.1 Zero-Forcing Equalization 226 5.1.2 MMSE Equalization 228 5.1.3 DFE 233 5.2 Equalization Based on Sequence Estimation 239 5.2.1 MLSE Equalization 239 5.2.2 Sphere Detection 242 5.3 RAKE Receiver 251 5.4 Turbo Equalization 254 5.5 Performance Comparison 259 References 261 6 ARQ 263 Evgenii Krouk 6.1 Basic ARQ Schemes 263 6.1.1 Basic Concepts 263 6.1.2 Stop-and-Wait ARQ 265 6.1.3 ARQ with N Steps Back (Go Back N, GBN) 267 6.1.4 ARQ with Selective Repeat (SR) 268 6.2 Hybrid ARQ 269 6.2.1 Type-I Hybrid ARQ (Chase Combining) 269 6.2.2 Type-II Hybrid ARQ (Full IR) 270 6.2.3 Туре-Ill Hybrid ARQ (Partial IR) 273 References 275 7 Coded Modulation 277 Andrey Trofimov 7.1 Principle of Coded Modulation 277 7.1.1 Illustrative Example 280 7.2 Modulation Mapping by Signal Set Partitioning 282 7.3 Ungerboeck Codes 285 7.4 Performance Estimation of TCM System 287 7.4.1 Squared Distance Structure of PSK and QAM Constellations 287 7.4.2 Upper Bound on Error Event Probability and Bit Error Probability for TCM 289 References 299 8 MIMO 301 Andrei Ovchinnikov and Sergei Semenov 8.1 MIMO Channel Model 301 8.1.1 Fading in Narrowband Channels 301 8.1.2 Fading Countermeasures: Diversity 303 8.1.3 MIMO Channel model 306 8.2 Space-Time Coding 310 8.2.1 Maximum Ratio Combining 310 8.2.2 Definition of Space-Time Codes 311 8.2.3 Space-Time Codes with Two Transmit Antennas 312 8.2.4 Construction Criteria for Space-Time Codes 314
viii Contents 8.3 Orthogonal Designs 317 8.3.1 Real Orthogonal Designs 317 8.3.2 Complex Orthogonal Designs 319 8.3.3 Decoding of Space-Time Codes 323 8.3.4 Error Probability for Orthogonal Space-Time Codes 326 8.4 Space-Time Trellis Codes 327 8.4.1 Space-Time Trellis Codes 327 8.4.2 Space-Time Turbo Trellis Codes 330 8.5 Differential Space-Time Codes 334 8.6 Spatial Multiplexing 337 8.6.1 General Concepts 337 8.6.2 V-BLAST 339 8.6.3 D-BLAST 341 8.6.4 Turbo-BLAST 342 8.7 Beamforming 344 References 348 9 Multiple Access Methods 351 Dmitry Osipov, Jarkko Paavola, and jussi Poikonen 9.1 Frequency Division Multiple Access 353 9.1.1 Spectral Reuse 355 9.1.2 OFDMA 356 9.1.3 SC-FDMA 358 9.1.4 WDMA 359 9.2 Time Division Multiple Access 359 9.3 Code Division Multiple Access 360 9.3.1 Direct-Sequence CDMA 360 9.3.2 Frequency-Hopping CDMA 366 9.4 Advanced MA Methods 367 9.4.1 Multicarrier CDMA 367 9.4.2 Random OFDMA 368 9.4.3 DHA-FH-CDMA 369 9.5 Random Access Multiple Access Methods 371 9.6 Conclusions 376 References 376 10 Standardization in IEEE 802.11,802.16 381 Tuomas Laine, ZexianLi, Andrei Malkov, andprabodh Varshney 10.1 IEEE Overview 381 10.2 Standard Development Process 384 10.3 IEEE 802.11 Working Group 385 10.4 IEEE 802.16 Working Group 386 10.5 IEEE802.il 388 10.5.1 Overview and Scope 388 10.5.2 Frequency Plan 388 10.5.3 Reference Model 389 10.5.4 Architecture 390 10.5.5 802.11a 391 10.5.6 802.11b 392 10.5.7 802.11g 394
