M.D. Singh J.G. Joshi MECHATRONICS

M.D. Singh J.G. Joshi MECHATRONICS

MECHATRONICS

MECHATRONICS M.D. SINGH Formerly Principal Sagar Institute of Technology and Research Bhopal J.G. JOSHI Lecturer Department of Electronics and Telecommunication Engineering Government Polytechnic Pune New Delhi - 110 001 2011

MECHATRONICS M.D. Singh and J.G. Joshi 2006 by PHI Learning Private Limited, New Delhi. All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced in any form, by mimeograph or any other means, without permission in writing from the publisher. ISBN-978-81-203-2986-7 The export rights of this book are vested solely with the publisher. Fourth Printing July, 2011 Published by Asoke K. Ghosh, PHI Learning Private Limited, M-97, Connaught Circus, New Delhi-110001 and Printed by Baba Barkha Nath Printers, Bahadurgarh, Haryana-124507.

Contents v CONTENTS Foreword Preface Acknowledgements xvii xix xxiii 1. INTRODUCTION 1 7 1.1 Introduction 1 1.2 Role of Various Engineering Disciplines in Mechatronics 2 1.3 Mechatronic Design Elements 3 1.4 Scope of Mechatronics 5 1.5 Applications of Mechatronics 6 Summary 6 Review Questions 7 Motivation 7 2. ANALOG DEVICES 8 43 2.1 Introduction 8 2.2 Classification of Electronic Components 9 2.3 Resistors 9 2.3.1 Colour Coding of Resistors 10 2.3.2 Classification of Resistors 11 2.4 Inductors 14 v

vi Contents 2.5 Capacitors 15 2.5.1 Types of Capacitors 15 2.6 p-n Junction 16 2.6.1 Biasing of p-n Junction 17 2.7 p-n Junction Diode 18 2.7.1 Voltage-Current Characteristics of Diode 19 2.7.2 p-n Junction Diode as a Rectifier 20 2.8 Zener Diode 21 2.8.1 V-I Characteristics of Zener Diode 21 2.9 Light Emitting Diode (LED) 22 2.10 Transistors 23 2.10.1 Bipolar Junction Transistors (BJTs) 23 2.10.2 Field Effect Transistors (FETs) 35 2.10.3 Transistor as a Switch 37 2.10.4 Transistor as an Amplifier 38 2.10.5 Photodiode 39 2.10.6 Phototransistor 40 Summary 41 Review Questions 43 Motivation 43 3. OSCILLATORS 44 57 3.1 Introduction 44 3.2 Classification of Sinusoidal Oscillations 45 3.2.1 Damped Oscillations 45 3.2.2 Undamped Oscillations 45 3.3 Generation of Oscillations 45 3.3.1 Generation of Oscillations by LC Tank Circuit 46 3.4 Block Diagram of an Oscillator 47 3.5 Classification of Oscillators 48 3.6 Tuned Circuit Oscillators 48 3.6.1 Hartley Oscillator 49 3.6.2 Colpitts Oscillator 50 3.7 RC Oscillators 52 3.7.1 Wein Bridge Oscillator 52 3.7.2 Phase Shift Oscillator 53 3.7.3 Phase Shift Oscillator Using FET 55 3.8 Crystal Oscillator 55 Summary 57 Review Questions 57 Motivation 57

Contents vii 4. POWER SUPPLIES AND VOLTAGE REGULATORS 58 78 4.1 Introduction 58 4.2 Regulated Power Supply 59 4.3 Rectifier 60 4.3.1 Half-wave Rectifier 60 4.3.2 Full-wave Centre-tapped Rectifier 61 4.3.3 Full-Wave Bridge Rectifier 62 4.4 Ripple Factor 64 4.4.1 Ripple Factor for Half-wave Rectifier 64 4.4.2 Ripple Factor for Full-wave Rectifier 65 4.5 Efficiency of a Rectifier 65 4.5.1 Half-wave Rectifier 66 4.5.2 Full-wave Rectifier 66 4.6 Filters 67 4.6.1 Capacitor Filter 68 4.6.2 Inductor Filter 68 4.6.3 LC Filter 69 4.6.4 CLC Filter 69 4.7 Zener Diode as a Voltage Regulator 70 4.8 Transistor Shunt Regulator 71 4.9 Transistor Series Regulator 72 4.10 Monolithic or IC Voltage Regulators 72 4.10.1 Three-terminal Voltage Regulators 73 4.11 Switching Regulators (Switching Mode Power Supply) 75 4.12 Uninterruptible Power Supply (UPS) 75 Summary 76 Review Questions 77 Motivation 78 5. POWER ELECTRONICS 79 109 5.1 Introduction 79 5.2 Silicon-Controlled Rectifier (SCR) 80 5.2.1 SCR Operation 81 5.2.2 V-I Characteristics of SCR 82 5.2.3 Two-Transistor Model of SCR 84 5.2.4 Dynamic Turn-On Characteristics 86 5.2.5 SCR Turn-On Methods 87 5.2.6 Turn-Off Mechanism 88 5.2.7 SCR Turn-Off Methods 89 5.2.8 dv/dt Ratings of SCR 89 5.2.9 di/dt Ratings of SCR 90 5.3 Diac 91 5.3.1 Circuit Operation of a Diac 92 5.3.2 V-I Characteristics of Diac 92

