Traditional lighting technologies

Traditional lighting technologies Incandescent (filament) lamps i n Incandescent lamps n Halogen lamps

Traditional lighting technologies Incandescent (filament) lamps Discharge lamps (Fluorescent) i n Incandescent lamps n Halogen lamps i n Linear Fluorescent Lamps (LFL) n Compact Fluorescent Lamps (CFL)

Traditional lighting technologies Incandescent (filament) lamps Discharge lamps (Fluorescent) High Intensity Discharge (HID) lamps i i i n Incandescent lamps n Halogen lamps n Linear Fluorescent Lamps (LFL) n Compact Fluorescent Lamps (CFL) n High Pressure Mercury Vapour n High Pressure Sodium (HPS) n Metal Halide (QMH/CMH) n Low Pressure Sodium (SOX)

Incandescent (filament) lamps n Incandescent lamps n Halogen lamps

Incandescent Incandescent lamps Incandescent lamps generate light when an electric current is passed through a thin tungsten filament, causing it to heat until it glows white.

Incandescent Incandescent lamps Incandescent lamps generate light when an electric current is passed through a thin tungsten filament, causing it to heat until it glows white. Bulb filling gas filament filament support lead wire edison cap

Incandescent Incandescent lamps TYPICAL Characteristics n Outstanding colour rendering (CRI 100) n Inefficient most energy is turned into heat, not light n Gradual blackening caused by tungsten evaporating from the filament i Technology phase out Their relative inefficiency has resulted in the phasing out of most conventional incandescent lamps.

Incandescent Halogen lamps Halogen lamps (aka Quartz Halogen / Tungsten Halogen lamps) are also incandescent but the filament is surrounded with halogen gas (e.g. iodine or bromine). This extends lamp life and prevents lamp blackening by depositing evaporated atoms back on the filament. Halogen bulbs are available in two types: mains voltage and low voltage (the latter requiring a transformer).

Incandescent Halogen lamps Halogen lamps (aka Quartz Halogen / Tungsten Halogen lamps) are also incandescent but the filament is surrounded with halogen gas (e.g. iodine or bromine). This extends lamp life and prevents lamp blackening by depositing evaporated atoms back on the filament. HALOGEN GAS TUNGSTEN FILAMENT QUARTZ CAPSULE Halogen bulbs are available in two types: mains voltage and low voltage (the latter requiring a transformer).

Incandescent Halogen lamps TYPICAL Characteristics n Bright white light, improved colour temperature compared with incandescent n Improved efficacy (up to 43% energy saving) n outstanding colour rendering (CRI 100) n Significantly longer life than incandescent i Technology phase out Regulation is leading to the phase out of mains voltage halogen reflector lamps and all but the most efficient low voltage halogen reflector lamps

Discharge lamps (fluorescent) n Linear Fluorescent Lamps (LFL) n Compact Fluorescent Lamps (CFL)

Discharge lamps (fluorescent) A fluorescent lamp consists of a glass tube with two electrodes. Electric current passes in an arc through an inert gas in the tube. The resulting heat vaporises tiny drops of mercury, producing ultraviolet light. This is converted into visible light by a phosphor coating inside the tube. Fluorescent lamps require a ballast. This heats the electrodes to a temperature needed to establish an arc. It then regulates the flow of power at the proper level.

DISCHARGE Linear Fluorescent Lamps LFLs are energy-efficient, low pressure discharge lamps. Typical characteristics n Energy efficient (40-110 LPW) n Long lasting (5,000-30,000 hrs) n wide choice of colour temperatures (2700-6500K) to suit different applications i TYPICAL APPLICATIONS Used for every kind of indoor application including office, retail, hospitality, education and industry

DISCHARGE Compact Fluorescent Lamps CFLs are small diameter fluorescent lamps. Their design enables the electrical connections to be located at one end of the lamp Typical characteristics n Significant energy saving vs. traditional incandescent n Good efficacy (40-70 LPW) n Long life 4,000-20,000 hrs

DISCHARGE Compact Fluorescent Lamps They are available in two forms:

DISCHARGE Compact Fluorescent Lamps They are available in two forms: 1. Integrated CFLs n Ballast is built into the lamp n Wide range of sizes, shapes (e.g. spiral, stick, decorative) and caps n Efficient, high quality, low energy replacement for incandescent lamps across most applications. n Flicker-free, instant-on light with fast warm-up n Suitable for home, office, retail and hospitality

DISCHARGE Compact Fluorescent Lamps They are available in two forms: 2. Plug-in CFLs n Ballast is separate from the lamp n Lamps plug-in to the fixture via a 2 or 4 pin connection n Solutions for specific needs: energy efficiency / extended life / quick-start / dimmability n Suitable for offices, hospitality, retail and more

High Intensity Discharge (HID) lamps n High Pressure Mercury Vapour n High Pressure Sodium (HPS) n Metal Halide (QMH/CMH) n Low Pressure Sodium (SOX)

High-Intensity Discharge (HID) lamps HID lamps work on process similar to that of fluorescent lamps, except that the light comes from the arc itself. The arc is created in a compact tube that contains either mercury, sodium or metal halides (gases). This tube is contained within an outer layer which: n stabilises and maintains the temperature around the arc tube n absorbs the UV radiation coming from the arc

High-Intensity Discharge (HID) lamps Typical characteristics n Intense bright light n Long life n Extremely energy efficient n Delay between switch on and full illumination (non-instant)

High-Intensity Discharge (HID) lamps Typical characteristics n Intense bright light n Long life n Extremely energy efficient n Delay between switch on and full illumination (non-instant) i TYPICAL APPLICATIONS n retail and display n roadway n Sports and floodlighting n High bay and industrial

HIGH INTENSITY DISCHARGE High Pressure Mercury Vapour lamps At the heart of the lamp is a quartz arc tube with a tungsten electrode at either end, plus a starting electrode that initiates ionisation of the gas filling. The tube contains mercury and argon gas. The gas carries the discharge while the lamp warms up, producing heat to vaporise the mercury.

HIGH INTENSITY DISCHARGE High Pressure Mercury Vapour lamps As well as creating visible light, mercury vapour also produces large amounts of UV radiation. This is converted into visible light by a coating of phosphor inside the outer bulb. PHOSPHOR COATING NITROGEN FILLING ARGON & MERCURY arc tube i The first HID lamp was a high pressure mercury lamp, introduced by GE in 1934. MAIN ELECTRODE STARTING ELECTRODE RESISTOR

HIGH INTENSITY DISCHARGE High Pressure Mercury Vapour lamps TYPICAL Characteristics n Long life (12,000-24,000 hrs) n Low operating costs n Acceptable colour rendering CRI 60

HIGH INTENSITY DISCHARGE High Pressure Mercury Vapour lamps TYPICAL Characteristics n Long life (12,000-24,000 hrs) n Low operating costs n Acceptable colour rendering CRI 60 i TYPICAL APPLICATIONS Suitable for outdoor/industrial applications requiring intense lighting such as roads, tunnels, streets and car parks.

HIGH INTENSITY DISCHARGE High Pressure Sodium (HPS) lamps Light is produced by an electrical discharge through sodium vapour operating at relatively high pressures and temperatures. Instead of using a third electrode like Mercury lamps, HPS lamps feature an ignitor that delivers a high voltage pulse. HPS lamps also use a ceramic arc tube suitable for use with sodium at temperatures up to 1300 C.

HIGH INTENSITY DISCHARGE High Pressure Sodium (HPS) lamps Light is produced by an electrical discharge through sodium vapour operating at relatively high pressures and temperatures. OUTER BULB arc tube cap Instead of using a third electrode like Mercury lamps, HPS lamps feature an ignitor that delivers a high voltage pulse. HPS lamps also use a ceramic arc tube suitable for use with sodium at temperatures up to 1300 C.

