Woodhead Publishing Series in Textiles: Number 139 Multidisciplinary know-how for smart-textiles developers Edited by Tilnde Kirstein. The Textile Institute WP WOODHEAD PUBLISHING Oxford Cambridge Philadelphia New Delhi
Contents Contributor contact details Woodhead Publishing Series in Textiles xi xv 1 The future of smart-textiles development: new enabling technologies, commercialization and market trends 1 T. Kjrstein, TechPublish, Switzerland 1.1 Introduction 1 1.2 The technological trade-off between smartness and integration 2 1.3 New enabling technologies for smart textiles 5 1.4 New approaches in commercialization of smart textiles 13 1.5 Future trends 18 1.6 Conclusion 22 1.7 References 22 Part I Materials 27 2 Types and processing of electro-conductive and semiconducting materials for smart textiles 29 A. Schwarz, RWTH Aachen University, Germany and L. Van Langenhove, Ghent University, Belgium 2.1 Introduction 29 2.2 Electro-conductive and semiconductive materials 30 2.3 Electro-conductive materials and their properties 36 2.4 Metals 37 2.5 Carbon: carbon black (CB), graphite and carbon nanotubes (CNT) 42 2.6 Intrinsically conductive polymers (ICP) 45 2.7 Semiconductive materials and their properties 47 v
vi Contents 2.8 Processing electro-conductive and semiconductive materials into textile structures 51 2.9 Future trends 58 2.10 Sources of further information and advice 58 2.11 Notes 59 2.12 References 60 3 Optical fibers for smart photonic textiles 70 S. Gorgutsa, J. Berzowksa and M. Skorobogatiy, Ecole Polytechnique de Montreal, Canada 3.1 Introduction to photonic textiles 70 3.2 Total internal reflection (TIR) fiber-based photonic textiles 73 3.3 Photonic bandgap (PBG) fiber-based photonic textiles 76 3.4 Photonic textile manufacturing 82 3.5 Reflective properties of photonic bandgap textiles under ambient illumination 85 3.6 Animated photonic bandgap textiles using mixing of ambient and emitted light 86 3.7 Potential applications of photonic bandgap textiles 86 3.8 Conclusion 89 3.9 Acknowledgments 89 3.10 References 89 4 Conductive nanofibres and nanocoatings for smart textiles 92 S. M. Shang and W. Zeng, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong 4.1 Introduction 92 4.2 Conductive nanofibres 92 4.3 Conductive nanocoating 101 4.4 Application of nanotechnology in smart textiles 110 4.5 Future trends 120 4.6 Sources of further information and advice 120 4.7 References 120 5 Polymer-based resistive sensors for smart textiles 129 C. Cochrane and A. Cayla, University Lille Nord de France, ENSAIT / GEMTEX, France 5.1 Introduction 129 5.2 Mechanical resistive sensors 132 5.3 Chemical resistive sensors 139 5.4 Temperature resistive sensors 144 5.5 Conclusion and future trends 148 5.6 References 148
Contents vii 6 Soft capacitance fibers for touch-sensitive smart textiles 154 S. Gorgutsa and M. Skorobogatiy, Ecole Polytechnique de Montreal, Canada 6.1 Introduction: overview of capacitive sensing 154 6.2 Soft capacitor fibers for electronic textiles 156 6.3 Electrical characterization of the isolated capacitor fiber 162 6.4 Capacitor fiber as a one-dimensional distributed touch sensor 170 6.5 Fully woven two-dimensional touch pad sensor using a one-dimensional array of capacitance fibers 183 6.6 Conclusion 186 6.7 References 186 Part II Technologies 189 7 Textile fabrication technologies for embedding electronic functions into fibres, yarns and fabrics 191 J. Eichhoff, A. Hehl, S. Jockenhoevel and T. Gries, RWTH Aachen University, Germany 7.1 Introduction 191 7.2 Fibre and yarn production processes: natural fibres 192 7.3 Fibre and yam production processes: continuous (man-made) fibres 197 7.4 Functionalisation of fibres and yarns 199 7.5 Fabric production: weaving 202 7.6 Fabric production: knitting 208 7.7 Fabric production: braiding 212 7.8 Embroidery 218 7.9 Challenges in smart-textile production 224 7.10 Notes 224 7.11 References 225 8 Fabrication technologies for the integration of thin-film electronics into smart textiles 227 C. Zysset, T. Kinkeldei, N. MOnzenrjeder and G. TrOster, ETH Zurich, Switzerland and K. Cherenack, Philips Research Eindhoven, The Netherlands 8.1 Introduction 227 8.2 Merging flexible electronics and smart textiles 229 8.3 Demonstrators 238 8.4 Mechanical reliability of contacts 246