viii Contents 5.4 Triac 93 5.5 Unijunction Transistor (UJT) 94 5.5.1 Circuit Operation of a UJT 95 5.5.2 V-I Characteristics of a UJT 96 5.5.3 UJT as a Relaxation Oscillator 97 5.6 Light Activated Silicon-Controlled Rectifier (LASCR) 100 5.7 Gate Turn-Off Thyristor (GTO) 100 5.8 Optocouplers or Optoisolators 101 5.9 Industrial Circuits 105 5.9.1 Time Delay Relay Circuit Using UJT and SCR 105 5.9.2 Ultraprecise Long Time Delay Relay 105 5.9.3 Light Dimmer 106 5.9.4 Automatic Battery Charger 106 Summary 107 Review Questions 108 Motivation 109 6. DIGITAL ELECTRONICS 110 146 6.1 Introduction 110 6.2 Logic Gates 111 6.2.1 AND Gate 112 6.2.2 OR Gate 113 6.2.3 NOT Gate 113 6.2.4 NAND Gate 114 6.2.5 NOR Gate 115 6.2.6 Exclusive OR (EXOR) Gate 116 6.2.7 Exclusive NOR (EXNOR) Gate 116 6.3 Arithmetic Circuits 118 6.3.1 Adders 118 6.3.2 Subtractors 119 6.4 Multiplexers 121 6.5 Demultiplexers 124 6.6 Encoders and Decoders 126 6.7 Flip-Flops 127 6.7.1 1-bit Memory Cell 128 6.7.2 Clocked S-R Flip-Flop 129 6.7.3 J-K Flip-Flop 130 6.7.4 T-type Flip-Flop 131 6.7.5 D-type Flip-Flop 131 6.8 Registers 132 6.9 Counters 135 6.10 Memories 135 6.10.1 Magnetic Memories 135 6.10.2 Optical Disk Memories 137 6.10.3 Semiconductor Memories 138

Contents ix 6.11 Microcontrollers 140 6.12 Block Diagram of a Computer System 143 Summary 144 Review Questions 145 Motivation 146 7. TRANSDUCERS 147 235 7.1 Introduction 147 7.2 Significance of Transducers in Measurement and Instrumentation Systems 148 7.3 Classification of Transducers 149 7.4 Selection Parameters of Transducers 150 7.5 Resistive Transducers 151 7.5.1 Potentiometers 152 7.6 Inductive Transducers 156 7.6.1 Linear Variable Differential Transformer (LVDT) 157 7.6.2 Rotary Variable Differential Transformer (RVDT) 161 7.7 Capacitive Transducers 162 7.7.1 Capacitive Pressure Transducer 164 7.8 Piezoelectric Transducers 165 7.9 Strain Gauges 167 7.9.1 Classification of Strain Gauges 169 7.10 Temperature Transducers 171 7.10.1 Temperature Scales 171 7.10.2 Thermocouple 172 7.10.3 Thermistors (Semiconductor Temperature Sensors) 175 7.10.4 Resistance Temperature Detector (RTD) 177 7.10.5 Bimetallic Thermometers 179 7.11 Pressure Transducers 182 7.11.1 Diaphragm 182 7.11.2 Bourdon Tube 185 7.11.3 Bellows 187 7.11.4 Manometers 189 7.12 Thickness Measurement 192 7.12.1 Thickness Measurement Using Contact-type Device 192 7.12.2 Thickness Measurement Using Non-contact-type Device 193 7.13 Measurement of Humidity 194 7.14 Measurement of Vibration 197 7.14.1 Piezoelectric Sensor (Self-generating) 198 7.14.2 Strain Gauge Sensor (Non-self-generating) 199 7.14.3 LVDT Sensor 199 7.14.4 Measurement of Vibrations Using Permanent Magnet and Coil 200 7.15 Measurement of Torque 200 7.15.1 In-line Rotating Torque Sensors 201 7.15.2 Torsion Meter 203

x Contents 7.16 Flow Measurement 204 7.16.1 Head Flowmeters 204 7.16.2 Differential Pressure Flowmeters 206 7.16.3 Ultrasonic Flowmeters 210 7.16.4 Thermal Flowmeters 212 7.16.5 Electromagnetic Flowmeter 215 7.16.6 Weirs 217 7.17 Level Measurement 219 7.17.1 Bubbler Method 219 7.17.2 Liquid Level Measurement by Thermal Sensors 220 7.17.3 Conductivity Level Switch 222 7.17.4 Liquid Level Measurement Using Float 223 7.17.5 Electrical Methods 225 Summary 232 Review Questions 232 Motivation 234 8. SIGNAL CONDITIONING ELEMENTS 236 263 8.1 Introduction 236 8.2 Necessity of Signal Conditioning Elements 237 8.3 Types of Signal Conditioning Systems 237 8.3.1 DC Signal Conditioning System 237 8.3.2 AC Signal Conditioning System 238 8.4 Operational Amplifier (Op-amp) 239 8.5 Different Types of Signal Conditioning Elements 241 8.5.1 Inverting Amplifier 241 8.5.2 Non-inverting Amplifier 242 8.5.3 Voltage Follower 242 8.5.4 Summing Amplifier 243 8.5.5 Subtractor 244 8.5.6 Sample and Hold Amplifier 244 8.5.7 Logarithmic Amplifier 246 8.5.8 Transducer Bridges 247 8.5.9 Instrumentation Amplifier 248 8.5.10 Chopper Stabilized Amplifier 250 8.5.11 Integrator and Differentiator Circuits 251 8.5.12 Converters 254 8.6 Protection Circuits for Op-amp 256 8.7 Noise Problem, Grounding and Shielding 257 8.7.1 Noise Problem 257 8.7.2 Grounding 258 8.7.3 Shielding 259

Mechatronics 25% OFF Publisher : PHI Learning ISBN : 9788120329867 Author : SINGH, M. D., JOSHI, J. G. Type the URL : http://www.kopykitab.com/product/74 08 Get this ebook