THE CLWYD-POWYS ARCHAEOLOGICAL TRUST Castell Collen Coins 1995 DESCRIPTIVE CATALOGUE CPAT Report No 175
CPAT Report No 175 Castell Collen Coins 1995 DESCRIPTIVE CATALOGUE by Mark WaIters June 199 The Clwyd-Powys Archaeological Trust 7a Church Street Welshpool Powys SY21 7DL tel (01938) 55370, lax 552179 CPAT
Introduction CASTEll COllEN COINS 1995 The enclosed catalogue describes 103 coins which have been recovered from fields on the periphery of the Scheduled Ancient Monument (SAM R.1) boundary around Castell Co llen Roman Fort (S00529) 1km north west of Llandrindod Wells. Of the 103 coins listed 95 have been retrieved with the aid of a Fisher 125X discriminating motion type metal detector by a local metal detectorist between May 1995 and June 199. 7 unrecorded coins from Leslie Alcock's 1957 excavations of the Bath House were identified in Llandrindod Wells Museum and a further unlocated coin from the fort area was also described from the museum. The 97 Roman coins supplement the list of 28 coins drawn up by George Boon in 1973 (Boon G. TRS Vol. 43, pp.8-22, 1973) to give a total of 125 from Castell Collen to date. The 28 coins identified by Boon have been included in the bar chart at the rear of the report. The majority of the identifiable issues are denarii while only 25% of the bronze issues could be accurately assigned to a reign due to the high proportion of heavily corroded coins. The Metal Detector Finds The metal detector search was not systematic and a wide area has been randomly covered. The wood on the east side of the fort has received concentrated attention and this is reflected in the distribution map at the back of the report. A large number of other Roman period metal finds were made along with the coins and these are the subject of a separate report. The maximum depth of detection with the metal detector in local ground conditions is up to 10" with large ferrous objects and minimal discrimination settings. However the average depth at which objects were recovered with higher discrimination is no more than 4" and frequently less. Where finds have been recovered in pasture fields therefore it is anticipated that the damage to intact sub -surface deposits has been minimal and excavation of the finds is unlikely to have reached beyond ploughsoils. The widely scattered distribution of material outside the wooded area is largely a reflection of the random metal detecting search but the finds recovered do suggest that intact sub -surface remains of Roman date, spanning the first to third centuries, are present on the southern side and, to a lesser extent, the western side of the fort. Deposits are likely to have been disturbed by later agricultural activity but good preservation is anticipated at depth and the excavation of the Bath House in the 1950's provides an example of the expected range and quality of material wh ich may survive. It should be noted that Alcock's 1957 excavations located Flavian deposits beneath the Bath House which may be evidence for early settlement on the southern side of the fort (Alcock L., TRS. Vol. 27, page 9). In the wood on the east side of the fort the lack of agricultural activity and the planting of broadly spaced broad leaves has preserved extensive traces of earthworks related to a possible vicus. In winter, without the masking effect of vegetation, rubble and earthen banks can be traced which clearly represent the remains of buildings, boundaries, trackways and other related features throughout the wood. The surface evidence for the intensity of settlement in this area is supported by the wealth of metal finds recovered. Given that Roman deposits clearly survive at or just below the surface it is obvious that metal detector activity here has almost1certainly removed finds from
stratified contexts. Finds were recorded by the metal detectorist on copies of the scheduling maplet without the aid of measured survey techniques and location was by visual reference to ground features located on the maplets only. There is therefore a high potential for the inaccurate locating of finds and this should be borne in mind when attempting spatial analysis of the finds and their dating in relation to changing settlement patterns around the fort periphery. Republican The Coins - Discussion The presence of ten Republican denarii is a significant addition to the coin list for Castell Collen although their presence does not directly infer a change to the previously published interpretations of a Flavian foundation date for the turf and timber fort. The longevity of circulation of Republican silver issues is well attested on other military sites throughout Britain and has been addressed in Richard Reece's statistical work on the presence of Republican denarii in hoards of AD 43 to 307 (Reece, R. Coinage in Roman Britain. Seaby. 