Contents ix 10.5.8 802.11n 395 10.5.9 Future Developments 397 10.6 IEEE 802.16x 398 10.6.1 Key PHYFeatures of the IEEE 802.16e 398 70.6.2 IEEE 802.16m 400 References 428 11 Standardization in 3GPP 429 Asbj0rn Gr0vlen, KariHooli, MattiJokimies, Kari Pajukoski, Sergei Semenov, andesa Tiirola 11.1 Standardization Process and Organization 429 11.1.1 General 429 11.1.2 Organization of 3GPP 430 11.1.3 Organization of TSG RAN 430 11.1.4 Standardization Process 431 11.1.5 3GPP Releases 432 11.1.6 Frequency Bands and 3GPP Releases 433 11.1.7 RAN Specifications 433 11.2 3G WCDMA 433 11.2.1 WCDMA Concept. Logical, Transport and Physical Channels 434 11.2.2 Logical and Transport Channels 435 11.2.3 Physical Channels 440 11.2.4 Coding, Spreading and Modulation 459 11.2.5 Cell Search 476 11.2.6 Power Control Procedures 476 11.2.7 Handover Procedures 479 11.2.8 Transmit Diversity 486 11.3 3.5G HSDPA/HSUPA 490 11.3.1 HSDPA 490 11.3.2 HSUPA 536 11.3.3 CPC 574 11.4 4GLTE 577 11.4.1 LTE Downlink 577 11.4.2 LTE Uplink 592 References 602 12 CDMA2000 and Its Evolution 605 Andrei Ovchinnikov 12.1 Development of 3G CDMA2000 Standard 605 12.1.1 IS-95 Family of Standards (cdmaone) 605 12.1.2 IS-2000 Family of Standards 606 12.2 Reverse Channel of Physical Layer in CDMA2000 Standard 611 12.2.1 Reverse Channel Structure 611 12.2.2 Forward Error Correction (FEC) 612 12.2.3 Codeword Symbols Repetition 615 12.2.4 Puncturing 618 12.2.5 Block Interleaving 618 12.2.6 Orthogonal Modulation and Orthogonal Spreading 619 12.2.7 Direct Sequence Spreading and Quadrature Spreading 619 12.2.8 Frame Quality Indicator 622
X Contents 12.3 Forward Channel of Physical Layer in CDMA2000 Standard 623 12.3.1 Forward Channel Structure 623 12.3.2 Forward Error Correction 625 12.3.3 Codeword Symbols Repetition 629 12.3.4 Puncturing 630 12.3.5 Block Interleaving 630 12.3.6 Sequence Repetition 630 12.3.7 Data Scrambling 630 12.3.8 Orthogonal and Quasi-Orthogonal Spreading 631 12.3.9 Quadrature Spreading 631 12.3.10 Frame Quality Indicator 631 12.4 Architecture Model of CDMA2000 1 xev-do Standard 631 12.4.1 Structure of Physical Layer Packet 632 12.4.2 FCS Computation 632 12.5 Access Terminal of the CDMA2000 1 xev-do Standard 633 12.5.1 Power Control.633 12.5.2 Reverse Channel Structure 633 12.5.3 Modulation Parameters and Transmission Rates 634 12.5.4 Access Channel 634 12.5.5 Reverse Traffic Channel 636 12.5.6 Encoding 640 12.5.7 Channel Interleaving and Repetition 641 12.5.8 Quadrature Spreading 641 Access Network of the CDMA2000 1 xev-do Standard 643 12.6 Access 12.6.1 12.6.2 12.6.3 12.6.4 12.6.5 12.6.6 12.6.7 12.6.8 Forward Channel Structure 643 Modulation Parameters and Transmission Rates 645 Pilot Channel 645 Forward MAC Channel 645 Control Channel 647 Forward Traffic Channel 647 Time-Division Multiplexing 651 Quadrature Spreading 651 654 Index 655