The Harriman Institute

The Harriman Institute Presents a Series of Colloquia: Eurasian Pipelines Road to Peace, Development and Interdependencies 2006-2009 together with Center for Energy, Marine Transportation and Public Policy Fourth Annual Colloquium: The Architecture of the Energy (Oil and Gas) Export System of the Caucasus and Central Asia: Now and in The Future TUESDAY, 21 APRIL 2009 School of International and Public Affairs, Columbia University, 420 West 118th St., Room 1501 With international support from Shanghai Academy of Social Sciences, Institute of Eurasian Studies Oxford Institute for Energy Studies

8:30am Registration (9:00am 9:15am): Welcome and Opening Welcome: Catharine Nepomnyashchy, Director of Harriman Institute, Columbia University; Professor of Russian Literature and Chair, Slavic Department, Barnard College, Columbia University, New York Opening: Jenik Radon, Ass. Adj. Prof., Harriman Institute and School of International and Public Affairs, Columbia University, New York. (9:15am 9:50am): Opening Address: Vladimir Rakhmanin, Deputy Secretary General, Energy Charter Secretariat, Brussels, Belgium; former Spokesman for the Russian Ministry of Foreign Affairs Looking for Win-Win Solutions in interdependent Energy World: Trust and Mutual Benefit based upon the Common Ground I. (9:50am 11:15am): Ten Years Since the BTC, the Pipeline that Supported the Deal of the Century. Was It Truly Historic? Did it Create Interdependencies? What Have We Learned? Inconvenient Question: Was the BTC Political or Economic? Does it Matter? Moderator: John Micgiel, Ass. Adj. Prof. of International and Public Affairs; Director, East Central European Center; Associate Director, Harriman Institute; Executive Director, European Institute, School of International and Public Affairs, Columbia University, New York Speakers: Ariel Cohen, Senior Research Fellow, Heritage Foundation, Russian and Eurasian Studies, Washington DC BTC: The Washington-focused Pipeline Development Strategy 2

Andrew Barry, Reader in Geography; Fellow, St Catherine s College, University of Oxford; Academic Director, Masters program on Nature, Society and Environmental Policy, School of Geography and Environment at Oxford University Lessons from BTC: making social and environmental impacts visible Giorgi Vashakmadze, Director of Energy Security Studies, Foundation World Experience for Georgia; former executive of Georgia International Oil Corporation (SOE responsible for BTC), Tbilisi, Georgia East-West Energy Corridor Achievements and Failures Martha Brill Olcott, Senior Associate, Russian and Eurasian Program, Carnegie Endowment for International Peace, Washington DC "BTC and Multiple Pipelines: What is Viable during a Global Downturn" Jenik Radon, Ass. Adj. Prof., Harriman Institute and School of International and Public Affairs, Columbia University, New York; key foreign negotiator/advisor for Georgia for BTC Is the BTC an Institutional or Legal Model? (11:15am 11:30am) Coffee Break II. (11:30am -12:30am): What Institutions, Contracts, Treaties, Arrangements are Needed for Trans - Border Pipelines? What is the Appropriate Governance (Governing Structure)? Inconvenient Questions: Who Controls Operations and Sets the Transport Price? Is the Energy Charter Treaty (ECT) The Answer? Are Private Arrangements Adequate? Does it Matter? What About Transparency? Moderator: Lincoln Mitchell, Arnold A. Saltzman Assistant Professor in the Practice of International Politics, School of International and Public Affairs, Columbia University, New York Speakers: Erlan Idrissov, Ambassador of Kazakhstan to the United States; former Foreign Minister of Kazakhstan; Washington, DC "Current development of Kazakhstan s Trans-Border Pipelines" 3

Robert Cutler, Senior Research Fellow, Institute of European, Russian & Eurasian Studies, Carleton University, Ottawa, Canada Cooperative Energy Security for Sustainable Development: An Emerging Norm of International Practice Edward C. Chow, Senior Fellow, Center for Strategic and International Studies (CSIS) Energy Program, Washington, DC International Pipelines Alignment of Interests (12:30am 2:00pm): Lunch Break III. (2:00pm 3:50pm): Energy Exports to Where and At What Transport Price? The Markets: European Union, China, the rest of the world? Do Energy/Pipelines Promote Economic Progress? For Whom? Who and What Sets The Price of Landlocked Energy and Its Transport? Moderator: Alexander Cooley, Associate Professor, International Relations and Foreign Policy, Department of Political Science, Barnard College, Columbia University, New York; Open Society Fellow Speakers: Richard E. Ericson, Professor and Chair, Department of Economics, East Carolina University, Greenville, North Carolina; former Director of Harriman Institute, Columbia University, New York "The Political Economy of (Natural Gas) Pipelines" Bhamy V. Shenoy, Senior Advisor to Center for Energy Economics at the University of Texas at Austin, Texas; former member of the advisory board to Georgian National Oil Company, Tbilisi, Georgia; Texas and India Need for strategic investment in export pipelines by the governments of Caucasus and Central Asia to secure maximum price for their oil and gas reserves Shamil Midkhatovich Yenikeyeff, Research Fellow, Oxford Institute for Energy Studies; Senior Associate Member, Russian and Eurasian Studies Centre, St Antony s College, University of Oxford, England Kazakhstan s Gas: Export Markets and Export Routes 4