1987). This work shows that as late as Trajan's reign (98-117 AD) Republican denarii still represented up to 50% of the circulating coin pool. We know from Dio Cassius's account that Trajan recalled all of the old Republican silver circa 100 AD. The supply of coinage to Britain before the Flavian period was minimal and except for the VICTORIA AVGVSTI SC base metal issues of Nero, struck from 4 AD onwards, there does not seem to have been a deliberate injection of new coinage. This means that if a denarius was dropped on a military site between AD 43 and 100 the probability is that it would be a Republican issue rather than contemporary silver. The dominance of the civil war issues of Mark Antony in the catalogue may reflect the extended survival of these issues in the circulation pool after Trajan's recall of Republican denarii. The striking of these coins for his troops in the run up to the Actium campaign in 31 BC is described in historical sources and they were considered to be a highly debased series. Trajan may have been aware of this fact and perhaps allowed them to circulate with his own issues of reduced silver content after 100 AD. The lack of Claudian copy issues is also significant for the dating of the foundation of the first fort. These issues, probably struck in Britain under military supervision, supplemented the meagre base metal coinage available in the province up to the 70's AD after which they ceased to be produced. Their absence at Castell Collen can be taken as strong evidence that no pre Flavian military establishment was constructed at this site. Flavian Coinage The bar chart produced for this report shows a clear peak in site coin losses in the Flavian period and strongly suggests, bearing in mind the previous discussion on the high loss of Republican issues, that the foundation of the fort, and therefore the potential for the earliest related coin losses was in the period from 9 to 9 AD. The earliest foundation date which can be inferred by the coins is based on the deposition of the earliest coin with little or no circulation wear in this period and this is the denarius of Vitellius struck in 9 AD. This should only be used as a guide rather than an absolute date for foundation. The lack of circulation wear on this coin may suggest loss within the period 70-75 AD. 2
It is clear from the distribution of Flavian issues that occupation areas outside the fort on the southern and eastern sides had already started to be constructed in this period. Trajanic & Hadrianic Coinage The largest peak in coin loss occurs in the Trajanic period between 9 and 117 AD clearly demonstrating a consistent occupation of the fort throughout this period and demonstrating the increasing use and expansion of the exterior settlement area around the fort. Antonine Coinage The period 138-180 AD sees continued loss of coinage throughout. The anticipated peak related to the assumed Antonine refurbishment of the fort in the middle of the second century does not occur and the loss trend is rather low compared to the TrajanicHadrianic series where coins with little circulation wear (particularly amongst the denarii) are being lost frequently and probably within the first quarter of the second century. We may therefore be seeing evidence for a Hadrianic refurbishment of the fort rather than an Antonine phase of reconstruction. Severan Coinage The closely dated coin series from Castell Collen ends with a practically mint denarius of Commodus and a very worn sestertius of the same emperor. If we take the wear on the sestertius as indicative of the circulation of the coin then its loss could have occurred well into the first half of the third century. The overal l lack of coinage in the Severan and later periods up to the deposition of the possible radiate copies at Castell Collen, in the late third century, is not an uncommon feature of site coin lists and should not be taken to show a period of fort abandonment. The input of Severan coinage from 193-20 into the province was again very low and resulted in widespread provincial copying of official Severan denarii to create a local pool of coinage. The copies were often extremely debased imitations of official issues and two examples from Castell Collen are recorded by Boon (1973) The lack of site losses may only reflect a lack of circulating coinage as a whole which in turn makes the extant coinage a more valued possession less likely to be lost carelessly. This period in the coin list is however parallelled by excavated evidence for a reduction in the size of the garrison (from 1,000 to approx. 500 troops) and the area of the fort. Part of the interior of the fort was apparently abandoned. So there is possibly also a population size factor in the decrease of coin losses in this period The Third Century Coins The five coins recorded as belonging to this period in the new site list cannot be dated closely and have been assigned loosely to the third century by size and visual appearance only as bronze antoninianii. The more irregular coins may be the remains of radiate copies struck at unofficial mints both in this province and on the continent in the period 274-2B AD, after the Aurelianic coinage reform. The latest coin found at Castell Collen is an antoninianus of Carausius (AD 287-293) which is now sadly lost. The reverse is MONETA AVG and belongs to an unattributed mint. The condition and date of these coins would be consistent with the interpretation of the final occupation of the fort in the early fourth century. 3
