Know Your Options: Selecting the Right Remote Site Wireless Communications Technology for Collection & Reuse Distribution Systems Standards Certification Education & Training Publishing Conferences & Exhibits Speakers: Dustin Sayre, EMA, Inc. 2013 ISA Water / Wastewater and Automatic Controls Symposium August 6-8, 2013 Orlando, Florida, USA
Presenter Dustin Sayre Dustin has been a Project Engineer with EMA for over 6 years. He specializes in: control system automation photovoltaic systems wireless telemetry www.ema-inc.com 407-786-5376 2
Presentation Outline 1. General Radio Introduction 2. System Design 3. Wireless Options 4. Controlling Remote Sites 5. Communications Protocols 6. Wireless Standards 7. Security Concerns 8. Case Study Collier County 9. Conclusion 3
Section 1 GENERAL RADIO INTRODUCTION 4
General Radio Introduction Why Use Radios Easy remote connectivity Get information from remote locations Cheaper than using hardwire connections Hardwire connections are expensive Hardwiring may not be possible Easement rights Rocky terrain Avoid New Construction No Issues with Utility Expansion 5
General Radio Introduction How Wireless Data is Transferred Data Modulation Data is grouped into blocks Data in encoded Encryption Error checking Data is piggy backed on a carrier signal Transmitting radio sends the carrier wave with the data to the receiving radio Receiving radio accepts the data Performs error checking, Sends data acknowledgement Data Demodulation Reverse process HEADER DATA ENCRIPTION KEY ERROR CHECK 6
General Radio Introduction Types of Modulation Analog Modulation Amplitude Modulation (AM) Frequency Modulation (FM) Digital Modulation Amplitude-Shift Keying (ASK) Phase-Shift Keying (PSK) Frequency-Shift Keying (FSK) Special Digital-Hybrid Modulation Spread Spectrum Binary Phase Shift Keying (BPSK) 7
Section 2 SYSTEM DESIGN REQUIREMENTS 8
System Design Requirements Functional Design Requirements 9
System Design Requirements Physical Design Requirements Distance to communicate with remotes More than one hop to get to a remote site Obstructions and Interference Trees, buildings, hills Malls, telecommunications companies, other utilities Signal noise other radio systems and electronics Location of remote sites Geographic elevation 10
System Design Requirements Determining Site Distance Online tools Site distance Ex. Google Earth Radio Path Analysis Tools Uses USGS map data Elevation data but does not account for interference and obstructions Software costs Ex. PathAnal from Micropath Radio Survey Service performed by a 3rd party vendor to determine antenna heights and possible obstructions and interference. Get actual radio signal data Is expensive 11
System Design Requirements Online Tools Rough Distances Only 12
System Design Requirements Radio Path Analysis Tool Great for determining distance and antenna height Does not take trees and buildings into account 13
System Design Requirements Radio Site Survey Actual signal strength and noise at a specific distance and antenna height Example Performance Report Location: Device: 192.168.1.20 Collier Blvd. RSSI: Date/Time: SNR: db dbm 8/1/2011 13:00:00 PM -85 26 8/1/2011 14:00:00 PM -86 26 8/1/2011 15:00:00 PM -85 26 8/1/2011 16:00:00 PM -84 25 8/1/2011 17:00:00 PM -84 26 8/1/2011 18:00:00 PM -84 18 8/1/2011 19:00:00 PM -84 17 8/1/2011 20:00:00 PM -85 18 8/1/2011 21:00:00 PM -85 18 14
System Design Requirements Site Layout Example 15
Section 3 WIRELESS OPTIONS 16
Wireless Options Communications Technologies Lease Serial Radios Ethernet Radios Cellular Radios Satellite Radios Leased Connections 17
Wireless Options Serial Radios Slow low bandwidth Old technology Unable to handle advanced protocols Losing popularity as new technologies emerge 18
Wireless Options Ethernet Radios Fast high bandwidth Widely used technology Gaining popularity Requires additional security 19
Wireless Options Cellular Radios Monthly Charges based on amount of data Rely on 3rd party service agreements Expect downtime 20
Wireless Options Satellite Radios Monthly Charges based on amount of data Rely on 3rd party service agreements Usually downtime Very expensive Requires no obstructions overhead 21
Wireless Options Leased Connections Monthly Charges based on data rate DSL (digital subscriber link) 640 Kb/sec data rate Available in most areas Inexpensive Cable modem 1 Mb/Sec data rate Available in most urban areas Inexpensive T1 span 1.53 Mb/Sec data rate Expensive Dark fiber 10 Gb/Sec data rate Can be very expensive 22
Wireless Options Antenna Types Yagi Omni Parabolic Dish Directional Panel Low Profile Omni 23
Wireless Options Yagi Antenna 25 o Arc Point to point communication Typically used at remote sites Focused signal to increase bandwidth and distance Reduce noise interference from other radios Must be oriented in proper direction and polarization 24
Wireless Options Omni Antenna Side View 360 o Coverage High View No Signal Multipoint communication Typically used at master sites and repeater sites Wide coverage Susceptible to noise interference from other radios Always oriented vertically No signal under antenna 25
Wireless Options Monopole Antenna (Omni-directional) 26
Wireless Options Directional Antenna (Dish, Panel) Point to point communication Focused signal to increase bandwidth and distance Typically used in high bandwidth long distance applications 45 o Cone 45 o Ar c Reduce noise interference from other radios Must be oriented in proper direction 27