Lifan Li, Deputy Secretary-General, Center for Shanghai Cooperation Organization; Assistant Professor for Eurasian Studies, Shanghai Academy of Social Sciences, Shanghai, China The bottleneck and the path of Sino-Russia-US energy cooperation Mark Mozur and Natasha Chichilnisky-Heal, Master of International Affairs Candidates, School of International and Public Affairs, Columbia University, New York International Pipeline Institution Building and the Affect on Pricing Tatsuo Masuda, Professor, Nagoya University of Commerce and Business Graduate School, Nagoya, Japan; Advisor to Japan Petroleum Exploration Co., Japan Economics and Geopolitics of Eurasian Pipelines (3:50pm 4:00pm): Coffee Break IV. (4:00pm 6:00pm): Fast Forward: The Eurasian Energy (Transport) System in 2019. What Will Be its Architecture? Is BTC the Model? Where Does Iran Fit In? Can (should) there be Multiple (Different) Arrangements? Moderator: Albert Bressand, Aristotle Onassis Professor of Practice in International and Public Affairs, SIPA and Executive Director, Center for Energy, Marine Transportation and Public Policy (CEMTPP), Columbia University Speakers: Tuncay Babali, Counselor, Turkish Embassy, Washington DC "Lessons & Strategic importance of the BTC pipeline on Eurasian energy security and is it a model to emulate?" Elin Suleymanov, Council General of Azerbaijan, Los Angeles, former Foreign Affairs Aide, President Ilham Aliyev; Los Angeles, California Azerbaijani perceptions of regional energy security Jeffrey Mankoff, Adjunct Fellow for Russia Studies, Council on Foreign Relations, New York, New York; Associate Director of International Security Studies, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut "Russia and the Future of European Energy" 5

Wenrong Liang, CEO, Beijing Central Asian Energy Company, Beijing, China; former Assistant General Manager of China National Petroleum Corporation (CNPC) in Kazakhstan Analysis on Chinese Oil Company Development Trend in European and Asian Market Assadollah Maleknejad, Vice President, Finance and Economic Affairs of the Pars Oil Co.; Former Director, Gas Marketing and Export, National Iranian Oil Company, Tehran, Iran The Role of Governments and International Treaties/Agreements in Cross-Border Pipelines Anthony Richter, Chairman, Revenue Watch Institute, New York, New York Transit and Transparency What is Needed by 2019 Stephen Blank, Prof. of National Security Affairs, Strategic Studies Institute, US Army War College, Harrisburg, Pennsylvania "The Future of Eurasia's Pipeline Network" V. (6:00pm 6:10pm) Closing Remarks Jenik Radon, Ass. Adj. Prof., Harriman Institute and School of International and Public Affairs, Columbia University, New York. (6:10pm 8:00pm): Reception 6

Conference Participant Bios Babali, Tuncay is a counselor at the Embassy of Turkey to the United States. Prior to assuming that position in April 2007, Babali served as a counselor at the Turkish Embassy in London (2006-07), Deputy Chief of Cabinet to President Ahmet Necdet Sezer (2003-06), Vice-Consul at the Turkish Consulate in Houston (1999-2003), and Second Secretary at the Turkish Embassy in Sofia (1998-99). Babali earned his Ph.D. from the University of Houston in 2003 and has an M.A. degree (1996) from the University of London, School of African and Oriental Studies (SOAS). He has written extensively on energy related geopolitical issues. His latest publication (book), Caspian Energy Diplomacy: Since the End of the Cold War, was published in June 2006 (in English and in Turkey by the Bilkent University Foreign Policy Institute). Barry, Andrew is Reader in Geography, a Fellow of St Catherine s College, and Academic Director of the Masters program on Nature, Society and Environmental Policy in the School of Geography and Environment at Oxford University. Barry studied Natural Sciences and the History and Philosophy Science at the University of Cambridge where he held a Scholarship at Trinity Hall, and completed a DPhil on the organization of European space research at the Science Policy Research Unit, University of Sussex. He has published widely on the political and economic geography of science and technology and, in particular, on the politics and governance of technological infrastructures. His book, Political Machines: Governing a Technological Society was winner of the Philip Abrams prize, and developed an influential analysis of the centrality of technological artefacts and materials in the politics of the European Union. Barry is on the editorial board of a number of international journals including Economy and Society, Environment and Planning D, and International Political Sociology, and has held visiting positions at Istanbul Technical University and the International Center for Advanced Studies, New York University. His recent research has focused on the conduct of interdisciplinary research in the social and natural sciences, on transparency and corporate social responsibility, and on the role of expert knowledge in the governance of the oil economy. His study of the debate surrounding the social impact of the BTC pipeline was funded by the UK Economic and Social Research Council. Blank, Stephen is Professor of Russian National Security Studies at the Strategic Studies Institute of the U.S. Army War College in Pennsylvania. He has been Professor of National Security Affairs at the Strategic Studies Institute since 1989. In 1998-2001 he was Douglas MacArthur Professor of Research at the War College. He has published over 600 articles and monographs on Soviet/Russian, U.S., Asian, and European military and foreign policies, testified frequently before Congress on Russia, China, and Central Asia, consulted for the CIA, major think tanks and foundations, chaired major international conferences in the USA and abroad In Florence, Prague, and London, and has been a commentator on foreign affairs in the media in the United States and abroad. He has also advised major corporations on investing in Russia and is a consultant for the Gerson Lehrmann Group. Blank has published or edited 15 books focusing on Russian 7