Fourth Century The lack of any coins of this period strongly suggests a final occupation date in the early fourth century, probably no later than 310 AD. Medieval The six Medieval hammered coins recovered are all assumed to be casual losses of visitors to the site between the Middle Medieval and Early Post Medieval periods. Referances Alcock L. 1957. Castell Collen Excavations. Transactions of the Radnorshire Society. Volume 27. Boon G.C. 1973. Finds from Castell Collen Roman Fort 1911-13. Transactions of the Radnorshire Society. Volume 43. Boon G.C. 1978. More Finds from Castell Collen Roman Fort. Transactions of the Radnorshire Society. Volume 48. Evelyn-White H.G. 1914. Excavations at Castell Collen, LLandrindod Wells. Archaeologia Cambrensis. Sixth Series. Vol. XIV, Part 1. Reece. R. 1987. Coinage in Roman Britain. Seaby. London. Acknowledgements Firstly to Steve Wood who has kindly allowed us to examine and report on the metal detector finds he has recovered from Castell Col len; To Mrs R.J. Wilson of Abercamlo, Gwystre (the landowner) also for permiss ion to examine and report on the coins; To Chris Wilson, the curator at Llandrindod Wells Museum, for loaning finds from previous excavations and for a copy of the site catalogue; To Caroline Earwood for SMR input: To Dave Thomas for printing the digitised map let of find locations. Mark Wa lters 13 June 199 4
CASTELL COLLEN COINS ~ FULL DESCRIPTIVE CATALOGUE 199 2315 CCl Finder No : D8 NGR : S005757254 T.MANLIUS MANCINUS 111-110 BC REPUBLICAN 17mm 5 Hd. of Roma r. Victory in triga r. [T MAL AP CL Q VR] EW OffstruckVW with Cor. 1995 metal detector find RSC.l.MALLIA 2, P.1. Acc. No : Context No : Date : Period : Diam. (max): Notes : Acc. No: Context No : Denomination : Period : Ref : 33822 CC2 D18 S005584233 Q.TITIUS c.90 BC REPUBLICAN 1mm 8 Hd. of young Bacchus r. Tablet inscribed [Q.TITIJ from which springs Pegasus r. EWVW 1995 metal detector find RSC.l.92 Titia 2. BMC 2225 33841 CC5 D3 S005780245 C.VIBIUS.C.Cn.PANSA CAETRONIANUS Circa 48 BC REPUBLICAN 21mm 3 Helm. bearded hd. r. [PANS]A below IOVIS [AXVR] before [Cl VIBIV[S CFCN] behind Jupiter Axurus std. 1. WVW Irregular shaped flan, partly offstruck. 1995 detector find. RSC.l.VIBIA 19. Var. 5
NGR : Denomination : 33823 CC 048 S00583250 OENARIUS PETILLIUS CAPITOLINUS 43 BC REPUBLICAN 18.5mm Eagle with hd. r. wings spread on thunderbolt. PETILLIVS above [CAPITOLINVS] below. Temple of six columns, pediment ornamented with armed figures - all Illeg. EWBlank 1995 Metal detector find. AS RSC.1.PETILLIA.2 23158 CC3 09 S0054352925 OENARIUS MARK ANTONY 32-31 BC REPUBLICAN 18mm 7 [ANT AVG] III VIR R P [C) Praetorian Galley to r. Legionary eagle between two standards [LEG ] EWEW 1995 metal detector find As RSC.1.2-0 33824 CC52 038 S005112714 OENARIUS MARK ANTONY 32-31 BC REPUBLICAN 1.5mm Praetorian ga l ley r. ANT A[VG] III VIR RPC Legionary eagle between 2 standards [L]EG III SWVW 1995 Metal dtector find. RSC.1. 28
Weight (g) : Obverse : NGR : 33772 CC57 218 S00578250 MARK ANTONY 32-31 BC REPUBLICAN 19mm 10 Praetorian galley r. Illeg. Legionary eagle between 2 standards EWEW 1995 Metal detector find As RSC.1.28 LEG [--] Illeg. 3377. I CCll 219 S0057002757 MARK ANTONY 32-31 BC REPUBLICAN 1.5mm Praetorian galley r. [ANT AVG III VIR RPC] Legionary eagle between 2 standards. [CHORTIVM PRA]ET[OR]IARVM EWEW 1995 Metal detector find RSC.l.M.ANTONY.7 33787 CC 58 214 S0054402824 AUGUSTUS Circa 19 BC REPUBLICAN 18mm His laur. hd. 1. C[AESARI AVGVSTO] Round temple of four columns in which quadriga and eagle [SPQR] in ex. SWW Off truck. 1995 Metal detector find. RSC.1. 281 7 is a chariot surmounted by
S.F.No : Weight (g) : Die Axis : Notes : Ref : PRN : S. F.No : Context No : NGR : Diam. (max) : Weight (g) : Die Axis : Reverse : Condition : PRN : S.F.No : NGR : Denomination : Date : Diam. (max): Weight (g) : Obverse : Ref : 33842 CC4 D27? S00534283 AUGUSTUS 27 BC-14 AD REPUBLICAN 17.5mm His bare hd. r. SPQ[R CAESAR I AVGVS]TO Mars stg. 1. hldg. parazonium and standard [VOT P SVSC PRO SAL ET RED IOM SACR] W VW 0.5mm Fe coating to silver surface. Coin broken by finder into 3 pieces. 1995 metal detector find RSC.l.325 BMC Imp.4459 33783 CC2 215 S005442797 TIBERIUS 14-37 AD CLAUDIAN 19mm 10 His laur. hd. r. Illeg. [TI CAESAR DIVI AVG F AVGVSTVS] Livia, as Pax, std.r. hldg. olive branch & long sceptre. [PONTIF MAXIM] VWEW Damaged in antiquity. Possibly a base copy. 1995 detector find As RSC.2.1 33825 CC5 D14 S005722912 NERO 54-8 AD NERONIAN 1.5mm His bare hd. r. Illegible I llegib le EW Cor.Cor. 1995 metal detector find RSC. 2. NERO - 8
