RESEARCH & DEVELOPMENT STATISTICS AT A GLANCE

RESEARCH & DEVELOPMENT STATISTICS AT A GLANCE 2017-18 DEPARTMENT OF SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY MINISTRY OF SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY GOVERNMENT OF INDIA NEW DELHI-110016 (INDIA) December 2017

FOREWORD The Department of Science & Technology (DST) is primarily a policy making body for S&T sector in India. New STI Policy 2013 of the government lays special emphasis on scientifically derived and evidence-based policy formulation for a strong and viable Science, Research and Innovation System for India. The role and criticality of data in the formulation of evidence-based policies are widely appreciated. National Science and Technology Management Information System(NSTMIS),DST has been continuously engaged in generating Databases for S&T sector since 1973 and for convenience of comparisons with databases of other countries, guidelines of UNESCO / OECD have been adopted for statistics on S&T related information. Salient findings of the survey launched in the year 2015 for compilation of the latest Research and Development Statistics and Indicators are presented here mainly in the form of graphical presentations. Scope and coverage of data on R&D expenditure and human resources has been enlarged this time to include multi-national companies and companies not covered by the Department of Scientific and Industrial Research (DSIR) under its recognition scheme. Further the survey analysis has been complemented and enriched by the secondary sources such as Higher Education in S&T, Patents etc. including Bibliometric analysis of Scientific Publications. Planning and execution of the National Survey is an in-house exercise of DST. It is a culmination of the NSTMIS, DST team effort comprising Dr. Parveen Arora, Dr. A.N. Rai and Mr. P. K. Arya. I thank all scientific agencies and in-house R&D labs for providing data / inputs contained in this compilation. It is hoped that this publication would be useful for evidence based planning for Indian Science Sector. December, 2017 (Prof. Ashutosh Sharma) Secretary Department of Science & Technology Government of India

R&D Expenditure(Rs. Crores) GERD as Percentage of GDP MAJOR HIGHLIGHTS The Gross expenditure on R&D (GERD) in the country has been consistently increasing over the years and has tripled in a decade from Rs.24,117.24 crores in 2004-05 to Rs. 85,326.10 crores in 2014-15. It is estimated to be Rs. 94,516.45 crores in 2015-16 and Rs. 1,04,864.03 crores in 2016-17. NATIONAL R&D EXPENDITURE AND ITS PERCENTAGE WITH GDP 115000 110000 105000 100000 95000 90000 85000 80000 75000 70000 65000 60000 55000 50000 45000 40000 35000 30000 25000 20000 15000 10000 5000 0 R&D Expenditure R&D as % of GDP 0.90 0.88 0.86 0.84 0.82 0.80 0.78 0.76 0.74 0.72 0.70 0.68 0.66 0.64 0.62 0.60 1990-91 1995-96 2000-01 2005-06 2006-07 2007-08 2008-09 2009-10 2010-11 2011-12 2012-13 2013-14 2014-15 2015-16*2016-17* Year Source: Department of Science & Technology, Government of India. India s Gross Expenditure on R&D (GERD) as percentage of GDP was 0.69% during the year 2014-15. India s per capita R&D expenditure has increased to Rs. 659/- (US$ 10.8) in 2014-15 from Rs. 217/- (US$ 4.8) in 2004-05.

Percentage Percentage GDP since 2009-10 onwards (both at current and constant prices) has surpassed the annual rate of growth of R&D. One of the reasons could be the revision of the GDP series with a new base year 2011-12 involving a comprehensive coverage of industrial and service sectors, thus leading to higher GDP and its growth rate. R&D expenditure R&D EXPENDITURE and GDP in AND absolute GDP ANNUAL terms GROWTH have shown a consistent rising trend over the years. While the annual growth R&D EXPENDITURE AND GDP ANNUAL GROWTH rate of R&D (both at current and constant prices) remained higher than that of GDP during 1996-97 to 2000-01, fluctuating RATE AT CURRENT PRICES thereafter. RATE AT CONSTANT PRICES 30 GDP R&D 25 GDP R&D 25 20 20 15 10 5 0 15 10 5 0-5 In terms of PPP$, India s Gross Expenditure on R&D (GERD) increased from 40.2 billions PPP$ in 2009-10 to 50.3 billions PPP$ in 2014-15. It is estimated to be 52.6 billions PPP$ in 2015-16 and 55.0 billions PPP$ in 2016-17. India accounted for 2.7 % share in World GERD during 2014-15 to 2016-17. World GERD increased from 1359.14 billions PPP$ in 2009-10 to 1832.86 billions PPP$ in 2014-15. It is estimated to be 1946.49 billions PPP$ in 2015-16 and 2067.18 billions PPP$ in 2016-17. 3