foreign, energy, and military policies and on International Security in Eurasia. His most recent book is Russo-Chinese Energy Relations: Politics in Command, London: Global Markets Briefing, 2006. He has also published Natural Allies?: Regional Security in Asia and Prospects for Indo-American Strategic Cooperation, Carlisle Barracks, PA: Strategic Studies Institute, US Army War College, 2005. Blank is also the author of a study of the Soviet Commissariat of Nationalities, The Sorcerer as Apprentice: Stalin's Commissariat of Nationalities, Greenwood Publishing Group, 1994 and the co-editor of The Soviet Military and the Future, Greenwood Publishing Group, 1992. Blank's M.A. and Ph.D. are in Russian History from the University of Chicago. His B.A is in History from the University of Pennsylvania. Bressand, Albert is the Executive Director of Columbia University's Center for Energy, Marine Transportation and Public Policy (CEMTPP) and Aristotle Onassis Professor of Practice in International and Public Affairs at Columbia's School of International and Public Affairs (SIPA). Formerly, Bressand headed the Global Business Environment department in Royal Dutch Shell's global headquarters in London from 2003 to 2006. In this capacity, he was responsible notably for designing a new generation of Shell Global Scenarios around an enhanced, original methodology for risk and opportunity assessment. Bressand has also been appointed Special Adviser to the EU Commissioner in charge of energy in Brussels. Previously, he was managing director and cofounder of Promethee, a nonprofit, Parisbased think tank specializing in the emerging global networked economy and its implications for corporate strategies, capital markets, and international economic relations. Bressand also served as Economic Advisor to the Minister of Foreign Affairs of France and held key positions with the French Institute for International Relations and the World Bank. Bressand is a member of the faculty of the World Economic Forum, and has chaired a number of sessions at the Davos Annual Meetings. He serves on the Advisory Council of the Lenfest Center for Sustainable Energy at Columbia and on the Board of the New York Energy Forum. He is a member of the Working Group on France 2025: Strategic Assessment convened by the French Prime Minister, and of the Task Force on Energy Efficiency and Urban Energy of the China Council for International Cooperation for Environment and Development. Bressand has published notably in Foreign Affairs, International Affairs, Futuribles, Politique Internationale, Revue d'economie Financiere, Le Monde etc. and has been Directeur de Collection at Editions du Seuil; he also published Le Prochain Monde (Le Seuil, 1985, with Catherine Distler) and La Planete Relationnelle (Flammarion, 1995, with Catherine Distler). He has contributed to major Cambridge Energy Research Associates (CERA) studies on the world energy scene, notably the CERA 'Dawn of a New Age' scenarios and the 2007 'Securing the Future' study on EU-Russia gas relations. The book he edited most recently, The Shell Global Scenarios to 2025, is distributed by the Peterson Institute for International Economics in Washington, D.C. Bressand earned advanced degrees in both mathematics and engineering at Ecole Polytechnique in Paris, Ecole Nationale des Ponts et Chaussees and Universite Paris-Sorbonne, and an MPA and 8