Ace. No: S.F. No: Ace. No: Ace. No: Diam. (max): 23149 CC 0 S005422715 VITELLIUS 9 AD FLAVIAN 1 17.5mm 7 His laur. hd. r. A VITELLIVS IMP GERMAN Mars adv. 1. hldg. spear and legionary eagle. CONSENSVS EXERCITVM SWSW Sold by finder 1995. 1995 metal detector find RSC.2.28. Var. POSSIBLE HYBRID COPY 33843 CC55 043 S005512592 OENARIUS VESPASIAN 9-71 AD FLAVIAN I 18mm His laur. hd. r. [---] VESPASIANVS [---] Female fig. stg. 1. hldg. cornucopia (& corn ear?) over altarcysta mistica. Illeg. VWVW New variety or contemporary copy. 1995 detector find. RSC.2.Var.Copy 33819. I CC7 OENARIUS VESPAS IAN 70-72 AD FLAVIAN I 18mm His laur. hd. r. [IMP CAES] VESP AVG PM Vesta std. 1. hldg. simpulum. [T]RI POrT] across field WW O.5mm Fe coating to rev & thin on obv. 1995 metal detector find. Not located by finder. RSC.2.51 BMC 57 9
Ace. No: Date : Diam. (max) : PRN : S.F.No : Finder No : Ace. No: Context date : Weight (g) : Notes : S. F. No : Ace. No : Period : Di am. (max): Ref : 33844 CC8 020 S005172551 VESPASIAN OBV.LEGEND TYPE 9-79 AD; COS VI = 75AD FLAVIAN I 18.5mm 7 His laur. hd. r. Retrograde legend IMP CAESAR [VESP]ASIANVS AVG Victory stg. 1. on prow of ship hldg. [palm and wreath]. PON [MAX TRP] COS VI WSW 0. 5mm Fe stain to obv. and rev. 1995 metal detector find. RSC.2.38. BMC 1 23159 CC9 010 S0054332890 DOMITIAN (As Caesar) 9-79 AD; COS V = 77AD FLAVIAN 1 18mm 5 His laur. hd. r. Retrograde legend [CAESAR] AVG DOMITI[ANVS] Wolf and Twins. Boat in ex. COlS V] SWW 0. 5mm Fe coating to obv. and rev. 1995 metal detector find RSC. 2. 51 BMC 240 33845 CC9 024 S005722707 VESPASIAN 9-79 AD FLAVIAN 1 Not recorded. Currently with finder's brother. 10
3384 CC7 D45 1 1 1 S005725240 VESPASIAN 9-79 AD FLAVIAN 1 18mm 1 45 His laur. hd. r. [IMP] CAESAR VESPASIANVS [AVG] Winged caduceus [PON MAX ] TRP COS [V or VII] WW Retrograde legends. 1995 Metal detector find. As RSC.2.32375 3382 CC54 D39 1 1 1 S005552738 DOMITIAN 91-92 AD FLAVIAN 2 19.5mm 1 His laur. hd. r. IMP CAES DOMIT AVG GERM PM TRP XI Minerva stg. 1. shield behind at feet hldg. spear & thunderbolt. IMP XXI COS [XV] CENS PP vswvsw 1995 Metal detector fi nd RSC.2.28 33827 CC12 B5 1 1 1 S005790272 AS? DOMITIAN? 81-9 AD? FLAVIAN 2? 21.5mm Edges corroded 1 1 Hd. to r. Illegib le EWCor. 1995 metal detector find BMC. - 11
Acc. No: We i ght (g): Condition : Notes : Ref : S.F. No: Ref : S.F. No: Finder No : Acc. No : NGR : Date : Reverse : Ref : 33820 I CC13 B SESTERTIUS DOMITIAN? Late 1st. C. AD? FLAVIAN 2? 31.5mm Hd. r. with long neck I llegib le EWCor 1995 metal detector find. Location not recorded in CC Wood. BMC.- 33820 2. CC42 B22 SESTERTIUS DOMITIAN? 81-9 AD FLAVIAN 2 32.5mm His laur. hd. r.? Illeg. Illeg. EWEW Cor. 1995 metal detector find. Location not recorded in CC Wood BMC.- 341 CC43 F LIII S00527 SESTERTIUS DOMITIAN? 81-9 AD FLAVIAN 2 34.5mm Laur. hd. r. [-----] AVG GE[R----] Female fig. stg. r. leaning on spear or sceptre before uncertain obj. to r. Illeg. VWEW ~ Unpublished coin from L.Alcock ' s 1957 ex~ations house. Context designation F = the cold plunge room. BMC. - 12 of the bath
Diam. (max) : Weight (g) : S.F. No : Period : Diam. (max): Die Axis : S.F.No : Acc. No: Context No : Context date : NGR : Denomi nation: Die Axis : Obverse : 33789. I CC81 S005752271 Ae Dupondius? DOMITIAN 81-9 AD FLAVIAN 2 24.5mm His dr. bust r. Illeg. Illeg. SWCor 1995 Metal detector find. As RIC. 33789.2. CC7 S005752271 Ae AS DOMITIAN 82-9 AD FLAVIAN 2 23mm 12 His laur. hd. r. [----] GER [---] Illeg. Fortune? stg. 1. hldg. cornucopia & rudder? [FORTVNAE AVGVSTAE SC]? WEW 1995 Metal detector find. As RIC.371 23155 CCIO D7 S005715273 NERVA 97 AD TRAJANIC 17mm His laur. hd. r. [IMP] NERVA CAES AVG PM TRP COS Two clasped hands CONCORD I A E[XERCIT]VV[M] SWSW 1995 metal detector find As RSC.2.12022 13 [ I I or 11 I] PP
Date : Diam. (max) : Weight (g) : Die Ax is : Condit ion: Ref : PRN : S.F.No : Finder No : Acc. No : Context No : Denomination : Issuer : Date : Period : Diam. (max): Die Axis : Reverse : Condition : Notes : PRN : Finder No : Context dat e: NGR : Denomination : Diam. (max): Reverse : 33789.3 CC85 S005752271 Ae Dupondius? NERVA 9-98 AD TRAJANIC 29. 5mm His rad.? hd. r. Illeg. Dr. female fig. stg. 1. hldg. field. EWW 1995 Metal detector find. As RIC.l cornucopia and rudder? S-C in 33847 CC51 035 S00572057l1 TRAJAN 98-111 AD TRAJANIC 19mm His laur. hd. r. IMP CAES NERVA TRAIAN AVG GERM Victory std. 1. hldg. patera and pa lm branch. PM TRP COS 11 PP SWW Slightly offstruck on rev. on ovoid flan. 1995 detector find RSC.2.213 33848 CC98 023 S00559221 TRAJAN 98-117 AD TRAJANIC Not recorded. Currently wi th finder. 1995 detector find. 14
Acc. No: Diam.(max): Ref : S. F. No: Context date : NGR : Reverse : 33849 CClOO 019 S00512242 TRAJAN 98-Il7 AD TRAJANIC Not recorded. Currently missing and presumed to be with George Smith, Wernblaidd, Hundred House. 1995 detector find. 33850 CC97 025 S005822700 TRAJAN 98-Il7 AD TRAJANIC Not recorded. find. Currently with finder's brother. 1995 detector 2310 CCll OIl S005413288 TRAJAN 98-Ill AD TRAJANIC 18mm 7 His laur. hd. r. IMP CAES NERVA TRAIAN AVG GERM Vesta stg. 1. hldg. patera and torch TRP COS 1111 PP SWSW 0.5mm Fe coating to obv. and rev. 1995 metal detector find RSC.2. 229 BMC P.44* 15