NATIONAL R&D EXPENDITURE BY SECTOR, 2014-15 45.1% Central Government Private Sector 3.9% State Sector 5.5% 7.4% 38.1% Public Sector Industries Higher Education Sector Source: Department of Science & Technology, Government of India. Gross Expenditure on R&D (GERD) is mainly driven by the Government sector comprising of Central Government 45.1%, State Governments 7.4%, Higher Education 3.9% and Public Sector Industries 5.5% with Private Sector Industries contributing 38.1% during 2014-15. 4

R&D Expenditure (Rs. Crores) During the year 2014-15, 81.3% of the R&D expenditure incurred by Central Government sources came from 8 major scientific agencies. R&D EXPENDITURE BY SELECT SCIENTIFIC AGENCIES 14000.0 2005-06 2010-11 2014-15 12000.0 10000.0 8000.0 6000.0 4000.0 2000.0 0.0 DRDO DoS DAE ICAR CSIR DST DBT ICMR Source: Department of Science & Technology, Government of India. Amongst the 8 Central Government major scientific agencies, DRDO accounted for the maximum share of 37.8% of R&D expenditure followed by DOS (16.6%), DAE (11.6%), ICAR (11.4%), CSIR (9.5%) and DST (7.7%), DBT (2.9%) and ICMR (2.4%) during 2014-15. 5

Percentage Share Business Enterprise (Industrial) sector participation in GERD showed an increasing trend with a share 43.6% in 2014-15 as compared to 34.2% in 2009-10. PERCENTAGE SHARE OF GOVERNMENT AND BUSINESS ENTERPRISE SECTOR IN GERD 90 80 70 60 75.7 72.5 76.8 76.2 74.7 72.3 69.7 67.4 65.1 62.5 64.5 65.8 Government 62.4 58.4 54.8 Business Sector 56.0 56.4 50 40 30 24.3 27.5 23.2 23.8 25.3 27.7 30.3 32.6 34.9 37.5 35.5 34.2 37.6 41.6 45.2 44.0 43.6 20 10 1990-91 1995-96 2000-01 2001-02 2002-03 2003-04 2004-05 2005-06 2006-07 2007-08 2008-09 2009-10 2010-11 2011-12 2012-13 2013-14 2014-15 Year Source: Department of Science & Technology, Government of India. During 2014-15, Public Sector R&D was led by Defense Industries and Fuels while Private Sector R&D was dominated by Drugs and Pharma and Transportation. 6

Percentage PARTICIPATION OF GOVERNMENT AND BUSINESS ENTERPRISE SECTOR BY COUNTRY, 2015 100 90 80 70 30 40 7 20 17 4 44 29 12 26 9 10 28 26 13 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 56 50 11 9 77 65 68 16 13 15 52 78 55 13 8 31 38 78 12 59 31 53 19 72 66 7 11 GERD by Government GERD by Business Enterprise GERD by Higher Education Other India stands in contrast with select developed and emerging economies with 50% participation in GERD being made by the government. Further, Higher Education Sector participation in GERD by India is quite low among the select countries. 7

Agency Extramural R&D support by Central Government Agencies has increased from Rs. 1,358.04 crores in 2009-10 to Rs 2002.12 crores in 2014-15. Its share in the national GERD was 2.3% during 2014-15. The Department of Science and Technology (DST) and Department of Biotechnology (DBT) were the two major players contributing nearly 66.4% of the extramural R&D support in the country. AGENCY-WISE SUPPORT TO EXTRAMURAL R&D PROJECTS, 2014-15 PCRA MoSJE MNRE MoP AYUSH MoEF ISRO MoES DoC AICTE CSIR DSIR UGC DRDO ICMR DAE MoCIT DBT DST 0.2 1.0 2.3 2.5 3.4 3.7 5.0 6.6 8.7 13.8 38.6 41.6 43.8 77.7 90.5 101.7 231.3 Number of Projects : 5420 Total approved Cost : Rs. 2002.12 Crores 569.7 760.0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400 450 500 550 600 650 700 750 800 Extramural R&D Support (Rs. Crores) Source: Department of Science & Technology, Government of India. Academic sector received 58% of the total extramural R&D support during the year 2014-15. 8