a PhD in Political Economy and Government at the Kennedy School of Government at Harvard University. Chichilnisky-Heal, Natasha is a candidate for the Master's in International Affairs degree at SIPA with a background in political science. She previously worked as an Analyst with Mongolia International Capital Corporation, consulting with both government and industry on reform of the Mongolian extractive industries investment protection regime. She has recently completed a thesis entitled "Mineral Multinationals and Development Multilaterals: Impact on Sovereignty and Confluence in Strategy in Modern Mongolia", the field work for which was conducted with the support of a Harriman Institute Fellowship." Chow, Edward C. is a Senior Fellow at the Center for International & Strategic Studies in Washington DC. He is an international energy expert with 30 years of oil industry experience from working in Asia, Middle East, Africa, South America, Europe and the former Soviet Union. He has developed policy and business strategy, and successfully negotiated complex, multi-billion dollar, international business ventures. Chow specializes in investments in emerging economies and international oil & gas. He has advised U.S. and foreign governments, major international oil companies, leading U.S. multinational corporations and European firms. Chow spent 20 years with Chevron Corporation in U.S. and overseas assignments. He was head of international external affairs in headquarters in California. He played a leading role in negotiating the international commercial agreement to build a $2.6 billion oil pipeline from Kazakhstan on the Caspian to the Russian Black Sea coast. While he was Chevron s principal international representative in Washington, he worked closely with the White House, Capitol Hill, federal departments and agencies, foreign governments, international financial institutions, and the foreign policy community on international economic policy affecting worldwide investments. Between 1989 and 1991, Chow was based in Beijing as Chevron s country manager for China. Cohen, Ariel is a recognized authority in international energy and security policy and geoeconomics. Cohen serves as Senior Research Fellow in Russian and Eurasian Studies and International Energy Security at the Sarah and Douglas Allison Center of the Heritage Foundation and heads the Global Energy Competitiveness Project. He earned his doctorate at the Fletcher School of Law and Diplomacy at Tufts University in Massachusetts. He has served as a consultant to both the executive branch and the private sector on policy toward Russia, Eastern and Central Europe, the Caucasus, and Central Asia. He participated in a long-term study known as Russia 2025 conducted by the World Economic Forum and in Multilateral Deterrence Study for Office of Secretary of Defense and in other projects. He is often called upon to testify on Russian and Eurasian politics, economics, and law before the U.S. Congress, and regularly provides commentary on Russian, Eurasian, and Middle Eastern affairs for ABC, BBC, CNN, FOX, and all three national TV channels in Russia. He was a weekly contributor to the Voice of America radio and TV programs for eight years. A former member of the Board of Directors of the California-Russia Trade Association, from 1985-1992 Cohen has managed media 9

research projects for Radio Liberty's then-soviet audience. His book, Russian Imperialism: Development and Crisis, was published in 1996 and in 1998 by Greenwood/Praeger. He also co-authored and edited Eurasia in Balance (Ashgate Publishing, 2005), which focuses on the power shift in the region after the Sept. 11 attacks. In addition, he has written nearly 500 articles and 25 book chapters. Cohen is a member of the Council of Foreign Relations, International Institute of Strategic Studies in London, and Association for the Study of Nationalities. Cooley, Alexander is Associate Professor of Political Science at Barnard College, Columbia University and a Fellow with the Open Society Institute, New York. Professor Cooley s research examines how external actors influence the sovereignty and development of the former Soviet states, with a focus on the Caucasus and Central Asia. He is the author of dozens of academic articles and three books, including the forthcoming Contracting States: Sovereign Transfers in International Relations (Princeton University Press, 2009). He is currently conducting a research project on the Shanghai Cooperation Organization and the dynamics of regional integration in Central Asia. In addition to his academic work, Professor Cooley has contributed policy commentaries to the New York Times, Wall St. Journal, International Herald Tribune and Foreign Affairs magazine. He was a Transatlantic Fellow with the German Marshall Fund in Brussels in 2005 and an International Security Fellow with the Smith Richardson Foundation in 2007. Cooley earned both his M.A. (1995) and Ph.D. (1999) from Columbia University. Cutler, Robert was educated at MIT and The University of Michigan, where he earned a Ph.D. in Political Science, and has specialized and consulted in the international affairs of Europe, Russia, and Eurasia since the late 1970s. Cutler is a former Postdoctoral Fellow of the Harriman Institute. He has held research and teaching positions at major universities in the United States, Canada, France, Switzerland, and Russia. Cutler has published dozens of refereed articles and book chapters, a long list of policy briefings, working papers, and many more dozens of commentaries and analyses for specialized Internet sites and private clients. He has given invited testimony to Canada's House of Commons, been an NGO Representative to the U.N.'s ECOSOC, and is routinely invited to Energy Charter Secretariat conferences. As an expert in Eurasian energy he has consulted with major energy companies in the private sector, governments, NGOs, international institutions and such think tanks, including the EastWest Institute and Centre for European Policy Studies among others. Ericson, Richard E. is Professor of Economics and Chair of the Department of Economics at East Carolina University. He graduated from Georgetown University School of Foreign Service in 1971, received an MIA Degree from the Columbia University School of International Affairs in 1974, and a Ph.D. in economics from the University of California, Berkeley, in 1979. Beginning with his dissertation on the Soviet Industrial Supply System, Professor Ericson has done research and teaching in economic theory, the Soviet economy, and the Russian transition at Harvard University (1978-1983), Yale University (1982), Northwestern University (1981, 1983-1985), the New Economic School in Moscow (1996), Urals State University in Ekaterinburg (1999, 2000), the Kazakh National University in Almati (2002), Columbia University (1985-10

