SATELLITE COMMUNICATION Monojit Mitra
SATELLITE COMMUNICATION
SATELLITE COMMUNICATION MONOJIT MITRA Assistant Professor Department of Electronics and Telecommunication Engineering Bengal Engineering and Science University, Shibpur New Delhi-110001 2012
SATELLITE COMMUNICATION Monojit Mitra 2005 by PHI Learning Private Limited, New Delhi. All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced in any form, by mimeograph or any other means, without permission in writing from the publisher. ISBN-978-81-203-2786-3 The export rights of this book are vested solely with the publisher. Seventh Printing º º º May, 2012 Published by Asoke K. Ghosh, PHI Learning Private Limited, M-97, Connaught Circus, New Delhi-110001 and Printed by Mudrak, 30-A, Patparganj, Delhi-110091.
Contents Preface Acknowledgements xi xiii 1. Overview of Satellite Communication 1 11 1.1 Introduction 1 1.2 Historical Background of Satellite Communication 2 1.3 Active and Passive Satellites 4 1.4 Satellite Orbits 4 1.5 General Structure of Satellite Communication 5 1.6 Iridium 6 1.7 Importance of 6/4 GHz System 7 1.8 Satellite Applications 7 1.9 Satellite Frequency Allocation and Band Spectrum 7 1.10 Advantages of Microwave and Millimeter Wave in Satellite Communication 8 1.11 Digital Satellite Communication 8 1.12 Satellite Mobile Communication System 9 Summary 9 References 10 Suggested Further Reading 10 Problems 10 v
vi CONTENTS 2. Satellite Orbits and Inclination 12 21 2.1 Introduction 12 2.2 Look Angles 15 2.3 Orbital Perturbations 18 2.3.1 Effect of Eclipse 18 2.3.2 Effects of Gravitational Force of Sun and Moon 19 2.3.3 Effect of Earth s Oblateness 19 2.4 Sun Transit Outage 20 Summary 20 References 20 Suggested Further Reading 21 Problems 21 3. Spacecraft and Its Subsystem 22 42 3.1 Introduction 22 3.2 Attitude and Orbit Control System (AOCS) 22 3.2.1 Attitude Control System (ACS) 23 3.2.2 Orbit Control System 25 3.3 Telemetry, Tracking and Command (TT&C) 25 3.3.1 Telemetry 26 3.3.2 Tracking System 26 3.3.3 Command 27 3.4 Power System 27 3.5 Communication Subsystems 28 3.5.1 Transponder 29 3.6 Antenna Subsystem 30 3.7 Reliability and Space Qualification 34 3.7.1 Space Qualification 35 3.7.2 Reliability 35 3.7.3 Redundancy 36 3.8 Launches and Launch Vehicles 37 3.8.1 Mechanics of Launching a Geo-Synchronous Satellite 39 Summary 39 References 40 Suggested Further Reading 40 Problems 40 4. Satellite Link Design 43 54 4.1 Introduction 43 4.2 General Link Design Equation 43 4.3 System Noise Temperature, C/N and G/T Ratios 45
CONTENTS vii 4.4 Uplink Design 48 4.5 Downlink Design 48 4.5.1 Downlink Rain Fade Margin 49 4.6 Complete Link Design 49 4.7 Satellite Link Design with Specified (C/N) 52 4.8 Dependence of (C/N) Ratio on Earth Station Parameters 52 Summary 53 References 53 Suggested Further Reading 53 Problems 54 5. Analog Satellite Communication 55 66 5.1 Introduction 55 5.2 Frequency Division Multiplexing Technique 56 5.3 Generation of FM Signal 56 5.3.1 Detection of FM Signal 58 5.3.2 FM with Multiplexed Telephone Signals 59 5.3.3 Companded Single Sideband (CSSB) System 60 5.3.4 Single Channel Per Carrier (SCPC) Carrier 60 5.4 Analog Television Transmission 61 5.4.1 Signal to Noise Ratio for TV Signal 64 5.5 International and Regional Satellites 64 Summary 65 Suggested Further Reading 66 Problems 66 6. Digital Satellite Communication 67 88 6.1 Introduction 67 6.2 Digital Base Band Signal Transmission 67 6.3 Digital Modulation Techniques 69 6.3.1 Amplitude Shift Keying (ASK) 69 6.3.2 Binary Phase Shift Keying (BPSK) 70 6.3.3 Quadrature Phase Shift Keying (QPSK) 71 6.3.4 Binary Frequency Shift Keying (BFSK) 73 6.3.5 Minimum Shift Keying (MSK) 75 6.3.6 Quadrature Amplitude Modulation (QAM) 75 6.4 Digital Transmission of Voice Signal 79 6.5 Delta Modulation 80 6.6 Digital Demodulation 81 6.6.1 Coherent Detection 81 6.6.2 FSK Demodulator 82 6.6.3 BPSK Demodulator 83