Percentage Women participation in extramural R&D projects has increased significantly to 29% in 2014-15 from 13% in 2000-01 due to various initiatives undertaken by the Government in S&T sector. In absolute terms, 1,301 women Principal Investigators (PIs) during 2014-15 availed extramural R&D support as against 232 in 2000-01. GENDER PARTICIPATION IN EXTRAMURAL R&D SUPPORT BY CENTRAL S&T AGENCIES 100 90 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 87 85 83 81 81 79 76 78 76 69 73 73 71 71 67 33 13 15 17 19 19 21 24 22 24 31 27 27 29 29 2000-01 2001-02 2002-03 2003-04 2004-05 2005-06 2006-07 2007-08 2008-09 2009-10 2010-11 2011-12 2012-13 2013-14 2014-15 Male(PI) Female(PI) Source: Department of Science & Technology, Government of India. As on 1 st April 2015, nearly 5.28 lakhs personnel were employed in the R&D establishments in the country including in-house R&D units of public and private sector industries. 2.83 lakhs (53.6%) were performing R&D activities while 1.25 lakhs (23.7%) and 1.2 lakhs (22.7%) each were engaged in auxiliary and administrative / non-technical support activities. As on 1 st April 2015, there were 39,388 (13.9%) women out of total 2.82 lakhs R&D personnel directly engaged in R&D activities. Out of the total 27,327 Doctorates in the country, 15,246 (56.4%) Doctorates were from the S&T discipline during 2014-15. India occupies 3 rd rank in terms of number of Ph. D. s awarded in S&T after China (30,017) and USA(26,520). 9

India spent 0.69% of its GDP on R&D in 2014-15, while the same among other developing BRICS countries was Brazil 1.24%, Russian Federation 1.19%, China 2.05% and South Africa 0.73%. This ratio was less than 0.5% for countries like Pakistan (0.29%) and Sri Lanka (0.10%). 5.0 R&D EXPENDITURE AS % OF GDP FOR SELECTED COUNTRIES, 2014 4.5 4.0 Israel Korea Republic R&D Expenditure as % of GDP 3.5 3.0 2.5 2.0 1.5 1.0 0.5 0.0 Australia Argentina Austria Brazil France China Czech Republic Canada Finland Denmark Germany Hungary India Italy Japan Netherlands Sweden Switzerland United States Singapore Norway United Kingdom Russian Fed. Spain South Africa Mexico Pakistan Sri Lanka Source: Department of Science & Technology, Government of India. Most of the developed countries spent more than 2% of their Gross Domestic Product (GDP) on R&D. The number of researchers per million population in India increased from 110 in the year 2000 to 218 in 2015. 10

GERD Per Researcher in PPP$ (in '000') Among the other developed countries, Israel topped the list having more than 8255 researchers per million population in the world followed by Denmark (7,198), Republic of Korea (6,899) and Finland (6,986) during 2014. GERD PER RESEARCHER FOR SELECTED COUNTRIES, 2014 300 275 Austria Singapore 250 225 200 175 150 Australia Brazil Canada China Denmark Czech Republic Finland France India Japan Italy Mexico Israel Netherlands Norway Republic of Korea South Africa Spain Sweden United Kingdom 125 Hungary 100 Argentina Russian Federation Sri Lanka 75 Pakistan Source: Department 50 of Science & Technology, Government of India. India s R&D expenditure per researcher was 178 000 PPP$ during 2014-15, which was ahead of Russian Federation, Canada, Israel, Hungry, Spain and UK. 11

Number of Publications India s scientific publication output has shown a rising trend during the last decade. As per the SCOPUS database, research output increased by 68% from 62,955 in 2009 to 1,06,065 in 2013. Similarly, it increased by 31.5% from 39,672 in 2009 to 52,165 in 2013 as per the SCI database. INDIA'S RESEARCH PUBLICATION TREND, 2000-2013 120000 100000 SCOPUS SCI 80000 60000 40000 20000 0 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 Year Source: DST Commissioned Study (SCI ; SCOPUS Database) During 2009-2013, India s growth rate of scientific publication as per the SCOPUS and SCI was 13.9% and 7.1% as against the world average of 4.4% and 4.1% respectively. India s share in global research publications increased from 2.2% in 2000 to 3.7% in 2013 as per SCI database. 12

Number of Publications During 2009-13 as per SCI database, India s largest share of global research publications were in Chemistry (6.8%), Agricultural Sciences (6.6%), Pharmacology and Toxicology (6.3%), Material Science (6.1%), Microbiology (4.9%), Physics (4.6%), Biology and Bio-chemistry (4.3%) and Engineering (4.1%). India ranked at 6 th position in the world in scientific publications ahead of France, Spain and Italy as per the Scopus database during 2013. India s Trend in Scientific Publications, 2005-2013 120000 100000 7 7 6 Rank 80000 9 9 60000 40000 12 11 10 10 Publication 20000 0 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 Source : DST Commissioned Study (SCOPUS Database) 13

