The Washington Embassy

The Washington Embassy

The Washington Embassy British Ambassadors to the United States, 1939 77 Edited by Michael F. Hopkins Lecturer in History, University of Liverpool Saul Kelly Reader in Defence Studies, JSCSC, King s College London John W. Young Professor of International History, University of Nottingham

Editorial matter, selection and introduction Michael F. Hopkins, Saul Kelly and John W. Young 2009 All remaining chapters their respective authors 2009 Softcover reprint of the hardcover 1st edition 2009 978-0-230-52216-9 All rights reserved. No reproduction, copy or transmission of this publication may be made without written permission. No portion of this publication may be reproduced, copied or transmitted save with written permission or in accordance with the provisions of the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988, or under the terms of any licence permitting limited copying issued by the Copyright Licensing Agency, Saffron House, 6-10 Kirby Street, London EC1N 8TS. Any person who does any unauthorized act in relation to this publication may be liable to criminal prosecution and civil claims for damages. The authors have asserted their rights to be identified as the authors of this work in accordance with the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988. First published 2009 by PALGRAVE MACMILLAN Palgrave Macmillan in the UK is an imprint of Macmillan Publishers Limited, registered in England, company number 785998, of Houndmills, Basingstoke, Hampshire RG21 6XS. Palgrave Macmillan in the US is a division of St Martin s Press LLC, 175 Fifth Avenue, New York, NY 10010. Palgrave Macmillan is the global academic imprint of the above companies and has companies and representatives throughout the world. Palgrave and Macmillan are registered trademarks in the United States, the United Kingdom, Europe and other countries ISBN 978-1-349-35685-0 ISBN 978-0-230-23454-3 (ebook) DOI 10.1057/9780230234543 This book is printed on paper suitable for recycling and made from fully managed and sustained forest sources. Logging, pulping and manufacturing processes are expected to conform to the environmental regulations of the country of origin. A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library. A catalog record for this book is available from the Library of Congress. 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 18 17 16 15 14 13 12 11 10 09 Transferred to Digital Printing in 2014

Contents List of Contributors vii Introduction 1 Michael F. Hopkins, Saul Kelly and John W. Young 1 Lord Lothian, 1939 40 14 J. Simon Rofe 2 Lord Halifax, 1941 46 33 Nicholas J. Cull 3 Lord Inverchapel, 1946 48 52 Martin Folly 4 Oliver Franks, 1948 52 71 Michael F. Hopkins 5 Roger Makins, 1953 56 91 Saul Kelly 6 Harold Caccia, 1956 61 110 James Ellison 7 David Ormsby Gore, Lord Harlech, 1961 65 130 Michael F. Hopkins 8 Patrick Dean, 1965 69 150 Jonathan Colman 9 John Freeman, 1969 71 169 John W. Young 10 Lord Cromer, 1971 74 189 Alexander Spelling 11 Peter Ramsbotham, 1974 77 209 Raj Roy v

vi Contents Conclusion 229 G.R. Berridge and John W. Young Select Bibliography 235 Index 238

List of Contributors G.R. Berridge is Emeritus Professor of Politics at the University of Leicester and the author of Diplomacy: theory and practice (third edition, Basingstoke, 2005). Jonathan Colman is Lecturer in Contemporary Politics and History at the University of Salford and the author of A Special Relationship? Harold Wilson, Lyndon B. Johnson and Anglo-American relations at the summit, 1964 68 (Manchester, 2005). Nicholas J. Cull is Professor of Public Diplomacy at the University of Southern California, Annenberg, and the author of The Cold War and the United States Information Agency: American propaganda and public diplomacy, 1945 89 (Cambridge, 2008). James Ellison is Senior Lecturer in Modern and Contemporary History at Queen Mary, University of London and the author of The United States, Britain and the Transatlantic Crisis: rising to the Gaullist challenge, 1963 68 (Basingstoke, 2007). Martin Folly is Senior Lecturer in American and International History at Brunel University and the author of The United States in World War II: the awakening giant (Edinburgh, 2002). Michael F. Hopkins is Lecturer in History at the University of Liverpool and the author of Oliver Franks and the Truman Administration: Anglo- American Relations 1948 52 (London, 2003). Saul Kelly is Reader in the Defence Studies Department of King s College London and the author of The Hunt for Zerzura: the lost oasis and the desert war (London, 2002). J. Simon Rofe is Lecturer in Politics at the University of Leicester and the author of Franklin Roosevelt s Foreign Policy and the Welles Mission (Basingstoke, 2007). vii

viii List of Contributors Raj Roy completed his PhD, on the political economy of Anglo-American relations, at the London School of Economics, has written articles in the journals History and Cold War History and now works as a lawyer. Alexander Spelling recently completed his PhD thesis, on Anglo- American relations in the Nixon years, 1969 74, at the University of Nottingham. John W. Young is Professor of International History at the University of Nottingham and the author of Twentieth Century Diplomacy: a study in British practice, 1963 76 (Oxford, 2008).