2003), and East Carolina University (2003-present). He has served as Associate Director (1991) and Director (1992-1995) of the Harriman Institute at Columbia University, and is currently Chair of the International Advisory Board of the EERC (Economic Education and Research Consortium) Network Program, and member of the Executive Committee and Board of Trustees of EERC, Inc. Ericson has made frequent visits to the Soviet Union, Russia, Ukraine, and several other successor states, for teaching and research on their economies, and for participation in economics training programs (NES and EERC). His publications include scholarly articles in conference volumes, and in academic journals such as Econometrica, Journal of Economic Theory, Review of Economic Studies, Journal of Comparative Economics, Economic Systems, and Journal of Economic Perspectives. He is on the Editorial Advisory Board of Post-Soviet Affairs, and Post-Soviet Economics and Geography. His current research is on the economic transition in Russia and the impact of the institutional and structural legacies of the Soviet economic system, and on game-theoretic analyses of refugee negotiations. Idrissov, Erlan A. had been appointed in 2007 as Ambassador Extraordinary and Plenipotentiary of the Republic of Kazakhstan to the United States. Previously he served as ambassador of Kazakhstan to the United Kingdom, Kingdom of Norway, Kingdom of Sweden and Ireland. From 1999 to 2002, Idrissov held post as Minister of Foreign Affairs in the Government of Kazakhstan. He obtained his bachelor s degree from Moscow State Institute of International Relations where he also completed the degree from the Diplomatic Academy. He speaks English, Urdu, Hindi and French. Li, Lifan is associate professor with Shanghai Academy of Social Sciences, and an advisor to the Overseas Chinese Affairs Office of Shanghai Municipality. He graduated with BA and MA in international studies from Belarusian State University and is continuing his studies as a Ph. D candidate in political sciences in Kazakhstan. Li chairs programs of the National Planning Project of Philosophy and Social Sciences, as well as the National Project sponsored by the Overseas Chinese Affairs Office of The State Council. He was a visiting scholar in Kazakhstan in 2003-2004. He has been selected by China s Ministry of Foreign Affairs as a member of Chinese Diplomatic Observer Group aryfor the parliament election in Kyrgyzstan in 2005. He was a member of Asia 21 Young Leader nominated by Asia Society, fellow of Salzburg Global Seminar, Member of Editorial Board on Asian Journal of Global Studies in Japan. He has lectured widely in the U.S., Central Asia and Europe, and written extensively on issues related to international relations, the connection between domestic politics and foreign policy, globalization and international governance. His latest publication was entitled EU policy toward Central Asia. Liang, Wenrong graduated from Wuxi Light Industry University, and works widely in the oil industry. She was an engineer at the research institute of Daqing Petroleum Administration Bureau, and Assistant General Manager of China National Petroleum Corporation (CNPC) in Kazakhstan. Wenrong engaged in broad working experience on transforming the old oil and gas treatment plant into the new oil and gas treatment plant. Currently, she is the CEO of Beijing-Central Asia energy company, and she is assisting 11

the fiscal JETCO investment companies to participate in projects of Saudi Arabia's oil industry. Maleknejad, Assadollah received Masters Degree in Accounting and Finance, as well as post-graduate diplomas and certificates in Management Accounting, International Contracts, ICC Rules and INCOTERMS. He is a Fellow Member of a UK based Accounting Body. He worked for National Iranian Oil Company (NIOC), National Iranian Gas Company (NIGC) and National Iranian Gas Export Company (NIGEC) for 28 years and served in different positions. During his 28 years services with NIOC, NIGC and NIGEC, he supervised several feasibility studies for multinational gas pipelines and LNG projects. Meanwhile, he was engaged as chief negotiator, on behalf of NIGC and NIGEC, in several natural gas and LNG sales and purchase agreements. In August 2005, he joined The Centre for Strategic Studies (a think tank advising Expediency Council of I.R. on strategic issues) and worked on a project titled as Iran Oil & Gas Outlook up to year 2025. In December 2006, Maleknejad joined Pars Oil Company (Private Joint Stock Co.), a leading lubricant producer in the Middle East in partnership with Shell, as Vice President Finance and Economic Affairs. Mankoff, Jeffrey is a specialist in Eurasian/Russian affairs, is Associate Director of International Security Studies at Yale University and adjunct fellow for Russia studies at the Council on Foreign Relations (CFR). Previously, he was a John M. Olin National Security fellow at the Olin Institute for Strategic Studies, Harvard University; Henry Chauncey Fellow in Grand Strategy, Yale University; and a fellow at Moscow State University. Mankoff has written on a range of topics connected to post-soviet politics and foreign policy. He is the author of the book Russian Foreign Policy: The Return of Great Power Politics, as well as numerous journal articles and op-eds. His areas of functional expertise include great power relations, foreign policy decision making, ethnic conflict, and energy security. In addition to research, he has taught classes at Yale on Russian foreign policy, as well as modern diplomatic and military history. He received his PhD and MPhil in history and his MA in political science from Yale, and his BA in international studies and Russian from the University of Oklahoma. Masuda, Tatsuo is a professor at the Graduate School of Nagoya University of Commerce and Business, and a visiting professor at University of Paris-Dauphine (CGEMP). He serves as advisor to JAPEX and board member of SOC Corporation. He was Vice President of Japan National Oil Corporation (JNOC) from 2002 till its dissolution in 2005. Prior to JNOC, he headed the Asia Pacific Energy Research Center (APERC). He served as the Director of Oil Markets and Emergency Preparedness at the IEA from 1996 to 2001. He started as diplomat, then joined MITI (now METI), where he was involved with oil and energy policy making. Masuda graduated from Keio University (B.A. in Political Science) and Cambridge University (B.A. in History). Micgiel, John is an adjunct associate professor of international and public affairs. He is an associate director of Harriman Institute. He is also the director of East Central European Center and executive director of the European Institute. Micgiel's teaching and research interests include modern history of East Central Europe (ECE), contemporary 12