HIGH INTENSITY DISCHARGE High Pressure Sodium (HPS) lamps Light is produced by an electrical discharge through sodium vapour operating at relatively high pressures and temperatures. OUTER BULB arc tube cap Instead of using a third electrode like Mercury lamps, HPS lamps feature an ignitor that delivers a high voltage pulse. HPS lamps also use a ceramic arc tube suitable for use with sodium at temperatures up to 1300 C. SEALING THE ENDS ELECTRODE

HIGH INTENSITY DISCHARGE High Pressure Sodium (HPS) lamps TYPICAL Characteristics n Extremely long life (12,000-55,000 hrs) n Highly reliable n Excellent efficacy (70-140 LPW) n Poor colour rendering

HIGH INTENSITY DISCHARGE High Pressure Sodium (HPS) lamps TYPICAL Characteristics n Extremely long life (12,000-55,000 hrs) n Highly reliable n Excellent efficacy (70-140 LPW) n Poor colour rendering i TYPICAL APPLICATIONS Suitable for outdoor/industrial applications, including floodlighting, tunnels / bridges, security lighting, high posts and other hard to access places.

HIGH INTENSITY DISCHARGE Metal Halide lamps Metal Halide lamps operate on the same general principles as mercury lamps and are composed of the same parts except the starting electrode. Light is produced via an electric arc in a mixture of vaporised mercury and metal halides contained in either a quartz or, more recently, ceramic arc tube. The addition of metal halides radiates more light than mercury alone and improves the colour characteristics.

HIGH INTENSITY DISCHARGE Metal Halide lamps Metal Halide lamps operate on the same general principles as mercury lamps and are composed of the same parts except the starting electrode. Light is produced via an electric arc in a mixture of vaporised mercury and metal halides contained in either a quartz or, more recently, ceramic arc tube. outer bulb QUARTZ ARC TUBE arc The addition of metal halides radiates more light than mercury alone and improves the colour characteristics. cap

HIGH INTENSITY DISCHARGE Metal Halide lamps Typical characteristics n Superb colour rendition CRI 90+ (CMH) n Energy efficient up to 4.5x better than halogen n Good efficacy 65-110 LPW n long lasting

HIGH INTENSITY DISCHARGE Metal Halide lamps Typical characteristics n Superb colour rendition CRI 90+ (CMH) n Energy efficient up to 4.5x better than halogen n Good efficacy 65-110 LPW n long lasting i TYPICAL APPLICATIONS Ideal for colour-critical retail environment and outdoor applications requiring bright white light and energy efficiency.

HIGH INTENSITY DISCHARGE QMH/CMH lamps Traditional Quartz Metal Halide (QMH) lamps use an arc tube made of quartz glass. Ceramic Metal Halide (CMH) lamps use an arc tube made of alumina ceramic (like HPS lamps). This enables higher arc tube temperatures, delivering: n outstanding colour rendition n Enhanced efficiency n Long life up to 24,000 hrs

HIGH INTENSITY DISCHARGE Low Pressure Sodium (SOX) lamps These lamps feature a low pressure sodium discharge system operating in a U-shaped arc tube. The arc tube is mounted in a tubular outer bulb. SOX lamps produce a monochromatic yellow light colour rendering is non-existent.

HIGH INTENSITY DISCHARGE Low Pressure Sodium (SOX) lamps These lamps feature a low pressure sodium discharge system operating in a U-shaped arc tube. The arc tube is mounted in a tubular outer bulb. caption stem INDIUM OXIDE VACUUM TOP SUPPORT mica disc SOX lamps produce a monochromatic yellow light colour rendering is non-existent. solder barium getter cathode discharge tube sodium metal disc

HIGH INTENSITY DISCHARGE Low Pressure Sodium (SOX) lamps Typical characteristics n Highest efficiency technology up to 198 LPW n Long life 16,000 hrs n excellent lumen maintenance n yellow light

HIGH INTENSITY DISCHARGE Low Pressure Sodium (SOX) lamps Typical characteristics n Highest efficiency technology up to 198 LPW n Long life 16,000 hrs n excellent lumen maintenance n yellow light i TYPICAL APPLICATIONS Suitable for applications where energy efficiency is important but colour rendering is not required, e.g. security lighting, tunnels, subways, airports, docks etc.

