1 Resilience through co-primary PNT solutions: GPS and eloran By Charles Schue September 4, 2014
Outline The Problem: Vulnerabilities The Need: Resilience The Solution: Co-Primary GPS and eloran eloran Basics The Technology: Service Provider The Technology: User The Tipping Point: Time and Frequency Use Cases A Way forward in the U.S.? Questions, and possibly answers. Transformation Innovation 2
The Problem: Vulnerabilities Performance degradation Ionosphere & solar activities (natural) Unintentional & intentional (human factors) Signal blockage Spectrum competition Common signal use across GNSS Radio frequency interference System anomalies & failures GPS, WAAS, GLONASS, Galileo Jamming Spoofing & Counterfeit Signals Proliferation of satellite systems Escalating costs Program funding delays Satellite launch problems [Source: ctstechnologys.com/gps-jammers/] Blocker All Bands Waterproof 1,000 m 40 Watts Disrupter Of the 16 Critical Infrastructure / Key Resource sectors in the U.S., 15 use GPS timing. GPS timing is deemed essential for 11 of the sectors. [Source: U.S. DHS] Transformation Innovation 3
The Problem: Unintentional Watching TV in Half Moon Bay Leaving a switch on in San Diego Moonlighting near NWK Transformation Innovation 4
The Problem: (Un)Intentional? LSQ spectrum valued at $265K per khz. Transformation Innovation 5
The Problem: Intentional Source: Ministry of Land Transport and Maritime Affairs Transformation Innovation 6
The Problem: Jamming ECS DGPS Feb / Mar 2013 Nov / Dec 2009 Depth Sounder Gyro Compass Source: GLAs AIS Radar Transformation Innovation 7
The Problem: Spoofing Sources: University of Texas at Austin Dr. Todd Humphreys Transformation Innovation 8
The Problem: Engineers Transformation Innovation 9
The Need: Resilience Transformation Innovation 10
Chemical Financial Services Commercial Facilities Food and Agriculture Communications T Government Facilities Critical Manufacturing Healthcare Dams P GPS eloran N Information Technology Defense Industrial Base Nuclear Systems Emergency Services Transportation Systems Energy Water Systems Critical Infrastructure / Key Resource Sectors Source: US PPD-21 of February 12, 2013
The Solution: Enhanced Loran (eloran) A Terrestrial PNTFP&D Utility The A in Dr. Parkinson s PTA Typically High-Power; Wide Area Capable of P < 10 meters Capable of T < 100 nanoseconds Provides Stratum-1 F True North Azimuth < 4 milliradians Secure One Way Communications Technology Available Today Leverages $160 + M U.S. Govt Investment Maritime HEA, CCZ, EEZ Aviation En-Route, Terminal, NPA UTC Aligned 1PPS Complementary Interoperable Independent Multi-modal Diverse P, N, T, F, P + D, I Accuracy Availability Integrity Continuity The best co-primary PNT solution on the planet! Anti-Jam Anti-Spoof Anti-Cyber Proof-of-Position Proof-of-Time Indoors Urban Canyons Mountains Triple Canopy Northern Latitudes Underground Under water Under ice Transformation Innovation 12
Legacy Loran and eloran: Salient Differences Each transmitting site synchronized to UTC using ensembling of technologies and methods Three Primary Reference Standards GNSS, when available; not directly coupled TWSTT TWLFTT (completely sky-free ) Differential corrections for improved accuracy dloran and/or dgps All-in-View signals Data Messaging Service (low rate one way) Additional integrity Differential corrections () Other secure communications Transformation Innovation 13
Evolution Source: Professor David Last, UK Transformation Innovation 14
Low Frequency Analogous to TV Standard Loran (Loran-C) Black & White TV Modernized Loran Color TV Prototype eloran HD Ready Enhanced Loran (eloran) HDTV LFPhoenix Premium Channels Transformation Innovation 15
Every Study and Report: Same Conclusion US GAO US DOT US DOT US IAT US DOT US ndp IMO IALA UK RAoE UK GLA US DHS US GAO Hint: GPS is vulnerable. eloran is the best alternative. Transformation Innovation 16
