Path to 5G Radio Access Network Eduardo Inzunza RF-Test Market Development Dec-2017 2016 2017 Viavi Solutions Inc. 1
Topics 5G RAN Introduction 5G Evolution 5G Revolution 2
Cellular evolution APPS 10101 01100 10000 5G-NR 10101 0 010 LTE LTE-Adv LTE-APro SMS UMTS HSDPA GSM GPRS/EDGE 1990 2000 2010 2020 TIME SMS 10101 0 010 10101 01100 10000 VOICE TEXT BeDATA BeVIDEO RtDATA RtVIDEO IoT T-Internet 3
5G Applications and Densification 5G promises to deliver much more than just higher data rates and more capacity. It targets new kinds of ultra-reliable, mission critical services User-Centric Applications Network Densification Source: Qualcomm 4
5G RAN Overview Network Densification IoT Tactile Internet NETWORK DENSIFICATION Small Phantom Cells: Massive MIMO (MMIMO) mmwave (30GHz, 60GHz, 80GHz) MultiRAT (LTE-A and UF-OFDMA) Wireless front-haul and back-haul Macro Cells and DAS LTE-APro, WiFiOL, LAA M2M LTE-M NB-IoT INTERNET OF THINGS Smart-Homes Remote Control D2D Mini-Cloud, Edge-Cloud UHD Video Augmented Reality TACTILE INTERNET Low latency (1ms) Remote Surgery Autonomous Cars Rescue Robots Virtual reality Serious gaming LTE-APro UF OFDMA mmw + MMIMO NB-IoT µwave UF OFDMA mmw + MMIMO LTE-CatM 5G Evolution CRAN: Centralized Radio Access Network LTE-APro: LTE Advanced Pro LAA: LTE Assisted Access NB-IoT: Narrowband Internet of Things LTE-CatM1 µwave: micro-wave 5G Revolution mmwave: millimeter wave (30 to 100GHz) MultiRAT: Multi Radio Access Technology UF-OFDMA: Universal Filtered OFDMA LAA WiFiOL C-RAN 5
Topics 5G RAN Introduction 5G Evolution 5G Revolution 6
5G RAN Evolution LTE-Advanced Pro Macro-Cell Carrier Aggregation Macro-Cell and Small Cell Inter Cell Interference Coordination (ICIC) Inter-Cell Coordinated Multipoint (CoMP) Multi-RAT Sub 6GHz: LTE-APro + SmallCell ICIC + LAA + IoT Radio Access µwave: Small Cell front-haul Modulation Macro Cells: LTE OFDMA (256QAM) MIMO 8x LTE-APro, LTE-U, LAA ICIC Almost Blank Subframe LTE-APro ICIC LTE-A LTE-U LAA WiFi Offload (LAA) µwave Front-haul C-RAN µwave C-RAN RFoCPRI 5G Evolution LTE-APro: LTE Advanced Pro ICIC: Inter-Cell Interference Coordination LAA: Licensed Assisted Access µwave: micro-wave WiFiOL: WiFi offload C-RAN: Centralized Radio Access Network 7
5G RAN Evolution LTE Multiple Input Multiple Output - MIMO MIMO creates multiple communication layers, increasing capacity. The mobile can decode those layers based on the signal quality from each antenna (RS0 and RS1). ANT-2 RS ANT-2 RS ANT-1 RS ANT-1 RS Spatial Multiplexing Increases Capacity Different user data is transmitted from multiple antennas. This creation of parallel communication channels or layers improves bandwidth utilization. Diversity Increases Coverage Same user data is transmitted from multiple antennas. Provides better reception in Improves environments with high multipath and fading. ANTENNA 1 REFERENCE SIGNAL ANTENNA 2 REFERENCE SIGNAL High Modulation Quality (RS0 & RS1) = Double Capacity 8
LTE Physical Layer Overview Multiple Input Multiple Output (2x) R 0 : RS Antenna 0 Resource Block MIMO transmission with unique reference signals for each antenna Time (Symbols) R 0 R 0 R 0 R 0 Frequency (Subcarriers) Antenna 0 Reference Signal (0) R 1 : RS Antenna 1 Resource Block Power RS(0) Power RS(1) Time (Symbols) R 1 R 1 Antenna 0 Reference Signal (0) Frequency Antenna 1 Reference Signal (1) Frequency R 1 R 1 Frequency (Subcarriers) Antenna 1 Reference Signal (1) 9