Notes : Reverse : 33820.3 CC34 B14 AS TRAJAN 98-117 AD TRAJANIC 2.5mm His laur. hd. r. [IMP CAES NlERVA TRAIAN AVG [GERM PMl I 11eg. VWEW 1995 metal detector find. Not located in CC Wood. BMC. - 33820 4 CC3 B1 SESTERTIUS TRAJAN? 98-117 AD TRAJANIC 32mm His laur. hd. r. [- --- l GE[R--l Illeg. Fig. stg. r. hldg. spearsceptre. VWEW 1995 metal detector find. Not located in CC Wood. BMC.- 341 CC47 22 F XIX - 13 Gritty silt S00527 DUPONDIUS TRAJAN 98-117 AD TRAJANIC 28mm His [rad.l hd. r. III eg. Trajan adv. r. hd. turned between two trophies. S[ENlAT[VlS PO[PVLlV[SQVE ROMANVSl. S-[Cl in ex. SWSW Unpublished coin from L.Alcock's 1957 excavations of the bath house. Context designation F = the cold plunge room. As BMC. 1052 1
Acc. No : Context date : Period : Diam. (max) : Weight (g) : Obverse : Notes : Finder No : Die Axis : Condit ion : Ref : S. F. No: Finder No : Context date : Denomination : Period : Diam. (max): Die Axis : Notes : 33820 '.5 CC37 B17 SESTERTIUS TRAJAN? 98-117 AD TRAJANIC 33mm 7 His laur. hd. r. Illeg. Female fig. stg. 1. S-[C] in field. Illeg. EWEW 1995 metal detector find. Not located in CC Wood. BMC.- 33851 CC8 047 S005721280 TRAJAN 103-117 AD TRAJANIC 18mm 7 His laur. hd. r. [IMP TRAIANO AVG GER] DAC PM TR[P] Aequitas? stg. 1. hldg. scales? & cornucopia. COS V PP SPQ[R OPTIMO PRINC] WW Rev. off struck on small flan. Possible contemporary copy. 1995 Metal detector find. As RSC. 2.85a 33834 CC5 049 S0058220 TRAJAN 103-117 AD TRAJANIC 18mm His laur. hd. r. [IMP TRAI]ANO AVG G[ER DAC PM TRP --] Illeg. SWCor. Burnt in fire. 1995 Metal detector find. As RSC.2.TRAJAN. 17
Ace. No: Context No : Issuer : Date : Period : Notes : S. F.No : Finder No : Ace. No: Issuer : Period : Diam. (max) : Notes : Finder No : Ace. No : Issuer : Obverse : 33835 CC53 D30 S0057122724 TRAJAN 114-117 AD TRAJANIC 17.5mm His laur. dr. bust r. IMP CAES NER TRAIAN OPTIM [AVG GERM DAC] Virtus stg. r. foot on helmet hldg. spear & parazonium. PARTHICO PM TRP C[OS VI PP SPQR] SWSW Broken in antiquity. 1995 Metal detector find. RSC.2.193 23148 CC92 D5 S0054302741 HADRIAN 117-138 AD HADRIANIC Not recorded. Currently with tenant farmer. 1995 detector find. 3383 CC99 D1 S0051027 HADRIAN 117-138 HADRIANIC Coin not recorded. Currently missing and presumed to be with George Smith, Wernblaidd, Hundred House. 1995 detector find 18
Acc. No : Weight (g) : NGR Denomination : Date : Diam. (max) : Reverse : S.F. No: NGR : Period : Reverse : 33828 CC70 04 S00571121 HADRIAN 117-138 AD HADRIANIC 18.5mm 7 His laur. dr. bust. r. IMP CAESAR TRAIAN HADRIA[NVS AVG] Roma dr. std. 1. hldg. spear & victory. PM TRP COS III vswvsw 1995 Metal detector find. RSC.2.1098.Var. 33820. <0 CC27 B7 AS HADRIAN? 117-138 AD HADRIANIC 25mm His laur. hd. r. Illeg. Illeg. EWCor. EW 1995 metal detector find. Not located in CC Wood. BMC.- 341? CC28 B8 347 SESTERTIUS HADRIAN 128-138 AD HADRIANIC 33mm His bare dr. bust r. [HADRI]AN[VS] AV[G COS III PP] Female fig. stg. 1. hldg. cornucopia. Two objects either side at feet. Hilaritas? Illeg. WEW Cor. Unpublished find from Llandrindod Wells museum with no provenance. As BMC. 1372 19
Condit ion: Notes : 33837 CC14 021 S0054832780 HADRIAN 134-138 AD HADRIANIC 18.5mm His bare hd. r. HADRIANVS AVG COS III PP Salus stg. r. feeding out of patera a snake coiled around an altar. SALVS AVG SWSW 0.5mm Fe coating to obv. and rev. 1995 metal detector find RSC.2.1335 BMC 715 33838 CC15 013 S005745293 HADRIAN 134-138 AD HADRIANIC 17.5mm His laur. hd. r. [HADRIANVSj AVG COS III PP Woman (Tellus?) stg. 1. hldg. plough and rake. Two corn ears on ground to r. TELLVS STABIL. WSW 0.5mm Fe coating to obv. and rev. 1995 metal detector find. As RSC.2.1425.Var. 23147 CC91 04 S005402771 SABINA 117-138 AD HADRIANIC Not recorded. Currently with tenant farmer. 1995 detector find. 20
Acc. No: S. F.No: Weight (g) : Reverse : Denomination : Date : Diam. (max): ru.g- 33920. 7 -m~ ANTONINUS PlUS (As Caesar) 138 AD ANTONINE 17mm His bare hd. r. IMP T AEL CAES ANTONINVS Female fig. stg. r. AV[G ] COS DES 11 Type not recorded in BMC - hybrid? WW 1995 metal detector find. Not located by finder. As BMC.IV. 23.Var 33829 CCI7 D12 S005752923 ANTON I NUS P IUS OBVERSE TYPE 139-11 AD; COS III 145-11 AD ANTONINE 18.5mm 12 His laur. hd. r. ANTONIN[VS] AVG PlUS PP Annona stg. 1. hldg. corn ears COS [1]111 SWW 1995 metal detector find RSC.2.285a.Var 23144 CC90 DI S005459290 ANTON I NUS P IUS 139-11 AD ANTONINE His laur. hd. r.? COS Ill. Clasped hands holding caduceus Not recorded. Currently with finder. 1995 detector find. As RSC.2.184 21
Ace. No: Ace. No: Finder No : Ace. No: 33830 CC9 D44 S00578522 ANTONINUS PIUS 139-11 AD ANTONINE 18mm 7 His laur. hd. r. ANTONINVS AVG PIVS PP Felicitas stg. 1. hldg. branch & long caduceus. COS 1111 UWvSW 1995 Metal detector find. RSC.2.255 33839 CC50 D33 S0057102745 FAUSTINA I 140-11 AD COMMEMORATIVE ISSUE ANTONINE 1 17.5mm Her dr. bust r. DIVA AVG FAVSTINA Pietas veiled stg. 1. dropping incense onto lighted altar. Cracked rev. flan in ex. SWW Rough f lan edge. Possible contemporary copy. 1995 detector find. RSC.2.234.Var. 3377. 2 CC72 220 S0057002757 FAUSTINA I 140-11 AD Commemmorative issue. ANTONINE 1 17mm 12 Her hd. r. Illeg. Female dr. fig. stg. 1. hldg. spear. Illeg. WW Contemporary copy Copy as RSC.2.Faustina. 22