HIGH INTENSITY DISCHARGE HID at a glance Mercury HPS QMH CMH SOX Best Good

HIGH INTENSITY DISCHARGE HID at a glance LPW (efficacy) Mercury HPS QMH CMH SOX Best Good

HIGH INTENSITY DISCHARGE HID at a glance LPW (efficacy) Rated life Mercury HPS QMH CMH SOX Best Good

HIGH INTENSITY DISCHARGE HID at a glance LPW (efficacy) Rated life Colour rendering Mercury HPS QMH CMH SOX Best Good

HIGH INTENSITY DISCHARGE HID at a glance LPW (efficacy) Rated life Colour rendering Lumen maintenance Mercury HPS QMH CMH SOX Best Good

Technology summary: incandescent Incandescent Pros Outstanding colour rendering Easy to use/replace Cons Inefficient Short lamp life Obsolete (specialist applications only)

Technology summary: incandescent Incandescent Pros Outstanding colour rendering Easy to use/replace Cons Inefficient Short lamp life Obsolete (specialist applications only) Halogen Pros Outstanding colour rendering Instant-on, instant full light Up to 43% energy saving vs incandescent Brighter, longer lasting than incandescent Cons High surface temperature More efficient technologies available Mains power lamps being phased out

Technology summary: discharge Fluorescent Pros Energy efficient Long lamp life Wide choice of lamps Cons Ballast required Contain mercury

Technology summary: discharge Fluorescent Pros Energy efficient Long lamp life Wide choice of lamps Cons Ballast required Contain mercury Compact Fluorescent Pros Compact design Wide choice of lamps Direct replacement of incandescent integrated models Economical replacement plug-in models (no need to replace ballast) Cons Relatively expensive Short cycles impact on lamp life Contain mercury

Technology summary: HID Mercury vapour Pros Intense white light Good lamp life CONS Warm-up time poor lumen maintenance

Technology summary: HID Mercury vapour Pros Intense white light Good lamp life CONS Warm-up time poor lumen maintenance High Pressure Sodium Pros Outstanding efficacy Extremely long lamp life CONS Poor colour rendering Warm-up time

Technology summary: HID Mercury vapour High Pressure Sodium Metal Halide Low Pressure Sodium Pros Intense white light Good lamp life CONS Warm-up time poor lumen maintenance Pros Outstanding efficacy Extremely long lamp life CONS Poor colour rendering Warm-up time Pros Excellent colour rendition Long lasting Energy efficient CONS Warm-up time Pros Highest efficiency lamp CONS Non-existent colour rendering

Questions?

Which form of lighting has a CRI of 100? Halogen Compact Fluorescent Metal Halide Low Pressure Sodium

Which form of lighting has a CRI of 100? Halogen 7 7 7 Compact Fluorescent Metal Halide Low Pressure Sodium

What is the coating on the inside of a fluorescent lamp that causes it to glow? Quartz Metal Halide Mercury Tungsten Phosphor

What is the coating on the inside of a fluorescent lamp that causes it to glow? 7 Quartz Metal Halide 7 7 Mercury Tungsten Phosphor

Which form of lighting has a rated life of up to 55,000 hrs? Linear Fluorescent High Pressure Sodium Quartz Metal Halide Low Pressure Sodium

Which form of lighting has a rated life of up to 55,000 hrs? 7 Linear Fluorescent High Pressure Sodium 7 7 Quartz Metal Halide Low Pressure Sodium

GE introduced the first HID lamp in 1934 what type was it? Compact Fluorescent Ceramic Metal Halide Low Pressure Sodium Mercury Vapour

GE introduced the first HID lamp in 1934 what type was it? 7 Compact Fluorescent 7 7 Ceramic Metal Halide Low Pressure Sodium Mercury Vapour

Which form of HID lighting offers the best colour rendering (CRI 90+)? Ceramic Metal Halide HPS Compact Fluorescent Mercury Vapour

Which form of HID lighting offers the best colour rendering (CRI 90+)? Ceramic Metal Halide 7 7 7 HPS Compact Fluorescent Mercury Vapour

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