LTE Physical Layer Overview Multiple Input Multiple Output (4x) Power R 0 : RS Antenna 0 Resource Block R 1 : RS Antenna 1 Resource Block ANT3 Power Freq Time (Symbols) R 0 R 0 Time (Symbols) R 1 R 1 R 0 R 0 R 1 R 1 ANT2 Frequency (Subcarriers) Frequency (Subcarriers) Freq Power R 2 : RS Antenna 2 Resource Block R 3 : RS Antenna 3 Resource Block ANT1 Power Freq Time (Symbols) R 2 R 2 Time (Symbols) ANT0 R 3 R 3 Freq Frequency (Subcarriers) Frequency (Subcarriers) 10
5G RAN Evolution LTE MIMO 4x Measurements EVM ANT 0 Power Trend ANT 0,1,2,3 EVM ANT 1 EVM ANT 2 EVM ANT 3 Power & EVM ANT 0,1,2,3 ANT 0 ANT 1 ANT 2 ANT 3 CellAdvisor : LTE Advanced MIMO 4x Quality (EVM) CellAdvisor : LTE Advanced MIMO 4x Power 11
5G Evolution Throughput Case Channel Quality Indicator Modulation quality in LTE will indicate the modulation scheme (data throughput) assigned to each user. MODULATION QUALITY DATA THROUGHPUT USER EXPERIENCE LOW MODULATION QUALITY LOW DATA THROUGHPUT Spectrum Analysis HIGH MODULATION QUALITY HIGH DATA THROUGHPUT 12
5G Evolution LTE Modulation RS Quality CQI PDSCH Modulation Throughput Capacity 00 0000 Reference Signal Channel Quality Indicator Channel State Information Channel Quality Indicator CQI PDSCH MODULATION 0 Out of range 1 to 3 QPSK 4 to 6 16QAM 7 to 11 64QAM 000000 QPSK 00000000 16QAM 12 to 15 256QAM LTE Bandwidth* Channel bandwidth (MHz) 1.4 3 5.0 10.0 15.0 20.0 TX bandwidth (MHz) 1.1 2.7 4.5 9.0 13.5 18.0 RB per timeslot (0.5ms) 6 15 25 50 75 100 QPSK MIMO 2x (Mbps) 4.0 10.1 16.8 33.6 50.4 67.2 16QAM MIMO 2x (Mbps) 8.1 20.2 33.6 67.2 100.8 134.4 64QAM MIMO 2x (Mbps) 12.1 30.2 50.4 100.8 151.2 201.6 64QAM MIMO 4x (Mbps) 24.2 60.5 100.8 135.5 302.4 403.2 256QAM MIMO 2x (Mbps) 16.1 40.3 67.2 180.6 201.6 268.8 256QAM MIMO 4x (Mbps) 32.3 80.6 134.4 541.9 403.2 537.6 *LTE Bandwidth = #RBpCH * REpRB * TSpF * MIMO * FpS * BITpMod 64QAM 256QAM 13
5G Evolution LTE Modulation QUALITY CellAdvisor LTE signal analysis (data) over-the-air modulation quality measurements Modulation: QPSK Modulation: 16QAM Modulation: 64QAM Modulation: 256QAM 14
5G RAN Evolution Carrier Aggregation Carrier Aggregation LTE-Advanced devices with higher capabilities to aggregate up to 100 MHz of spectrum (5 carriers) BAND A BAND B BAND A BAND B BAND A BAND B CC1 CC2 CC1 CC2 CC1 CC2 Intra-Band Contiguous CA Frequency Intra-Band Non-contiguous CA Frequency Inter-Band CA Frequency LTE 10 739MHz LTE 10MHz 739MHz (ANT0) LTE 10 751MHz LTE 10MHz 739MHz (ANT1) LTE 20 1950MHz LTE 10MHz 751MHz (ANT0) LTE 20 2145MHz LTE 10MHz 751MHz (ANT1) LTE CA (Spectrum) LTE CA (Modulation) 15