Why Alternatives are NOT Co-Primary Augmentation (vice primary) SBAS (WAAS, EGNOS, MSAS), GBAS (DGPS) Single mode aviation, maritime, land-mobile, time, or frequency Require external 1PPS or 10 MHz and/or Position INS, Cs, Rb, CSAC, OCXO Similar failure modes (e.g., low power, shared spectrum) GNSS, communications satellites Over-promised capability and often coupled to GNSS NTP, PTP (IEEE-1588), fiber Local area radio, TV, WiFi Unprotected spectrum ISM band Not under government control StarFire, OnStar Not under (fill in your country s) sovereign control GPS, GLONASS, CNSS, Galileo Regional QZSS, IRNSS Many years away MEMS INS, cold atom, gravimetric National or regional ASTRA, Sky, Viasat, Skylife, Direct TV, Dish Transformation Innovation 17
The Technology: Service Provider Transmitting Site Differential eloran Site LCD, keyboard and mouse set per MCS Workstation Control & Monitor Site Primary Workstation Secondary Workstation MCS Server Network switch with VPN support Uninterruptible Power Supply - provided by GLAs 6 5 4 3 2 1 Workstation Workstation Server LAN UPS 230 V Transformation Innovation 18
The Technology: User Software Defined Receivers Multi-mode E- or H-Field Antennas Applications Timing and Frequency Maritime Differential (ΔLoran) Reference Sites Scientific, Research Land Mobile OEM Module Aviation Transformation Innovation 19
U.S. Timing & Frequency Requirements Sources: Results from a GPS Timing Criticality Assessment, Carroll (DOT/VNTSC); Lombardi (NIST) Transformation Innovation 20 20
U.S. Timing Providers Source: The Potential Role of eloran in the National Time and Frequency Infrastructure 21 21
U.S. Frequency Providers Source: The Potential Role of eloran in the National Time and Frequency Infrastructure Transformation Innovation 22 22
Loran-C, eloran, and GPS in Europe Loran-C: Highly repeatable accuracy but with Offset 357.3 m from surveyed position. Single frequency GPS: Error 2.2 m (95%) Offset 0.6 m (2 feet) from surveyed position. eloran: Error 7.1 m (95%) Offset 2.4 m (< 8 feet) from surveyed position. Transformation Innovation 23
2013 Timing Trials Set-Up Monitor Location USNO Leesburg Bedford Distance from Transmitter 118 miles 143 miles 311 miles Transformation Innovation 24
GPS vs eloran Timing Performance 311 miles from transmitter. GPS v. Cs at Bedford, MA eloran v. Cs at Bedford, MA Transformation Innovation 25
Timing Results: USNO eloran 1PPS measured against USNO Master Clock (Washington, DC) 15-day continuous observation. 60 seconds observation interval Apparent diurnal behavior. Standard deviation: 29 ns 118 miles from transmitter. Only coarse calibration performed Transformation Innovation 26
Timing Results: eloran 1PPS measured against Cesium (not disciplined) 15-day continuous observations. 120 seconds observation interval Apparent diurnal behavior. Standard deviation: 36 ns 143 miles from transmitter Transformation Innovation 27
Comparison of Leesburg and USNO data High correlation between phase differences at Leesburg and USNO Amplitude of phase changes higher at Leesburg Correlation indicates that differential corrections from USNO would benefit a user at Leesburg ( ~ 25 miles) or vice versa Transformation Innovation 28
eloran in Europe 696 km 480 km eloran 1PPS measured against Novatel OEM3 GPS Receiver 6-day continuous observation. 120 seconds observation interval Diurnal behavior present but less prominent. Standard deviation 14 ns 480 km (298 miles) from transmitter at Lessay, France Transformation Innovation 29
eloran in the UK Transformation Innovation 30
eloran in the UK Harwich Sheerness Humber Transformation Innovation 31
Use Case: Telecommunications Timing TS3100 GPS PRS performance ETSI PRC Mask UN-150 eloran performance Testing by Chronos Technology Ltd. Additional Testing by National Physical Laboratory Transformation Innovation 32
33 Use Case: Electrical Power Grid Frequency Data Recorder