Wireless Options Common Radio Frequencies Band Data Throughput Licensed or Unlicensed 136-174 MHz 1 Mb Licensed 215-240 MHz 1 Mb Licensed 406-512 MHz 1 Mb Licensed 902-928 MHz 1 Mb Unlicensed 928-960 MHz 1Mb Licensed 2.4 GHz 1 Mb Unlicensed 4.9 GHz 50 Mb Unlicensed 5.3/5.4/5.8 GHz 100 Mb Unlicensed 6.0 GHz 2000 Mb Licensed 13.0 GHz 2000 Mb Licensed 23.0 GHz 2000 Mb Licensed 57-64 GHz 1000 Mb Unlicensed 28
Section 4 CONTROLLING REMOTE SITES 29
Controlling Remote Sites Remote Sites Have Control Functionality Requires PLCs Able to handle lots of data Data computation handled locally at Remote Site More flexibility with local control Able to operate without communications to master Faster response to setpoints High cost to put a PLC at each remote site. 30
Controlling Remote Sites Most of the Control Takes Place at Master Site Remote telemetry Unit (RTU) Specifically designed for Radio Applications Have built in features to support radio protocols Limited Data handling ability Less Expensive than PLCs 31
Controlling Remote Sites All Control Takes Place at Master Site Remote IO No local control All processing of data happens at the Master station. Limited data handling Lose communications to remote sites loose all local functionality at remote sites. Lowest cost 32
Section 5 COMMUNICATIONS PROTOCOLS 33
Communications Protocols Modbus Developed in 1979 as a communications driver between instruments and controllers Modbus-TCP allows Ethernet encapsulation Little Security Limited data types Simple driver language does not have room for expansion to new security regulations and evolving technologies No regulated standards Many manufacturers of devices that support Modbus add custom extensions to their devices to extend the functionality of the driver. 34
Communications Protocols OPC Data Access Developed in the early 1990s by Microsoft for process control and automation systems to interface with the Microsoft Windows operating system family Standards based architecture defines data types and protocols for accessing data from any device in the same manner Widely used in SCADA systems Data encryption capability Many data types 35
Communications Protocols DNP3 Developed in 1990 specifically for electrical utility SCADA applications Standards based architecture Many data types PLC level data encryption Meets new HLS utility security regulations already mandated for electric utilities Device-based time stamping of data Supports data backfill to historian on communications loss. Some controllers do not currently support DNP3 36
Section 6 WIRELESS STANDARDS 37
Wireless Standards Wireless Standards IEEE 802.11a, b, c (WIFI) IEEE 802.15.1 (Bluetooth) IEEE 802.15.4 (Zigbee, Wireless HART) Standards based components Backward Compatibility Interoperability 38
Wireless Standards WIFI (wireless fidelity) 802.11a 5GHz ISM Band OFDM, 54 Mbps 802.11b 2.4 GHz ISM Band DSSS, 11Mbps 802.11g 2.4 GHz ISM Band DSSS, 54 Mbps 39
Wireless Standards Bluetooth IEEE 802.15.1 2.4 GHz ISM Band FHSS, 723 Kbps Range- 10 m. Master/Slave-7 slaves max 40
Wireless Standards 802.15.4 2.4GHz ISM Band Zigbee 250 Kbps Low data rates Low power consumption Wireless HART IEC 62591 41
Wireless Standards ISA 100.11a ISA flavor of 801.XX New Standard Developed in 2009 Specific to Automation Industry Deals with Standards at the Instrument Level Compliant with IEEE 801.XX standards Has not been widely adopted Currently only deals with 2.4 and 5 GHz frequency standards 42
Section 7 SECURITY CONCERNS 43
Wireless Standards Basic Concepts of Wireless Security Network Security Secure location Secure access to network User authentication Data Security Data encryption Secure access to data 44
Wireless Standards Network Security SECURE LOCAL ACCESS USER AUTHENTICATION REMOTE SITES SCADA NETWORK 45
Wireless Standards Data Security 802.1x authentication 128/256 AES/WEP/WPA encryption Automatic rotating key algorithms Static device name table Neighbor Table Turn off Access Point Security built into driver Additional Options Disable DHCP hosting Set static IP addresses Configure routing tables 46
Wireless Standards Articles on SCADA Security 47
Section 8 CASE STUDY COLLIER COUNTY 48
Case Study Collier County In-Plant Site Layout 49
Case Study Collier County Old Serial Radio System Remote Site Required multiple radio hops, signal splitters and multiple radios to connect to one remote site. Radio Freq A Polling PLC Radio Radio Freq B Radio Serial Splitter 50
Case Study Collier County Master Site Master PLC and Omni Directional Antenna 51
Case Study Collier County Typical Remote Site Panel Layout 52
Case Study Collier County Distant Remote Site No Power Available Low Power Radio Battery Backup High Gain Directional Antenna 53
Case Study Collier County Antenna Lightning Arrestor Usually antennas are the tallest metal structure Protect radio equipment and PLCs with proper surge suppression 54
Case Study Collier County Grounding PLCs and radios need solid grounds to communicate. Have grounds tested and certified. 55
Case Study Collier County Ground Rod Typical Installation 56
Section 9 CONCLUSION 57
Conclusion Why Collier Upgraded their Radio System Improve efficiency Cost saving Less overflows Robust communication with remote sites Easy to setup and maintain system Maintain SCADA system security 58