politics in ECE, and Western Europe. He has authored Coercion and the Establishment of Communist Rule in Poland, 1944 1947 (forthcoming); In the Shadow of the Second Republic; Polish Foreign Policy Reconsidered: Challenges of Independence; and Frenzy and Ferocity: The Stalinist Judicial System in Poland, 1944 1947, and the Search for Redress (The Carl Beck Papers). He has been the editor for Wilsonian East Central Europe, Perspectives on Political and Economic Transitions After Communism, State and Nation Building in East Central Europe: Contemporary Perspectives, and coeditor for Poles and Jews: Myth and Reality in the Historical Context. He received an MIA and a Certificate of the Institute on East Central Europe from Columbia (1977), followed by a PhD in 1992. Mitchell, Lincoln is the Arnold A. Saltzman Assistant Professor in the Practice of International Politics. Before joining Columbia, Lincoln was a practitioner of political development. His work has primarily been in the areas of political party development and elections. In addition to serving as chief of party for the National Democratic Institute (NDI) in Georgia from 2002 2004, Lincoln has worked on political development issues in Azerbaijan, Bahrain, Bangladesh, Bosnia-Herzegovina, Bulgaria, Kyrgyzstan, Palestine, and Russia. Lincoln also worked for years as a political consultant in New York City advising and managing domestic political campaigns. His current research includes work on democratic transitions in the former Soviet Union and on the role of democracy promotion in American foreign policy. Lincoln earned his PhD in political science from Columbia University in 1996. Mozur, Mark is a Master's degree candidate at Columbia's School of International and Public Affairs, where he is studying energy and environmental policy. He is also affiliated with the Harriman Institute and will be completing a thesis in 2010 on oil and gas ties between Russia and Turkey. Nepomnyashchy, Catharine Theimer is professor and chair of the Slavic Department at Barnard College. She is also the director of the Harriman Institute at SIPA. Some of her publications include Abram Tertz and the Poetics of Crime (Yale 1995), Strolls with Pushkin translated by Catharine Theimer Nepomnyashchy and Slava Yastremski, with introduction by Catharine Theimer Nepomnyashchy (Yale 1993), The Politics of Tradition: Rerooting Russian Literature After Stalin with Richard Borden (Duke, forthcoming), Under the Sky of My Africa: Pushkin and Blackness edited with Nicole Svobodny and Ludmilla Trigos, (Northwestern, under consideration), and many others. Nepomnyashchy holds a BA and an MA from Brown University (1973). She received her PhD from Columbia University in 1987. In addition to her academic responsibilities, Nepomnyashchy is in the Advisory Council of the Kennan Institute and she is the chair of the Executive Committee of the Slavic Division of the Modern Language Association. She is a Member of AAASS Mid-Atlantic Regional Executive Committee. Olcott, Martha Brill is a senior associate with the Russian & Eurasian Program at the Carnegie Endowment for International Peace in Washington, D.C. Olcott specializes in the problems of transitions in Central Asia and the Caucasus as well as the security challenges in the Caspian region more generally. She has followed interethnic relations in Russia and the states of the former Soviet Union for more than 25 years and has traveled extensively in these countries and in South Asia. Her book, Central Asia's Second 13