INDIA S OUTPUT, IMPACT ANDKNOWLEDGE TRANSFER, 2009-13 Source: DST Commissioned Study (SCOPUS Database) India s global share in scientific research publications increased from 3.1% in 2009 to 4.4% in 2013 as per SCOPUS database. During 2009-13 as per SCOPUS database, India s largest share of global research publications were in Pharmacology and Toxicology (12.4.%) followed by Veterinary Sciences (7.1%), Chemistry (6.7%), Chemical Engineering (5.6%), Environmental Science (5.1%), Material Science (5.0%), Agricultural and Biological Sciences (4.9%) and Physics & Astronomy (4.5%). In 2013, India s global share of Citations and of Top Cited Papers (25%, 10%, 5% & 1%) was around 3% as per SCOPUS database. 14

Number of Patents Sealed Percentage During 2015-16 a total of 46,904 patents were filed in India. Out of which 13,066 (28%) patents were filed by Indian residents. As per WIPO report 2016, India is ranked at 10 th position in terms of Resident Patent Filing activity. Patent applications filed in India are dominated by disciplines like Mechanical, Chemical, Communication and Computer/Electronics. NUMBER OF PATENTS SEALED IN INDIA 18000 16000 14000 12000 10000 8000 6000 4000 2000 0 2000-01 2001-02 2002-03 2003-04 2004-05 2005-06 2006-07 2007-08 2008-09 2009-10 2010-11 2011-12 2012-13 2013-14 2014-15 2015-16 Year 45 40 35 30 25 20 15 10 5 0 Indian Foreign Total %Indian share Source: Controller General of Patents, Design and Trade Marks-Annual reports Nearly 60% of the foreign patents filed in India during 2015-16 were from three countries viz USA (34.9%), Japan (14.3%) and Germany (8.8%). 15

Number India s Patent Applications Filed and Granted at USPTO have shown a rising trend since 2005 onwards. PATENTS FILED AND GRANTED AT USPTO 9000 8000 Application Filed Granted by Country of Origin Granted by Assignee Country 7000 6000 5000 4000 3000 2000 1000 0 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 Source: USPTO 16

According to WIPO, India s Patent Office stands at the 7 th position among the top 10 Patent Filing Offices. 100% PATENT APPLICATIONS FILED BY RESIDENTS AND NON-RESIDENTS AT SELECT PATENT OFFICES, 2015 90% 80% 70% 60% 50% 40% 30% 20% 10% 0% China USA Japan Republic of Korea European Patent Office Germany India Russian Federation Canada Brazil Resident Non-Resident Source: WIPO Report, 2016 17

Total 5,710 R&D institutions were surveyed as a part of the National R&D Survey 2015. 58% of the R&D Institutions surveyed were in the private sector. Total R&D Institutions = 5710 Source: Department of Science & Technology, Government of India. 18

SALIENT FEATURES The forthcoming edition of the Research & Development Statistics 2017-18 contains detailed S&T Indicators Tables on the following themes: National R&D expenditure and break-up of this into various sectors; National R&D expenditure and percentage of Gross National Product National R&D expenditure at current and constant prices R&D expenditure by Major Scientific Departments/Agencies. R&D expenditure by Public/Joint Sector companies Sector-wise R&D Manpower Research & Development Statistics 2017-18 will also provide information from secondary sources on Enrolment and Outturn of S&T personnel, Patents as well as International S&T comparisons. The report is referred as a source book on S&T by the policy makers, planners, researchers, scientists and technologists both nationally and internationally. NSTMIS Survey Team: Dr. Parveen Arora, Adviser & Head, CHORD(NSTMIS), DST parora@nic.in Dr. A.N. Rai, Scientist F, CHORD(NSTMIS), DST anrai@nic.in Mr. P. K. Arya, JA, CHORD (NSTMIS), DST pk.arya@nic.in The present publication is uploaded at www. dst.gov.in ; www.nstmis-dst.org Acronym: AICTE: All India Council of Technical Education DoC: Department of Coal ISRO: Indian Space Research Organisation MoP: Ministry of Power AYUSH: Dept. of Ayurveda, Yoga, Naturopathy, Unani, Siddha & Homoeopathy DRDO: Defence Research & Development Organisation MoCIT: Ministry of Communications & Information Technology MoWR: Ministry of Water Resources CSIR: Council of Scientific & Industrial Research DSIR: Dept. of Scientific & Industrial Research MNRE: Ministry of New & Renewable Energy DAE: Department of Atomic Energy DST: Department of Science & Technology MoEF: Ministry of Environment & Forest DBT: Department of Bio-Technology ICMR: Indian Council of Medical Research MoES: Ministry of Earth Sciences PCRA: Petroleum Conservation Research Association UGC: University Grants Commission Unit: 1 Crore = 10 million; 1 million = 10 lakhs 19