Context No : Context date : Acc. No: Period : Condition : Notes : 33831 CC18 D27 S005801292 FAUSTINA I 140-11 AD ANTONINE 1 17mm Her dr. bust r. Juno or Ceres stg. r. hldg. sceptre in r. hand lowering 1. hand AVGVSTA WSW 1995 metal detector find RSC.2.94 or 128 33819. 2. CC19 D15 FAUSTINA I (Commemmorative Issue) 140-11 AD ANTONINE 1 18.5mm Her dr. bust r. DIVA FAV[S]TIN[A] Aeternitas, Providentia or Urania stg. front hd. 1. with halo around hd. hldg. globe in outstretched r. hand 1. hand on halo. SWSW O.5mm Fe coating to obv. and rev. 1995 metal detector find. Not located by finder. Offstruck. RSC.2.32 BMC 373 2314 CC20 D3 S005442773 FAUSTINA I (Commemmorative Issue) 140-11 AD ANTONINE 1 15.5mm Her dr. bust r. [DIV]A F[AVSTINA] Defaced in antiquity Defaced in antiquity VWIlleg. 1995 metal detector find RSC.2.Faustina I - 23
Finder No : Ace. No: Ace. No: Condition : Notes : S. F. No: Ace. No: NGR : 33832 CC21 D28 S005825281 FAUSTINA II 149-15 AD ANTONINE 1 19mm Her dr. bust r. FAVSTINA AVG PII AVG FIL Concordia std. 1. hldg. flower and resting 1. elbow on cornucopia set globe below seat. CONCORD[IA] SWW 1995 metal detector find RSC.2.54 2313 CC22 B3 S0057712798 SESTERTIUS FAUSTINA II 14-175 AD ANTONINE 2 29mm 7 Her dr. bust r. [F]AV[STINA AVGVSTA] Cybele std. r. on throne flanked by 2 lions and hldg. drum [MATRI MAGNAE SC] WVW 1995 metal detector find BMC 932 33789. 4 CC87 S005752271 Ae Sestertius FAUSTINA II? 145-180 AD ANTONINE 2 22mm 4 Her hd. r. Illeg. Female fig. stg. Illeg. EWEW 1995 Metal detector find. As RIC.1385. 24
Condit ion: S.F.No : 341 CC44 23 F XIX - 13 Gritty Silt S00527 FAUSTINA 2 (Commemmorative Issue) Struck under M. Aurelius 11-180 AD ANTONINE 2 17mm Her diad. dr. hd. r. [F]A[VSTINA] AVGVSTA Female fig. stg. 1. leaning on spearsceptre hldg. appleglobe in outstretched hand [V]EN[VS] W.Cor.W.Cor. Unpublished coin from L. Alcock's 1957 excavations of the bath house. Context designation F = the cold plunge room. RSC.2.Faustina 11. - 23145 CCl01 02 S0053502771 M. AURELI US? 11-180 AD ANTONINE 2 Not recorded. Currently with finder. 1995 detector find..~ CC23 017 S005579245 MARCUS AURELIUS 175-178 AD ANTONINE 2 19mm His laur. hd. r. M[AN]T[ONIN]VS AVG GERM SAR[M] Pax stg. 1. hldg. cornucopia and setting fire to spo ils of war. [TRP X]XX IMP VI[II COS 111] PP PAX AVG in ex. SWW 1995 metal detector find RSC.2.439B 25
Denomination : Date : Diam. (max): Denomination : 231 CC24 B4 S0057792713 SESTERTIUS MARCUS AURELIUS? 11-180 AD? ANTONINE 2 2.5mm 12 His? laur. hd. r. Illeg. Roma std. 1. shield below to r. hldg. spear. Illeg. EWVW 1995 metal detector find. BMC.- 33785 I CC4 21 S0054292812 M.AURELIUS 180 AD Commemorative issue struck under Commodus. ANTONINE 2 17mm 11 His bare hd. r. [DIVVS M] ANTONINUS P[IVS] Eagle stg. r. wings spread hd. 1. stg. on bar. [CO]NSECRATI[O] SWW 1995 Metal detector find. RSC. 2.l8a 33820. e CC35 B15 SESTERTIUS M.AURELIUS or COMMODUS? 11-192 AD ANTONINE 23 31mm 5 Laur. bearded (dr.?) hd. r. Illeg. Female? fig. stg. 1. Tree to r. with fruits hanging. Illeg. WW 1995 metal detector find. Not located in CC Wood. BMC. - 2
Diam. (max) : Die Axis : S.F. No: Denomination : Condition : 33784 CC3 217 S0054392803 COMMODUS 184-189 AD ANTONINE 3 17. 5mm Virtus stg. 1. hldg. victory resting 1. hand on shield & leaning on spear. VIRTVT AVG PM TRP XIIIMP VIII COS V PP. UWvSW 1995 Metal detector find. RSC. 2. 9 341 CC45 P I S00527 SESTERTIUS COMMODUS 180-192 AD ANTONINE 2 31mm 12 His laur. hd. r. [M COMMODVS] ANTO[NINVS AVG] Annona? stg. 1. hldg. cornucopia and 2 corn ears over modius? to 1. S- [C] in field. Illeg. EWEW Unpublished coin from L. Alcock's 1957 excavations of the bath house. Context designation P I uncertain but close to the apodyterimcold plunge rooms (Rooms GF). As AS RIC. 339 2311 CC25 Bl S005382905 AS or DUPONDIUS ANTONINE? ANTONINE 20mm Defaced in antiquity Moneta stg. 1. hldg. scales and cor nucopia. [TR]P XlIII _] DefacedW 1995 metal detector fi8~ Ref : BMC. -
Notes : 33820 9 CC38 B18 SESTERTIUS 2nd c AD ANTONINE? 31mm Bearded? Hd. r. Illeg. Illeg. Cor.Cor. 1995 metal detector find. Not located in CC Wood. BMC.- 33789 :5 CC8 S005752271 Ae DupondiusSestertius ANTONINE? ANTONINE? 23.5mm Hd. r. Illeg. Illeg. EWCor 1995 Metal detector find. 3371 CC59 213 S005992771 1st-2nd c. AD Neck of hd. r. Illeg. Small ovoid shield with central boss. [--AVG----] Illeg. WW Broken in antiquity. Only a quarter of the coin survives. 1995 Metal detector find. 28
Diam. (max): Acc. No : Weight (g) : PRN : Acc. No: Context No : Diam. (max) : Weight (g) : 33789 " CC83 S005752271 Ae Dupondius or 5estertius 1st-2nd c. AD 25.5mm I lleg. I lleg. CorCor 1995 Metal detector find. 33789. 7 CC84 5005752271 Ae AS 1st-2nd c. AD 19mm I lleg. Illeg. CorCor 1995 Metal detector find. 33789. CC77 S005752271 Ae Dupondius5estertius 1st-2nd c. AD 2.5mm I lleg. III eg. EWEW 1995 Metal detector find. 29
Condit ion: Acc. No: Ref : 33789. 'J CC78 S005752271 Ae Sestertius Ist. -2nd c. AD 30mm I lleg. Illeg. CorCor 1995 Metal detector find. 33789. 10 CC79 S005752271 Ae 5estertuius 1st-2nd c. AD 28mm Illeg. Illeg. EWEW 1995 Metal detector find. 33789. j f CC80 5005752271 Ae DupondiusSestertius 1st-2nd c. AD 19mm I lleg. Illeg. CorCor 1995 Metal detector find 30