Chance, examines the economic and political development of this ethnically diverse and strategically vital region in the context of the changing security threats post 9/11. In addition to her work in Washington, Olcott co directs the Carnegie Moscow Center Project on Religion, Society, and Security in the former Soviet Union. She is professor emerita at Colgate University, having taught political science there from 1974 to 2002. Olcott served for five years as a director of the Central Asian American Enterprise Fund. Prior to her work at the Carnegie Endowment, Olcott served as a special consultant to former Secretary of State Lawrence Eagleburger. Soon after 9/11, she was selected by Washingtonian magazine for its list of "71 People the President Should Listen To" about the war on terrorism. She speaks Russian, French, and Turkish. Radon, Jenik is Adj. Asst. Professor at Columbia University's School of International and Public Affairs. He is the founder/director of the Eesti and Eurasian Public Service Fellowship, which gives Columbia and other students the opportunity to intern in Estonia, Georgia and Nepal. Radon is also Director of White Stream consortium (also known as the GUEU consortium), the sponsor and developer of the White Stream gas transportation (pipeline) project from Georgia to Romania/Ukraine and other countries in Europe. From 2000 to 2002, Radon was a lecturer at Stanford University, where he taught human rights and privatization at its law school and international investment management at its Graduate School of Business. He is a visiting professor at the Indira Gandhi Institute for Development Research in Mumbai, India, where he has taught the class "Dynamics of Corruption" and has been named Distinguished University Professor at Monterrey Tech, Queretaro, in Mexico, where he gives special university wide lectures. Radon participated in the constitutional peace process in Nepal and was a drafter of the interim peace constitution, which, among other things, granted citizenship to millions of stateless people in the Terai region; and he is a member of the UN Global Compact Academic Initiative taskforce which seeks to have business schools worldwide incorporate the Compact's 10 principles on human rights into their curriculum and teaching. In the early '80s, Radon founded Radon and Ishizumi, an international law firm representing international corporations and foreign public entities. From 1999 to 2007, Radon was one of the Executors/Trustees of Vetter Pharma, a privately-held German pharmaceutical company, the world leader in the production of aseptic systems, for which he now serves as counsel. In 1980, Radon co-founded the Afghanistan Relief Committee that supported refugees displaced during the Afghan-Soviet war and freedom for Afghanistan. Advisor during Estonia's independence struggle, Radon co-authored the country's foreign investment, mortgage/pledge, privatization and corporate laws and was an architect of Estonia's privatization. In 1990 he was the first to officially raise the U.S. flag in Estonia since the 1940 Soviet invasion and was awarded the Medal of Distinction of the Estonian Chamber of Commerce. Radon was Georgia's key foreign advisor and negotiator of the multi-billion dollar oil and gas pipelines from Azerbaijan through Georgia to Turkey (the BTC), featured in the James Bond movie, The World is Not Enough. In 2000, he was awarded Georgia's highest civilian award, the Order of Honor. Radon has lectured in over 30 nations, including recently in China, Germany, Laos, Mexico and Nepal; and he has written numerous articles, including Conflicts of Interest: the Unaddressed and the Unspoken Challenge, International Social Science Journal 14

(UNESCO); Staatsfonds vor den Toren (Sovereign Wealth Funds Before the [Trojan] Gates), Wirtschaft (Economy) section, Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung (FAZ); Getting Human Rights Right, Stanford Social Innovation Journal (December, 2007); How To Negotiate Your Oil Agreement, in Escaping the Resource Curse, ed. Macartan Humphreys, Jeffrey Sachs and Joseph Stiglitz (Columbia University Press, June 2007); Ethics in Business (MBA) Education - A New Must, International Management Development Research Yearbook, Technology, Structure, Environment, And Strategy Interfaces In A Changing Global Business Arena (June 2006); Sleepless, Clueless, Dangerous, in Ergo-Med (Haefer Verlag, Germany, March 2006); The New Mantra: Bribers Beware! The Journal for Transnational Management (Vol. 11, No. 4, 2006); Hear No Evil, Speak No Evil, See No Evil Spells Complicity, (UN) Compact Quarterly (Volume 2005, Issue 2), published by the (United Nations) Global Compact. Radon obtained his B.A. from Columbia University, a M.C.P. from the University of California, Berkeley and a J.D. from Stanford Law School. Rakhmanin, Vladimir has been Deputy Secretary General of the Energy Charter Secretariat since July 2008. Rakhmanin is Russian by nationality, and he completed a Masters diploma in international relations from Moscow State Institute of International Relations in 1980. Rakhmanin has enjoyed a distinguished career in Russian civil service, including appointment as the Spokesman for the Ministry of Foreign Affairs (1998-2000), Chief of Protocol of the President of the Russian Federation (2000 2002), and Ambassador of the Russian Federation to Ireland (2002-2006). Before becoming Deputy Secretary General, Rakhmanin was Ambassador at Large in the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Russian Federation, chairing the Working Group on the Mechanism of Peace and Security in Northeast Asia of the Six-Party Talks on Denuclearization of the Korean Peninsula. Throughout his career, Rakhmanin was involved in energy-related issues at the national and international (Europe and Asian) level, organized and participated in high-level events related to energy matters. Rakhmanin speaks Russian, English, and Chinese. Richter, Anthony is Associate Director of Open Society Institute and director of the OSI Central Eurasia Project and Middle East & North Africa Initiative. Richter is chairman of the governing board of the Revenue Watch Institute and serves on the board of the Extractive Industries Transparency Initiative. His writing has appeared in the New York Times, the World Policy Journal, and other publications. He is a member of the Council on Foreign Relations. He received a BA, with high honors, from Wesleyan University and an MA in Slavic languages and literatures from Columbia University. He speaks Russian, French, and Persian. Shenoy, Bhamy V. has a BS in engineering from IIT Madras, M.S. in Industrial Eng., and a PhD in business administration from University of Houston. Shenoy worked for Conoco in all phases of International Petroleum Industry for 21 years from 1966 till 1987. He took early retirement in 1987 to return to India to fight corruption and to work for India s development. He participated in various NGO activities during his stay in India between 1987-1997. From 1997 to 2003 he was involved in legal, regulatory and commercial reform in former Soviet union countries of Kazakhstan, Uzbekistan, Turkmenistan, and Georgia as an USAID consultant. Later in an honorary capacity, he worked as a board member and advisor of the National Oil Company of 15