viii CONTENTS 6.6.4 QPSK Demodulation 84 6.6.5 QAM Demodulation 85 Summary 87 Suggested Further Reading 87 Problems 87 7. Multiple Access Techniques 89 104 7.1 Introduction 89 7.2 Time Division Multiple Access (TDMA) 90 7.2.1 TDMA Frame Structure 91 7.2.2 TDMA Frame Synchronization and Timing 94 7.2.3 Multiple Beam TDMA System 95 7.2.4 Beam Hopping TDMA 95 7.3 Frequency Division Multiple Access (FDMA) 96 7.3.1 Overall C/N Ratio on an FDM/FM/FDMA Link 96 7.4 Code Division Multiple Access (CDMA) 97 7.4.1 Direct Sequence Spread Spectrum (DS-SS) 98 7.4.2 PN Sequence Spread Spectrum 99 7.4.3 Frequency Hopping Spread Spectrum (FHSS) 100 7.5 Space Domain Multiple Access (SDMA) 102 7.6 Mixed Access System 102 Summary 102 References 103 Suggested Further Reading 103 Problems 103 8. Demand Assigned Multiple Access (DAMA) Techniques 105 117 8.1 Introduction 105 8.2 Erlang Call Congestion (Blocking or B) Formula 107 8.3 Demand Assignment Control 108 8.4 Demand Assigned FDMA (DA-FDMA) 109 8.5 Demand Assigned TDMA (DA-TDMA) 110 8.6 Digital Speech Interpolation 111 8.7 Random Multiple Access (RMA) 112 Summary 116 Suggested Further Reading 116 Problems 117 9. Encoding and Forward Error Correction for Digital Satellite 118 125 Links 9.1 Introduction 118 9.2 Error Detection Coding 119 9.2.1 Linear Block Coding 119
CONTENTS ix 9.2.2 Cyclic Codes 121 9.2.3 Golay Codes 122 9.2.4 Convolutional Codes 122 9.3 Automatic Repeat Request (ARQ) 123 9.4 Implementation of Error Detection on Satellite Links 124 Summary 124 Suggested Further Reading 125 Problems 125 10. Earth Station Technology 126 138 10.1 Introduction 126 10.2 Subsystem of an Earth Station 127 10.2.1 Transmitter 127 10.2.2 Receiver 128 10.2.3 Antennas 129 10.2.4 Tracking and Pointing 131 10.3 Small Earth Station 131 10.4 Different Types of Earth Station 132 10.4.1 Transmit Receive Earth Station 132 10.4.2 Receive Only Earth Station 133 10.5 Frequency Coordination 134 10.6 Earth Station of Near Future 136 Summary 137 Suggested Further Reading 137 Problems 137 11. Special Purpose Communication Satellites 139 153 11.1 Introduction 139 11.2 Direct Broadcast Satellite (DBS) Services 139 11.3 INMARSAT 140 11.4 Data Broadcast Satellite (VSAT) 142 11.5 Mobile Satellite (MSAT) Communication System 144 11.6 Global Positioning System (GPS) 144 11.7 RADARSAT 146 11.8 LANDSAT 148 11.9 ORBCOMM 148 11.10 INTELSAT 149 Summary 152 Reference 152 Suggested Further Reading 152 Problems 152
x CONTENTS 12. Indian Activities in Satellite Communication 154 161 12.1 Introduction 154 12.2 Indian National Satellite System (INSATS) 155 12.3 Small Earth Stations in India 158 12.4 Indian Remote Sensing (IRS) Satellites 159 12.5 Participation of India in Other International Communication Satellite System 159 12.6 Collaboration with Industries for Staellite Development 161 Summary 161 Suggested Further Reading 161 Problems 161 Index 163 166
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