33789 2- CC73 Acc. No: S005752271 Denominat ion: Ae DupondiusSestertius 1st-2nd c. AD 21. 5mm Obverse : Illeg. Illeg. CorCor 1995 Metal detector find. 33789. i'3 CC74 Acc. No : Context date : S005752271 Denomination : Ae AS 1st-2nd c. AD 25mm Illeg. I lleg. CorCor 1995 Metal detector find. PRN : 33789 14- S.F.No: CC75 Finder No : Context No : S005752271 Ae DupondiusSestertius 1st-2nd c. AD Diam. (max) : 21mm Die Axis : Illeg. I lleg. CorCor 1995 Metal detector find. Ref : 31
5.F.No: Denomination : Diam. (max) : 5.F.No: Date : Reverse : 5.F.No: Acc. No : 2315 CC2 B2 50053732850 5E5TERTIU5 1st - 2nd c. AD 30mm Hd. r. Illeg. Illeg. EWCor. 1995 metal detector find. BMC.- 33789 15 CC88 5005752271 Ae Dupondius5estertius 1st-2nd c. AD 2mm Illeg. Illeg. CorCor 1995 Metal detector find. 33789. I (e. CC89 5005752271 Ae 5estertius 1st-2nd c. AD 21.5mm Hd. r. III eg. Fig. stg.? Illeg. EWEW 1995 Metal detector find. 32
Denomination : Finder No : Condit ion: Context No : Weight (g) : Condit ion: 33820.10 CC29 B9 AS 1st - 2nd c. AD 27mm Hd. r. Illeg. I lleg. EWCor. 1995 metal detector find. Not located in CC Wood BMC. - 33820 d CC30 BI0 AS or DUPONDIUS 1st - 2nd c. AD 27mm I lleg. I lleg. Cor.Cor. 1995 metal detector find. Not located in CC Wood. BMC. - 33820. i '2.. CC31 B11 AS or DUPONDIUS 1st - 2nd c. AD 28mm I lleg. Illeg. Cor.Cor. 1995 metal detector find. Not located in CC Wood. BMC. - 33
Acc. No : Context date : Diam. (max): Die Axis : Notes : 33820,3 CC33 B13 SESTERTIUS 1st - 2nd c. AD 31.5mm Hd. r. I 11 eg. I 11eg. Cor.Cor. 1995 metal detector find. Not located in CC Wood. BMC. - 33820. 14- CC39 B19 AS 1st - 2nd c. AD 23mm Illeg. Illeg. Cor.Cor. 1995 metal detector find. Not located in CC Wood. BMC.- 33820. 15 CC40 B20 AS 1st - 2nd c. AD 28mm 7? Veiled hd. r. Illeg. Fig. stg. 1.? EWEW 1995 metal detector find. Not located in CC Wood. BMC. - 34
Diam. (max): S.F.No : Diam. (max): 341 CC48 1 F XLVIII - 3 Dark earth S00527 AS 1st - 2nd c. AD 22.5mm Hd. r. Illeg. I lleg. Cor.Cor. Unpublished coin from L. Alcock's 1957 excavation of the bath house. Context designation F = the cold plunge room. BMC.- 341 CC49 F LV - 11 Yellow Clay Re -deposited natural? S00527 DUPONDIUS or SESTERTIUS 1st - 2nd c. AD 2.5mm? Hd. r.? I 11 eg. Fig. std. 1. on throne. Illeg. Cor.Cor. Unpublished coin from L. Alcock's 1957 excavation of the bath house. Context designation F = the cold plunge room. The yellow clay is assumed in the 1957 report to be a makeup layer of redeposited natural excavated from the hypocausted warm rooms. BMC.- 33820. I (P CC41 B21 Ae ANTONINIANUS? 3rd c. AD 17mm I lleg. Illeg. EWEW 1995 metal detector fish. Not located in CC Wood. Ref :BMC.-
Reverse : 33774 CC0 227 S0057192734 Ae ANTONINIANUS? 3rd c. AD 18mm Hd. r. Illeg. Figure stg. Illeg. EWEW 1995 Metal detector find. 33820. 17 CC32 B12 Ae ANTONINIANUS COPY? 3rd c. AD? 20mm III eg. Illeg. Cor.Cor. Irregular f lan. 1995 metal detector find. Not located in CC Wood. Copy as BMC. - 33789, j7 CC82 S005752271 Ae ANTONINIANUS? 3rd c. AD 9.5mm Illeg. Illeg. CorCor Possible contemporary copy. 1995 Metal detector find. 3
S.F.No : Finder No : Issuer : Date : Period : Ref : S.F.No : Acc. No: Die Axis : PRN : S.F. No: Acc. No: NGR : 341 CC4 1 F LVIII - 2 Drain rubble S00527 Ae ANTONINIANUS COPY? 3rd c. AD? 19.5mm Illeg. 111eg. Offstruck on uneven flan and crude design. EW.CorEW.Cor Unpublished coin from L.A1cock's 1957 excavations of the bath house. Context designation F = cold plunge room. Copy as BMC. - 33819. 3 CC50 H Ar PENNY EDWARD II 1307-1327 19mm 9 EDWAR AN[G]L [D]NS [HY]B Thick cross pattee; Crown with broken pearl to 1.; Long narrow face; Normal wedge collar; Hd. in border of dots; outer border a solid ring. Cl VI TAS DVR EME Long cross over circle with border of dots containing four quarters with 3 pellets in each. Outer border of dots. Durham Royal mint VWW 1995 metal detector find. Not located by finder. North 100 Class XI(a) 33819. 4- CC51 H5 Ar PENNY EDWARD II 1307-1327 18mm 5 EDWAR AN[GL] DNS HYB Cross pattee; Crown with broken pearl to 1.; Long narrow face; Normal wedge collar; In border of dots; Outer border of dots. 37
Ace. No: Diam. (max) : Ace. No: CIVI TAS CAN TOR Long cross over circle of egg shaped dots divided into four quarters with 3 pellets in each quarter. Outer border not visible. Canterbury mint. VWVW 1995 metal detector find. Not located by finder. North 100 Class XI(a) Var. 23151 CC94 H2 S0055182750 Ar HALF GROAT EDWARD IV 141-1483 Not recorded. Current ly with finder. 1995 detector find. 23153 CC52 H3 S00552285 Ar HALF GROAT Third issue ELIZABETH I 1583-103 1.5mm 5 Initial Tun [EDG RO]SA SINE SPINA in border of dots. Crowned bust 1. with 2 pellets behind in border of dots. Initial pellet CIVI [TAS] LONDON in border of dots. Cross fourchee on shield. Alternate 3 lis and 3 lions rampant in shield quarters all within border of dots. WW 1995 metal detector find. North. 38
Ace. No: Diam. (max) : Ref : S.F. No: Ace. No: Context No : Issuer : Die Axis : Ref : 23150 CC92 HI S0054852715 Ar SIXPENCE ELIZABETH I 1558-103 Not recorded. Currently with finder. 1995 detector find. 23152 CC95 H4 S0053452732 Ar SIXPENCE ELIZABETH I 1558-103 Not recorded. Currently with finder. 1995 detector find. 39