Georgia. In Georgia he was able to expose high level of corruption in petroleum sector and recommended a series of steps to reduce it. His study has helped the government to improve tax collection in petroleum sector significantly. He has worked on different aspects of BTC and Shah Deniz piplines. While in Turkmenistan, he developed one of the first strategic plans for Petroleum sector and also studied the economics of Trans Caspian Gas pipeline. He has been a senior advisor to Center For Energy Economics, at UT, Austin developing the computer based energy value chain model. Shenoy was the Chief Editor for Catalyst For Human Development, a magazine dealing with NGO movement, an Advisor to Pratham Mysore an NGO involved in slum education, Board member of SVS College Bantwal, former governing council member of Manipal Institute of Technology, former member of Exploration Advisory Committee to ONGC etc. He has been working in the area of solving subsidy and corruption problems in distributing kerosene to the poor in India since 1988 from the grassroots to the national level. Suleymanov, Elin had been appointed in November 2005 as Azerbaijan s first Consul General to Los Angeles with personal rank of Envoy Extraordinary and Plenipotentiary. Prior to that, he served as Senior Counselor at the Foreign Relations Department, Office of the President in Baku, Azerbaijan, and as Press Officer of the Azerbaijani Embassy in Washington, DC. Before joining diplomatic service, Suleymanov worked with United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees in Azerbaijan and with the Open Media Research Institute in Prague, Czech Republic. A graduate of the Fletcher School of Law and Diplomacy, Suleymanov also holds graduate degrees from the Political Geography department of the Moscow State University and from the University of Toledo, Ohio. Suleymanov speaks Azerbaijani, English, Russian and Czech. Vashakmadze, Giorgi is a director for energy Security studies at the newly established think tank - Foundation World Experience for Georgia (WEG) dealing with energy related problems, in order to facilitate access to specialized conceptual as well as practical knowledge, in particular, in the fields of energy policy, energy security and environment and provide support in adoption of European community standards in Georgia. He is an energy adviser with long experience in transit negotiations on the development of the strategic East West energy corridor projects, in the capacity of Georgia s government representative. From 1996 to 2005, he held different key positions in the GIOC, Georgian SOE responsible for Baku-Supsa, BTC and SCP projects. As a member of the Parliament of Georgia, he chaired the Subcommittee for the Eurasian Energy Corridor. Being in charge of Negotiations and Compliance Management Vashakmadze directed work with international experts on identification of proper legal, technical and environmental standards and approaches to be used in large scale transborder pipeline projects. As Georgia s representative, he was negotiating the Transit Protocol of Energy Charter Treaty and INOGATE Umbrella Agreement on institutional framework of interstate oil/gas transportation systems. In 2005, Vashakmadze left the government service to join White Stream consortium (at that time - GUEU consortium) - the sponsor and developer of the White Stream gas transportation project, from Georgian shore to Romania Ukraine and other countries in Europe the White Stream Project. Vashakmadze graduated from Tbilisi State University as a biophysicist and devoted 15 years of his career to research and teaching in scientific centers in Georgia and internationally. He holds a Ph.D. in Physics-Mathematics. 16

Yenikeyeff, Shamil Midkhatovich is a Research Fellow at the Oxford Institute for Energy Studies and a Senior Associate Member at the Russian and Eurasian Studies Centre, St Antony's College, University of Oxford. Yenikeyeff holds a first class degree with honours in law from the Bashkir State University, Russia, and an M.Phil and D.Phil. in Politics from the University of Oxford. In the 1990s he worked in the Russian parliament as an advisor to the Chairman of the subcommittee for the organisation of the state authority system in Russia. He has also been involved with a number of consulting companies specialising in the Russian oil industry and regional development. His current research focuses on the political economy of the oil and gas sectors of Russia and Kazakhstan with emphasis on economic policies, state-business relations, corporate strategies, political, and economic risks. He runs The Geopolitics of Energy lecture series under the joint auspices of the Oxford Institute for Energy Studies and St Antony s College, University of Oxford. Yenikeyeff writes and presents on Russian-European energy relations, Russia and OPEC, Caspian and Central Asian energy issues, and the development of Arctic hydrocarbons. Amongst his latest publications is Kazakhstan s Gas: Export Markets and Export Routes which examines the politics and geopolitics of Kazakhstan s gas sector. He also contributed a chapter on Kazakhstan to Simon Pirani, ed., Russian and CIS Gas Markets and Their Impact on Europe, Oxford University Press, 2009. He is the author of The Battle for Russian Oil: Corporations, Regions, and the State, a forthcoming book on the politics of the Russian oil sector under Yeltsin and Putin, to be published by Oxford University Press (2009). 17