Frequency(Hz) Unwrap Angle(radian) Frequency(Hz) Unwrap Angle(radian) Use Case: Electrical Power Grid 60.06 60.04 Frequency Comparision of FDR with GPS vs with eloran Frequency-FDR with GPS Frequency-FDR with eloran 10 0 Angle Comparision of FDR with GPS vs with eloran Angle-FDR with GPS Angle-FDR with eloran 60.02-10 60-20 59.98-30 59.96-40 59.94 0 500 1000 1500 2000 Time (s) -50 0 500 1000 1500 2000 Time (s) Frequency Comparision of FDR with GPS vs with eloran Angle Comparision of FDR with GPS vs with eloran 59.995 Frequency-FDR with GPS Frequency-FDR with eloran 2 Angle-FDR with GPS Angle-FDR with eloran 59.99 0 59.985-2 59.98-4 59.975 40 60 80 100 120 140 Time (s) -6 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 Time (s) That is great. Now we can see the data. Could you tell me which unit is using eloran now? Transformation Innovation 34
How did we get where we are at today? During the period from 1997 through 2006, US Congress appropriated over $160M to modernize and upgrade Loran-C to eloran. In March 2007, the DOT POS/NAV Executive Committee and DHS Geospatial/PNT Executive Committee accepted the findings of the Institute for Defense Analysis Independent Assessment Team, and agreed to pursue the designation of eloran as national PNT backup for the U.S. homeland. In February 2008, DHS adopted and publically announced eloran as the national backup to GPS. In March 2008, as a result of NSPD 39, the National Executive Committee for Space-Based PNT tasked DOT and DHS with completing an action plan that included identifying an executive agent, developing a transition plan to address funding and operations, and requested approval by DOT and DHS Secretaries resulting in a final decision. DHS ultimately identified NPPD as the executive agent to carry eloran forward. In February and August of 2010, Loran-C was terminated in the U.S. while leaving the fate of eloran uncertain. Other countries continued development of eloran. UK in 2011 adds third party service to data channel. UK begins deployment of initial dloran service in seven harbors in 2013. SK Telecom proposal for eloran system selected in 2014 for award by ROK. Transformation Innovation 35
Possible Approach Government loans existing assets (i.e. land, buildings, antennas, site equipment) under a 20 year lease Industry provides necessary equipment and services to fulfill a service-level agreement (similar to GLAs in the UK) Potential for a two-tiered service with mechanism for revenue recovery to reduce or eliminate out-year costs to government Phased Approach Initial phase resurrects 2008 era Rapid build out of CONUS high reliability timing network (dual coverage) Position and Navigation capabilities evolve later Encourage Canadian interest/investment along US / CAN border Expand into Alaska, Hawaii, Puerto Rico Benefits USA: Public Private Partnership? Deferral of Environmental Compliance & Restoration costs Fulfills backup PNT capabilities per National Security Presidential Directives Advances technology, creates employment, reinvigorates industry Transformation Innovation 36
Start: 4 Station ( Single ) Timing Coverage Transformation Innovation 37
19 Station Timing Coverage Transformation Innovation 38
Why should I care? eloran is a significant improvement over legacy Loran because of modernized technology, improved timing, and the addition of the data channel. eloran can provide reliable, accurate Position, Navigation, Timing, Frequency, Phase, and Data to complement GNSS. Foreign countries are beginning to adopt eloran as an alternative and backup to GNSS. eloran is the only (very) wide area, multi-modal, interoperable, complementary, diverse, independent, co-primary PNT solution to GNSS. eloran enables multi-level resiliency solutions. Niche, special-purpose, or stovepipe solutions can build upon the co-primary attributes that GPS and eloran provide. eloran provides proof of time and proof of location. eloran reaches inside buildings, even without windows. eloran is not a hold-over solution. It is a co-primary source of time, frequency, and phase. eloran considerably exceeds the requirements for LTE phase synchronization. Transformation Innovation 39