5G Evolution Citizens broadband Radio service (CBRS) Radio access technology: LTE-TDD User Tiers and Priorities: 1. Incumbent Users (naval radars, fixed satellite, etc) 2. Priority Access Users ( 7 per service area) using 10MHz channels with carrier aggregation 4) 3. General Authorized Access Users The operation of all CBRS devices shall be coordinated by one or more authorized Spectrum Access Systems (SASs) - Permissible channels or frequencies at their location - Maximum permissible transmission power level at their location - Protect Priority Access Licensees from interference - Protect non-federal Incumbent Users from harmful interference CBRS Network Elements Frequency Band 3550 to 3700 MHz End User Device Power 23dBm / 10MHz Category A (Indoor) 30dBm / 10MHz Catefory B (Outdoor) 47dBm / 10MHz Source: e-cfr (Electronic Code of Federal Regulations) 16
5G RAN Evolution Licensed Assisted Access (LAA) LAA is a radio access technology for providing carrier-grade wireless service in the 5GHz unlicensed band. LTE-FDD carrier aggregation is used having an anchor or primary carrier on the licensed band and the secondary carrier on the WiFi band. LTE channel bandwidth in 5 GHz unlicensed spectrum is 20 MHz. LTE Licensed (Anchor Carrier) WiFi Unlicensed (Aggregated Carriers) 2110 2155 MHz 5150 5250 MHz Source: LTE-U Forum (ALU, E///, LG, Qualcomm, Samsung, Verizon) WiFi Unlicensed (Coexistence with LTE) 20MHz 20MHz 20MHz Uplink Downlink Supplemental Downlink (SDL) User Equipment (LAA capable) 17
5G RAN Evolution LAA Spectrum and Spectrogram Analysis LTE-Licensed 746 756 MHz LTE-Unlicensed 5150 5250 MHz 10MHz 20MHz 20MHz WiFi LTE LTE LTE WiFi WiFi AWS U-NII-1 CH 36 LAA: LTE Primary (AWS) and WiFi Secondary Carriers LAA: LTE Primary and WiFi Secondary 18
5G RAN Evolution LAA Interference and Signal Analysis WiFi SSID MIMO AWS 2125MHz MIMO U-NII-1 5180MHz Interference Reference Signal LTE AWS 2125MHz U-NII-1 5160 to 5240 U-NII-3 5745 to 5825 Reference Signal LTE U-NII-1 5180MHz LAA: WiFi Spectrum and SSID LAA: Carrier Aggregation Signal Analysis 19
5G RAN Evolution Internet of Things Market Drivers Expected growth of 20% to 34% for the next 5 years Application areas in different industries, including home, healthcare, education, farming, cars, etc. IoT Growth IoT Applications IoT Classification Source: Things Coverage Network Planning White Paper 20
5G RAN Evolution Internet of Things (IoT) Licensed Spectrum (Cellular) The mobile industry has developed and standardized a new class of low power wide area (LPWA) technologies in licensed spectrum considering low cost, low power consumption and high coverage fulfilling IoT applications. Extended Coverage GSM for Internet of Things (EC-GSM-IoT) Allow the technology to be introduced into existing GSM networks Bandwidth requirement TDMA 200KHz [GMSK, 8PSK] LTE Machine Type Communications Category M1 (LTE MTC Cat M1 or LTE-M) Bandwidth requirement OFDMA 1.08MHz (6 RB), Stand alone bandwidth requirement OFDMA 1.4MHz [QPSK, 16QAM, 64QAM] Narrowband IoT (NB-IoT or Cat NB1) Extended coverage compared to the traditional GSM networks. The complexity of NB-IoT devices can be even lower than that of GSM devices Bandwidth requirements OFDMA 180KHz (1 RB) [BPSK, 8PSK, 16QAM Increased Battery Life 5G IoT Enhanced Coverage Reduced Cost 21