viii Contents 8.5 Conclusion and future trends 247 8.6 Sources of further information and advice 249 8.7 Notes 249 8.8 References 250 9 Organic and large-area electronic (OLAE) technologies for smart textiles 253 F. Ellinger and C. Carta, Technische Universitat Dresden, Germany, A. HObler and G. Schmidt, Technische Universitat Chemnitz, Germany, J. Zapf, Siemens, Germany, G. Troster, ETH Zurich, Switzerland, A. Talo, Enfucell, Finland, D. Kozakis, Data Control Systems, Greece, D. Vassiliadis, Exoduss, Greece, R. Paradiso, Smartex, Italy, M. Krebs, Varta, Germany, M. Scharber, Konarka, Germany and M. Tuomikosici, VTT, Finland 9.1 Introduction 253 9.2 Flexible technologies for textile integration 258 9.3 Circuit design 273 9.4 Textile integration 277 9.5 Packaging integration and service life issues 279 9.6 References 280 9.7 Appendix: abbreviations and acronyms 283 10 Joining technologies for smart textiles 285 I. Locher, SEFAR AG, Switzerland 10.1 Introduction 285 10.2 Components of an electronic system in textiles 286 10.3 Conductive threads as electrical traces 287 10.4 Introduction to joining technologies for electronics 289 10.5 Overview of existing jointing technologies in the electronics and in the textile world 290 10.6 Summary to the joining technology overview 299 10.7 Protection of electrical connections 301 10.8 Challenges for electronic systems on textiles 302 10.9 Challenges for automated processes in electronic systems on textiles 303 10.10 Future trends 304 10.11 References 305 11 Kinetic, thermoelectric and solar energy harvesting technologies for smart textiles 306 S. P. Beeby, Z. Cao and A. Almussallam, University of Southampton, UK 11.1 Introduction 306 11.2 Energy sources and storage: key issues 307
Contents ix 11.3 Fabrication processes 308 11.4 Kinetic energy harvesting for smart textiles 309 11.5 Thermoelectric energy harvesting for smart textiles 315 11.6 Solar energy harvesting for smart textiles 323 11.7 Conclusion 326 11.8 References 326 12 Signal processing technologies for activity-aware smart textiles 329 D. Roggen and G. Troster, ETH Zurich, Switzerland and A. Bulling, University of Cambridge, UK 12.1 Introduction: from on-body sensing to smart assistants 329 12.2 Activity-aware applications 331 12.3 Sensing principles for activity recognition 332 12.4 Principles of activity recognition 339 12.5 Signal processing and pattern analysis 342 12.6 Experimental aspects 351 12.7 Future trends 356 12.8 Sources of further information and advice 357 12.9 Acknowledgements 358 12.10 Notes 358 12.11 References 358 Part III Product development and applications 367 13 Technology management and innovation strategies in the development of smart textiles 369 A. Garlinska and A. Ropert, Interactive Wear AG, Germany 13.1 Introduction 369 13.2 Fundamentals of innovation, technology and intellectual property management 370 13.3 Business models for smart textiles 382 13.4 Opportunities and challenges in the e-textiles business 388 13.5 Conclusion 393 13.6 Sources of further information and advice 394 13.7 References 397 14 Improving the sustainability of smart textiles 399 S. H. W. Ossevoort, Lucerne University of Applied Sciences and Arts, Switzerland 14.1 Introduction 399 14.2 Sustainable production of smart textiles 401 14.3 Recycling, a necessity 403
x Contents 14.4 Product durability 407 14.5 Sustainable design approach for a smart-textile product, an example 411 14.6 General guidelines for the design of sustainable smart-textile products 416 14.7 References 416 15 Medical applications of smart textiles 420 S. Coyle and D. Diamond, Dublin City University, Ireland 15.1 Introduction 420 15.2 Monitoring of body parameters 421 15.3 Challenges in medical smart textiles 432 15.4 Trends and applications of medical smart textiles 435 15.5 Conclusions 439 15.6 References 439 16 Automotive applications of smart textiles 444 M. Wagner, Daimler AG, Germany 16.1 Introduction 444 16.2 The use of textiles in vehicles 445 16.3 Smart-textile applications and their potential for use in cars 449 16.4 Prototypes of smart-textiles applications in vehicles 451 16.5 Key safety and quality requirements 461 16.6 The impact of electric vehicles on smart-textiles applications 463 16.7 Future trends 465 16.8 References 466 17 Architectural applications of smart textiles 468 A. RiTTER, ritter architekten, Germany 17.1 Introduction: key themes in modern architecture 468 17.2 Smart materials 470 17.3 Applications 472 17.4 Future trends 481 17.5 References and further reading 487 Index 489