SUMMARY CATALOGUE OF COINS Issuer Date Ref. T. Manlius Mancinus Q. Titius C.Vibius.C & Cn.Pansa Caetronianus Petil l ius Cap itolinus Mark Antony Mark Antony Mark Antony Mark Antony Augustus Augustus Tiberius Nero Vitellius Vespasian Vespasian Vespasian Vespasian Vespasian Domit ian (As Caesar) Domitian Domit ian Domitian Domitian? Domitian? Domit ian? Domitian? Ner va Nerva Trajan Trajan Trajan Trajan Trajan Trajan Trajan Trajan Trajan Trajan Trajan Trajan? Hadrian? Hadrian Hadrian Hadr ian Hadrian Hadrian Hadrian Sabina Antoninus Pius (As Caesar) Antoninus Pius Antoninus Pius Antoni nus Pius Faustina I Faustina I Faustina I 111-110 BC c.90 BC 4B BC 43 BC 32-31 BC 32-31 BC 32-31 BC 32-31 BC 19 BC 27 BC-AD 14 14-37 AD 54-8 AD 9 AD 9-71 AD 9-79 AD 9-79 AD 70-72 AD 75 AD 77 AD 91-92 AD 82-9 AD 81-9 AD 81-9 AD 81-9 AD 81-9 AD 81-9 AD 97 AD 9-98 AD 98-111 AD 98-111 AD 114-117 AD 103-117 AD 103-117 AD 98-117 AD 98-117 AD 98-117 AD 98-117 AD 98-117 AD 98-117 AD 98-117 AD 117-138 AD 117-138 AD 117-138 AD 117-138 AD 128-138 AD 134-138 AD 134-138 AD 117-138 AD 138 AD 139-11 AD 139-11 AD 145-11 AD 140-11 AD 140-11 AD 140-11 AD 40 RSC. l.mallia 2 RSC. l.92 TITIA 2 RSC.l.VIBIA 19 Var As RSC. l. PETILLIA.2 As RSC.1.M ANTONY.2-0 RSC.l.M ANTONY.28 As RSC.1.M ANTONY.28 RSC. 1.M ANTONY.7 RSC. 1.AUGUSTUS.281 RSC.1.AUGUSTUS. 325 As RSC.2.1 RSC. 2. - RSC.2.28 VarCopy? RSC.2.VarCopy? RSC.2. - As RSC.2.32375 RSC.2.51 RSC.2. 38 RSC.2.51 RSC. 2.28 As RIC.371 As RIC.- BMC. - BMC. - BMC. - BMC.- As RSC.2. 12022 As RIC.1 RSC.2.229 RSC. 2. 213 RSC.2. 193 As RSC.2.85a AS RSC. 2. As RSC.2. As RSC.2. AS RSC.2. BMC. - BMC. - As BMC.1052 BMC.- BMC. - As RSC.2. - As RSC.2. RSC.2.1098.Var As BMC. 1372 RSC.2. 1335 As RSC. 2.142S.Var As RSC. 2. - As BMC.4.23.VarCopy? As RSC.2.184 RSC.2. 255 RSC.2.285a. Var RSC.2.234.VarCopy? RSC.2. -Copy RSC.2.94128
Faustina I Faustina I Faustina II Faust ina II Faustina II? Faust ina II M. Aurelius? M. Aure 1 ius? M. Aurelius M. Aurelius M. AureliusCommodus? Commodus Commodus Edward II Edward II Edward IV Elizabeth I Elizabeth I Elizabeth I 140-11 AD 140-11 AD 149-15 AD 14-175 AD 145-180 AD 11-180 AD 11-180 AD 11-180 AD 175-178 AD 180 AD 11-192 AD 184-189 AD 180-192 AD Antonine Antonine Antonine 1st-2nd c.ad 1st-2nd c.ad 1st-2nd c.ad 1st-2nd c.ad 1st-2nd c.ad 1st-2nd c. AD 1st-2nd c.ad 1st-2nd c.ad 1st-2nd c.ad 1st-2nd c.ad 1st-2nd c.ad 1st-2nd c.ad 1st-2nd c.ad 1st-2nd c.ad 1st-2nd c.ad 1st-2nd c.ad 1st-2nd c.ad 1st-2nd c.ad 1st-2nd c.ad 1st-2nd c.ad 1st-2nd c.ad 3rd c. AD? 3rd c. AD? 3rd c. AD? 3rd c. AD? 3rd c. AD? 1307-1327 1307-1327 141-1483 1558-103 1558-103 1583-103 RSC.2.32 RSC.2. - RSC.2.54 BMC.932 As RIC.1385 RSC.2. 255 As RSC.2. BMC. RSC.2.439b RSC.2.78a As BMC. RSC.2.9 As RIC.339 As BMC.- As BMC.- As RIC.- As RSC.2- As BMC.- As BMC.- As BMC.- As BMC.- As BMC.- As BMC.- As BHC.- As BMC.- As BHC.- As BMC.- As BHC.- As BMC.- As BHC.- As BMC. - As BHC.- As BMC.- As BHC.- As BMC.- As BHC.- As BMC.- As RIC.- As RIC.- As RIC.Copy? As RIC.Copy? As RIC.Copy? North.l00.Class Xla North.l00.Class Xla Var North.- North. - North.- North. - 41
ABBREVIATIONS: Adv. Advancing I lleg. I llegib le Ae Bronze In. ex. In exergue Ar Silver l. left Cuir. Cuirassed mm. mint mark Diad. Diademned Stg. standing Or. Draped Std. seated Fcg. Facing US Unstratified Hd. Head r. right Hldg. Holding Var. Variant DIE AXIS: Die axis numbers are expressed as hour ly divisions of a clock ie. I -12. The given number describes the rotational displacement of the reverse details from the 12 0 clock position of the obverse portrait in every case. CONDITION: Based on the condition of the coin at the time of deposition. Where there is corrosion on the surface the degree of wear on the features below it has been estimated. This can only give a general idea of the amount of circulation wear a coin has received and is no guide to absolute dating. UW SW W VW EW Cor. REFERENCES: BMC. LRBC. Unworn - No visible circulation wear. Slightly Worn - Slight wear to the highest relief features. Worn - More wear to highest relief features and start of abrasion to all lettering. Very Worn - High relief nearly flat and lettering very abraded. Extremely Worn - High relief flat and indistinct. Lettering flat and frequently only seen as shadows. Some letters missing. Corroded - Severe corrosion to surface. All detail lost and the coin is usually unidentifiable. Mattingly,H. et al. Coins of the Roman Empire in the British Museum. Volumes 1-. 195-8. Carson,R.A.G., Hill,P.V. and Kent,J.P.C. Late Roman Bronze Coinage. Parts I & 2. 197. NORTH. North J.J. Hammered Silver Coinage of Britain. Vol's I & 2. RIC. Mattingly,H. and Sydenham,E.A. The Roman Imperial Coinage. Volumes 1-9. 1923-88. RSC. Seaby, H.A Roman Silver Coinage. Volumes 1 & 11. 1980. 42
CASTELL COLLEN ROMAN COINS 1995 SITE COIN LOSSES PER MINTING PERIOD MINTING PERIODS REPUBLICAN 14-43 43-54 54-8 8-81 81-9 9-117 117-138 138-11 11-180 180-192 192-217 217-20 20-29 1st2nd c. UNDATED Total Coin Sample' 125 o 10. 19.2 20 30 40 50 % COINS LOST