5G RAN Evolution IoT Implementations Technologies in Licensed Spectrum Characteristics MTC (LTE Cat M1) NB-IOT EC-GSM-IoT Deployment In-Band LTE In-band LTE, Guard-band LTE, or standalone In-band GSM Downlink Uplink OFDMA, 15KHz sub-carriers QPSK, 16QAM, 64QAM SC-FDMA, 15KHz sub-carriers QPSK, 16QAM Bandwidth 1.08MHz (1.4MHz channel with 6 PRB) OFDMA, 15KHz sub-carriers BPSK, QPSK, optional 16QAM SC-FDMA, 15KHz sub-carriers BPSK, QPSK, 8PSK optional 16QAM 180KHz (1 PRB) TDMA/FDMA GMSK, optional 8PSK TDMA/FDMA GMSK, optional 8PSK 200KHz per channel Peak Rate 1Mbps UL and DL 50Kbps UL and DL 16Kbps (GMSK), 60Kbps (8PSK) Duplexing FDD & TDD FDD FDD Power Class 23 dbm, 20 dbm 23 dbm 33 dbm, 23 dbm 22
5G RAN Evolution LTE Machine Type Communication (LTE-M) and NB-IoT LTE as the foundation of IoT Leveraging RF infrastructure (LTE spectrum) Expediting service activation (enb SW upgrades) Monetizing Radio Access Network (Sensor Certification) POWER LTE-MTC LTE FREQ 1.08 MHz (6RB) POWER NB-IoT 6dB Source: Qualcomm 180 KHz (6RB) LTE FREQ 23
5G RAN Evolution Narrow Band IoT (NB-IoT) Signal Structure UL and DL bandwidth of 180KHz Frequency error is specified to be ±0.1 PPM OFDMA with 12 x 15KHz or 48 x 3.75KHz sub-carriers Uplink - Narrowband Physical Uplink Shared Channel, NPUSCH (BPSK, QPSK) - Narrowband Physical Random Access Channel, NPRACH - Narrowband demodulation reference signal Downlink - Narrowband Physical Downlink Shared Channel, NPDSCH (QPSK) EVM 17.5% - Narrowband Physical Broadcast Channel, NPBCH (QPSK) - Narrowband Physical Downlink Control Channel, NPDCCH (QPSK) - Narrowband reference signal, NRS (sub-frame 0, 4, and 9), SISO or MIMO 2x2 with TAE 65ns Modes of Operation Stand-Alone Guard-band In-band 6dB 6dB 200KHz LTE LTE - Narrowband synchronization signal (NPSS and NSSS) including Cell ID Source: 3GPP 36.802, 36.104, 36.211 24
5G RAN Evolution NB-IoT Spectrum and Interference NB-IoT User Equipment TX Max Power Class 3 Class 5 Tx Off Power Rx Min Power 23 dbm 20 dbm - 50 dbm -108.2 dbm Multi-ray and wall penetration loss Interference Shadowing NB-IoT Base Station TX Max Power Wide Area Medium Range Local Range Rx Min Power Guard & In-band Stand-Alone None 38 dbm 24 dbm -101.5 dbm -127 dbm!"##$%&'#(&)h+,-- = 20 +,2 4456 ' FSPL = 83dB, d = 500, f = 750MHz WPL 205I, $h&5,jkl2 105I, NB-IoT NB-IoT LTE LTE & NB-IoT Downlink Spectrum CellAdvisor Spectrum & RFoFiber RFoCPRI LTE & NB-IoT Uplink Spectrum 25
5G RAN Evolution NB-IoT Signal Analysis Signal Quality Downlink Narrowband Reference Signal (NRS) For NB-IoT, for all bandwidths, the EVM measurement shall be performed for each NB-IoT carrier over all allocated resource and downlink sub-frames within 1 ms measurement periods Narrowband reference signals shall not be transmitted in sub-frames containing NPSS or NSSS NRS modulation requirement (EVM 17.5%) NB-IoT Adjacent RB Power Reserved RE NB-IoT Modulation (Reference Signal) NRS ANTENNA 1 NRS ANTENNA 2 LTE and NB-IoT In-band Signal Quality 26
5G RAN Evolution LTE-M Signal Analysis MTC Data Channels (MPDSCH : 6 RB) LTE-M Overview Coexist with LTE, allocating a bandwidth of 1.08MHz (6 PRB), supporting 10Kbps to 1 Mbps LTE 10MHz (50 RB) Enhancements supporting mobility, multicast, positioning, and VoLTE Coverage targets are achieved by repetition across multiple subframes (4 for normal cyclic prefix or 8 for extended cyclic prefix). Modulation scheme of evolved machine type communication physical control channel (MPDCCH) is QPSK MTC Control Channel (MPDCCH) LTE with emtc Downlink Signal Analysis 27
