VOR = VHF Omni-directional Radio Range What comes to mind? Cockpit instrument Navigation charts Different types 15-12-2009 VOR 1 VOR training BE V.2.1226 p1
FMC, does not come to mind, although it could use VOR data, but, in this document VOR is: direct tuning to the VOR beacon VOR radiates beams to all sides These beams are called: RADIALS Pattern like compass rose 360 degrees 15-12-2009 VOR 2 VOR training BE V.1.1209 p2
VOR RADIAL POINTS ALWAYS away FROM the BEACON!! When we say «radial», it is the line starting at the beacon and pointing away from the beacon 15-12-2009 VOR 3 VOR training BE V.1.1209 p3
RADIAL gives position in relation to the beacon Regardless the actual heading Radial = track Heading = wind 15-12-2009 VOR 4
COCKPIT INSTRUMENT READING COURSE selected by direction of the needle HEADING selected with the compass in mind RADIAL selected by choice for navigation HEADING COURSE 15-12-2009 VOR 5 VOR training BE V.1.1209 p5
RADIAL selected by choice for navigation TO or FROM IN FRONT or BEHIND TO/FROM INDICATOR ALWAYS POINTS TOWARDS THE BEACON IT 15-12-2009 TELLS WHERE THE BEACON VOR IS, SEEN FROM YOUR POSITION6
IN THAT DIRECTION IS THE BEACON MY COURSE SELECTOR POINTS HERE AS WELL TO THE BEACON 15-12-2009 VOR 7
DIFFERENCE course pointing inbound or outbound EQUAL TO & FROM Always POINTS TOWARDS the BEACON 15-12-2009 VOR 8 VOR training BE V.1.1209 p8
heading 3 cases of aircraft ON radial 030 355 heading 030 Radial 030 Radial 030 H 355 R 030 heading Radial 030 210 H 210 R 030 H 030 R 030 DIFFERENCES HEADING TO & FROM FRONT & BEHIND 15-12-2009 VOR 9 VOR training BE V.1.1209 p9
RADIAL=POSITION in relation to VOR TRACK HEADING! heading track WIND determines heading to fly correct TRACK 15-12-2009 VOR 10 VOR training BE V.1.1209 p10
HOLDING: defined by 4 elements: 1.NAVIGATION POINT ('FIX'; VOR, NDB) 2.INBOUND TRACK (!!) 3.DIRECTION RIGHThand(=STANDARD) or LEFThand 4.LEG TIME (in minutes) 1 =< 14000 ; 1,5 >14000 (-SPEED) INBOUND TRACK = RADIAL +/- 180 RECIPROCAL 15-12-2009 VOR 11 VOR training BE V.1.1209 p11
HOLDING = FOUR ELEMENTS FIX INBOUND TRACK opposite radial TIMED 1 MINUTE OUTBOUND LEG RACETRACK STANDARD RATE ONE TURNS ONE FULL HOLDING TAKES 4 MINUTES 15-12-2009 VOR 12
HOLDING: 4 elements: START TIMING at abeam CHECK WIND one minute ABEAM LEFT TRACK: 030 (=RADIAL 210 inbound) DIRECTION POINT (fix) outbound LEG inbound TRACK Race track pattern standard rate turn (3 per second) TOTAL TIME = 4 MINS 15-12-2009 VOR 13 VOR training BE V.1.1209 p13
ATC PHRASEOLOGY: "ENTER PUBLISHED HOLDING OVER: 'FLORA' " or (if no chart) Where is my chart?? R 1 min ENTER HOLDING OVER 'FLORA': TRACK 310 (INBOUND) RIGHTHAND 1 MIN LEG Altitude ALWAYS ATC!! fix, track, direction, leg Inbound track 310, so radial 130 FLO inbound! 4 elements: Flora, 310 inb, R-hand, 1 min 15-12-2009 VOR 14 VOR training BE V.1.1209 p14
ATC PHRASEOLOGY (cont.): How long shall I hold?? EAT=Expected Approach Time TIME or MINUTES "(CLEAR TO) LEAVE 'x' HOLDING at 'time' " better: in y minutes from now "LEAVE x HOLDING HEADING yyy" "LEAVE X HOLDING, CLEARED PUBLISHED VOR APPROACH RWY 23" 15-12-2009 VOR 15 VOR training BE V.1.1209 p15
RECAP VOR gives aircraft position in relation to the VOR beacon Aircraft heading sets track to be flown (wind) Pilot's navigation, by setting heading and reading radial, determines further flight Holding pattern is made of 4 elements: fix, track, direction, leg. Check speed 15-12-2009 VOR 16 VOR training BE V.1.1209 p16
READ IT AGAIN! THERE IS ANOTHER LECTURE ABOUT: HOW TO ENTER A HOLDING? Especially adapted for: IVAO Belgium Training Section 15-12-2009 VOR 17 VOR training BE V.2.1226 p17