Limits to the Exponential Advances in DWDM Filter Technology? DARPA/MTO WDM for Military Platforms April 18-19, 2000 McLean, VA Philip J. Anthony E-TEK Dynamics San Jose CA phil.anthony@e-tek.com
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Limits to the Exponential Advances in DWDM Filter Technology? DARPA/MTO WDM for Military Platforms Progress in DWDM Filtering Technology! Thin Film Filters! Arrayed Waveguide Gratings! Holographic Gratings Interleaver Status Roadmap for the Near Future
100% TECHNOLOGY PROGRESS RESOURCE EFFICIENCY 10% 1% 0.1% 0% Steam Engines 1 Thomas Newcomen Thomas Savery James Watt II Cornish I James Watt I Cornish II Lamps 1 Charles Parsons T riple expansion Paraffin candle St eam turbine St eam turbine GaAs diode Gas turbine Flourescent Mercury Sodium Tungsten filament Celulose filament Edison's first lamp 10 Gb/s @25 GHz 10 Gb/s @50 GHz 10 Gb/s @100 GHz DWDM Systems 4 x 10Gb/s 8 x 2.5Gb/s 1700 1750 1800 1850 1900 1950 2000 2050 1) Jesse H. Ausubel, "Where is Energy Going?", The Industrial Physicist, Vol. 6 (1), p. 17 (Feb. 2000). pja 3/2/00
Industry Filter Yield Improvements Yields 90% 80% 70% 60% 50% 40% 30% 20% 10% 0% 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 400 GHz 200 GHz 100 GHz 50 GHz
50GHz DWDM Spectrum-Transmission 0-5 -10 IL (db) -15-20 -25-30 -35 1545 1547 1549 1551 1553 1555 1557 Wavelength (nm)
100 GHz Filter Shapes Transmission (db) 0-2 -4-6 -8-10 -12-14 -16-18 0.0-0.1-0.2-0.3-0.4-0.5-0.6-0.7-0.8-0.9 Transmission (db) -20-1.0 1556.0 1556.5 1557.0 1557.5 1558.0 Wavelength (nm)
DWDM THIN FILM FILTER PROGRESS 1.6 200 GHz 1996 1.6 1.4 100% FILL FACTOR 50% FILL FACTOR 400 GHz 1.4 PASS CHANNEL WIDTH (nm) 1.2 1.0 0.8 0.6 0.4 0.2 0.0 1999 200 GHz 1998 100 GHz 1997 200 GHz 100 GHz 1999 1998 2000 100 GHz 1999? 50 GHz 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 1.2 1.0 0.8 0.6 0.4 0.2 0.0 REFLECT CHANNEL (ISOLATION) WIDTH (nm)
AWG DWDM MUX & DEMUX
Basic Performance of an AWG 10 Sidelobes v.s. Waveguide Numbers 0-10 M=60 M=100 M=140 Loss (db) -20-30 -40-50 -60 1552 1553 1554 1555 1556 wavelength (nm)
Basic Waveguide Structure Silicon-on-Silicon (Bookham Technology) easier to manufacture, Si- CMOS process pure semiconductor waveguide, small bending radius, small chip size difficult to package due to mode miss-match few vendors, little R&D offer lowest X-Talk further integration, OEIC SiO 2 Buffer Si-Substrate SiO 2 Cladding Si-Waveguide
Packaged Silicon AWG
Typical Spectrum of Packaged AWG Module -5-10 -15 Insertion Loss (-db) -20-25 -30-35 -40-45 1527 1532 1537 1542 1547 1552 1557 1562 Wavele ngth (nm)
Holographic grating DWM Simple structure, high channel count 12-15 cm λ 1, λ 2,... λ N ~3 cm λ 5 λ N Concave holographic grating Planar waveguides with S-bends
Holographic Grating Attributes High channel count, yet completely passive High isolation >40 db Less developed than PAWG Issues:!Channel uniformity!passband flatness!polarization-dependent loss
Measured HG Response (Not Flattened) 50 channels @ 100 GHz, not flattened Transmission, db 0-5 -10-15 -20-25 -30-35 -40-45 Channels passbands -50 1525 1530 1535 1540 1545 1550 1555 1560 1565 wavelength, nm
Basic Michelson-Gires-Tournois Interleaver Structure E refl L 1 = 2L 2 After Dingel and Aruga, JLT vol. 17(8), pp. 1461, 1999.