Topics 5G RAN Introduction 5G Evolution 5G Revolution 28
5G RAN Revolution Overview Small Cell Radio access in mmwave (~30GHz) with higher channel bandwidth (~100MHz) and multiple transmitters (massive MIMO) with beam-forming. Phantom Cell Macro-Cell handles user plane traffic (control channels) and Small Cell handles user plane traffic (shared channels) Similar to coordinated multipoint (CoMP) Multi-RAT Sub 6GHz: LTE and LTE-U/LAA, NB-IoT, WiFi Offload Beyond 6GHz: Small-Cells, M-MIMO Modulation Macro Cells: OFDMA (256QAM) Small Cells: UF-OFDMA, NOMA (Channel BW: 100MHz to 1GHz) Phantom Cell mmwave, Massive MIMO mmwave LTE-A LTE-U M-MIMO and Beam Forming UF OFDMA mmw + MMIMO M-MIMO Beam Forming µwave Front-haul µwave 5G Revolution µwave: micro-wave mmw: millimeter wave (30 to 100GHz) M-MIMO: Massive MIMO MultiRAT: Multi Radio Access Technology UF-OFDMA: Universal Filtered OFDMA 29
5G RAN Revolution Verizon 5G Technical Forum (V5GTF) The Verizon 5G Technology Forum (V5GTF) was formed in late 2015 in cooperation with ecosystem partners Create 5G technical specifications, including 5G radio interface (Layers 1, 2 and 3) and defines the interfaces between the User Equipment (UE) and the network. The initial release included the V5G.200 series which describes Layer 1 (the Physical Layer). The V5G.300 series describing Layers 2 and 3 (Medium Access Control, Radio Link Control, Packet Data Convergence Protocol, and Radio Resource Control). www.v5gtf.org 30
LTE Physical Layer Overview LTE Downlink Signal Format OFDMA POWER POWER 1 Frame (10 ms) = 10 sub-frames (1 ms) = 20 slots (0.5ms) POWER Transmission Bandwidth: 9 MHz Channel Bandwidth: 10 MHz FREQUENCY 0 1 2 3 18 19 Slot Subframe Frame 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Symbols (Sy) Slot TIME 0 1 2 3 POWER Subcarriers (Sc) Resource Block POWER Resource Element TIME TIME 7 Symbol (Sy) FREQUENCY 15 khz LTE 10 MHz : 9 MHz / 15 khz = 600 Sc FREQUENCY Symbol (Sy) 12 Subcarrier (Sc) Subcarrier (Sc) Resource Block (RB) = 12 Sc x 7 Sy = 84 Resource Elements FREQUENCY 31
5G RAN Revolution V5GTF Radio Access Signal Format (TDD Structure) POWER POWER POWER FREQUENCY CH BW: 100 MHz TX BW: 90 MHz 0 1 2 3 98 99 Slot Subframe 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Symbols (Sy) Frame (10ms) 0 1 2 3 Slot TIME POWER Subcarriers (Sc) POWER Resource Block Resource Element TIME 7 Symbol (Sy) TIME Symbol (Sy) 12 Subcarrier (Sc) FREQUENCY FREQUENCY 75 khz CHBW 100 MHz : 90 MHz / 75 khz = 1200 Sc FREQUENCY Subcarrier (Sc) Resource Block (RB) = 12 Sc x 7 Sy = 84 Resource Elements 32
5G RAN Revolution Fixed Wireless Power 27.50 28.35 GHz CARRIER 1 CARRIER 2 5G (28GHz) Fixed Wireless co-located with Macro-Cell 100MHz 100MHz Freq 5G Carrier Aggregation (28GHz) 5G Structure (TDD) 6 8 USB Control Data Bus Bias Tee Power IF Spectrum High Frequency Spectrum 28GHz Downconverter 28GHz Downconverter CellAdvisor JD740 or JD780 Series with 28GHz Downconverter CellAdvisor 28GHz Spectrum and Interference Analysis 5G Spectrum and Interference (CellAdvisor) 33
5G RAN Revolution mmwave Spectrum Analysis 90 MHz Channel 27.8GHz 90 MHz Channel 27.9GHz 5G Spectrum Analysis (Carrier 1) 5G Spectrum Analysis (Carrier 2) 34