Packaged Prototype 25-GHz Interleaver
25-GHz Interleaver Characteristics -10-15 Relative Power (db) -20-25 -30-35 -40 1550 1551 1552 1553 1554 1555 Wavelength (nm)
25-GHz Interleaver Characteristics -10 Relative Power (db) -15-20 -25-30 -35-40 1551.5 1552 1552.5 1553 1553.5 1554 Wavelength (nm)
25-GHz Interleaver Characteristics (Insertion Loss ~ 2 db) -10-15 Relative Power (db) -20-25 -30-35 -40 1552 1552.2 1552.4 1552.6 1552.8 1553 Wavelength (nm)
System Demo with Kestrel Using a 25-GHz interleaver and 10-Gbps optical FDM systems, a two-channel ultradense WDM system was demonstrated. BERs down to 10-12 were achieved. No BER floor observed. Power penalty due to interleaver was negligible.
Optical Frequency Division Multiplexing (Kestrel) Laser Optical Modulator Photo Detector Combiner Splitter... Amp & BPF... Amp & BPF f 1 f 2 f 1 f N f 2 f N Encode and Modulate Encode and Modulate Encode and Modulate Demodulate and Decode Demodulate and Decode Demodulate and Decode s 1 s 2 s N s 1 s 2 s N
Spectra For Three Different Methods Of Transmitting 10 Gbps TDM: OC-192 20 GHz DWDM: 4 OC-48 s 50 GHz Optical FDM (Kestrel) Less than 20 GHz
DWDM System BER 1.E-07 1.E-08 Bit Error Rate 1.E-09 1.E-10 1.E-11 1.E-12 1.E-13 0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 Relative Received Optical Power (db) Laser frequency (THz): 193.081 193.055
Impact of Interleaver on BER 1.E-07 Bit Error Rate 1.E-08 1.E-09 1.E-10 EDFA, no interleaver EDFA & interleaver No interleaver & no EDFA 1.E-11 0.0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 Relative Received Optical Power (db)
INTERLEAVER DISPERSION Other Interleaver Dispersion Measurement E-TEK Interleaver Dispersion Measurement 0 0 50 0-5 Delay (ps) -10-20 -30-10 -20-30 transmission (db) Delay (ps) 40 30 20-10 -15-20 -25-30 -35-40 Transmission (db) -45-40 -40 1542.5 1543.5 1544.5 1545.5 1546.5 1547.5 wavelength (nm) 10-50 1540 1541 1542 1543 1544 1545 wavelength (nm) Delay Transmission Group Delay Transmission Special Thanks to Agilent Technologies: R. Fortenberry, F. Liang, A. Nooriala, J. Zhang for dispersion measurement
Less Than 1ps DGD E-TEK Interleaver Dispersion Measurement E-TEK Interleaver Dispersion Measurement 50 0 35 0-5 34-5 Delay (ps) 40 30 20-10 -15-20 -25-30 -35-40 Transmission (db) Delay (ps) 33 32 31 30 29 28 27-10 -15-20 -25-30 -35-40 Transmission (db) -45 26-45 10-50 1540 1541 1542 1543 1544 1545 wavelength (nm) 25 1542.3 1542.7 1543.1 1543.5 1543.9 wavelength (nm) -50 Group Delay Transmission Group Delay Transmission Special Thanks to Agilent Technologies: R. Fortenberry, F. Liang, A. Nooriala, J. Zhang for dispersion measurement
Interleaver Temperature Dependence Temperature Dependent of Type II 100 GHz Interleaver 0-5 -10 Transmission (db) -15-20 -25-30 -35-40 -45-50 -20-10 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 110 120 130 140 150 160 170 180 190 200 210 220 230 240 250 260 Frequency (GHz ref. @ 194000 GHz) Temp=23 Temp=60
DWDM Component Development Road Map 1999 2000 2001 Thin Film 100 GHz 50 GHz 25 GHz Fiber Grating 50 GHz Dispersion Compensation Interleaver 100 GHz 25 GHz 50 GHz AWG 40 ch 80 ch Diffraction Grating 40 ch 80 ch Add/Drop config 2 ch config 4 ch config 16 ch config 32 ch Wavelength Locker 100 GHz 50 GHz? 25 GHz? PMD Control KEY: 4/3/00 production development research
OPTICAL NETWORK EVOLUTION 100% Share of Transport Market MESH OF DWDM PIPES FIXED ADD / DROP CONFIGURABLE ADD / DROP NOW FUTURE PRICE / PERFORMANCE OXC Relative Price / Performance 0% Networking Functionality in the Optical Layer Networking Funtionality in the Optical Layer 0% 100%