Center for International Intelligent Transportation Research Measuring Crossing Times of Passenger Vehicles Using Bluetooth Technology at U.S. Mexico Border CITY OF EL PASO CIUDAD JUAREZ CROSS BORDER MOBILITY MEETING CITY HALL, SEPTEMBER 22 2008 1 Transportation Operations Group
Agenda Introduction to Bluetooth Technology. Compare Bluetooth Technology with Radio Frequency Identification Technology. Measurement of Passenger Vehicle Crossing Times at U.S. Canada Border Using Bluetooth Technology. TTI s Bluetooth Experiment at the U.S. Mexico Border in July and August of 2008. Proposal for a Pilot Project to Deploy Bluetooth Readers at Ysleta Port of Entry. 2 Transportation Operations Group
Introduction to Bluetooth Technology Short range high frequency communication works on license free 2.4 GHZ band. Widely used to transfer data between mobile and computing devices. 20% of all cars will have Bluetooth capability by 2009 and 30% by 2013. 2.4 billion devices will be sold by 2013 with Bluetooth capability. Bluetooth reader reads signals from any Bluetooth capable device in discoverable mode, including cars, headsets, mobile phones. Bluetooth reader obtains the unique identification of the signal and time stamp. Anybody carrying a Bluetooth enabled device crossing the border could be a sensor. 3 Transportation Operations Group
Compare Bluetooth Technology with Radio Frequency Identification Technology Description RFID Bluetooth Coverage Single Direction and Line of Sight Omni Direction and Doesn t Need Line of Sight Read Distance Up to 20 Up to 300 Placement Above the lane On the side of the road Cost per Unit $5000.00 $500.00 $ 1500.00 Data Received Market Penetration Small number, requires less cleaning As many tags distributed, so small Large number, requires extensive filtering process Deployment Inflexible and costly Flexible and cheaper Mobile phones, head sets and vehicles with Bluetooth capability, so large 4 Transportation Operations Group
TTI Experiment to Use Bluetooth Signal Identification to Measure Passenger Vehicle Crossing Time Mexico United States Bluetooth Reader Bluetooth Reader Cellular Modem Central Processor 5 Transportation Operations Group
TTI Experiment to Use Bluetooth Signal Identification to Measure Passenger Vehicle Crossing Time Port of Entry Date Total Passenger Vehicles Entering U.S. Number of Unique Bluetooth ID (In Mexican Side) Number of Unique Bluetooth ID (In US Side) % of Total Entering Passenger Vehicles With Matching Bluetooth ID Zaragoza 07/29 1184 185 (16%) 77 4% 07/30 1219 157 (13%) 76 3% 07/31 1086 252 (23%) 78 2% 08/01 1154 213 (18%) 95 5% Santa Fe 08/04 1064 408 (38%) 281 5% 08/05 955 211 (22%) 265 4% 08/06 940 365 (39%) 250 6% 08/07 914 301 (33%) 221 5% 08/08 917 386 (42%) 187 6% BOTA 08/11 2156 187 (9%) 199 3% 08/12 2354 210 (9%) 330 2% 08/13 2373 219 (9%) 177 2% 08/14 2628 285 (11%) 277 2% 08/15 2748 139 (5%) 285 1.5% 6 Transportation Operations Group
TTI Experiment to Use Bluetooth Signal Identification to Measure Passenger Vehicle Crossing Time Border Crossing Time of Passenger Vehicles Entering U.S. from Santa Fe POE 80 70 60 Passenger Vehicle Crossing Time 50 40 30 20 10 Pedestrian Crossing Time 0 7:14 AM 7:20 AM 7:33 AM 7:46 AM 8:02 AM 8:08 AM 8:17 AM 8:21 AM 8:27 AM 8:34 AM 8:41 AM 8:48 AM 8:53 AM 8:58 AM 9:04 AM 9:08 AM 9:13 AM 9:18 AM 9:22 AM 9:26 AM 9:44 AM 10:02 AM 10:08 AM 10:12 AM 10:14 AM Measured CrossingTime CBP Reported CrossingTime 7
Experiment to Use Bluetooth Signal Identification to Measure Passenger Vehicle Crossing Time 60 Border Crossing Time of Passenger Vehicles Entering U.S. from Ysleta POE 50 40 30 20 10 0 7:45 AM 7:56 AM 8:02 AM 8:07 AM 8:11 AM 8:50 AM 8:55 AM 8:56 AM 9:06 AM 9:16 AM 9:42 AM 9:47 AM 10:04 AM 10:14 AM Measured CrossingTime CBP Reported CrossingTime 8
Experiment to Use Bluetooth Signal Identification to Measure Passenger Vehicle Crossing Time 70 Border Crossing Time of Passenger Vehicles Entering U.S. from Bridge of the Americas POE 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 7:08 AM 7:14 AM 7:22 AM 7:35 AM 7:44 AM 7:49 AM 7:59 AM 8:32 AM 8:43 AM 8:50 AM 8:56 AM 8:58 AM 9:14 AM 9:17 AM 9:26 AM 9:34 AM 9:37 AM 9:40 AM 9:41 AM 9:45 AM 9:48 AM 9:57 AM 9:58 AM 10:12 AM 10:18 AM 10:24 AM 10:28 AM Bluetooth CrossingTime CBP Reported CrossingTime 9
Experiment to Use Bluetooth Signal Identification to Measure Passenger Vehicle Crossing Time Week 2 Position of BT Reader in MX Side Week 1 Position of BT Reader in MX Side 10
TTI Experiment to Use Bluetooth Signal Identification to Measure Passenger Vehicle Crossing Time Note: * This sample size represents data collected at Ysleta POE only on 07/29/2008 Total Surveyed = 40 Have Mobile Phones = 78% Don t Have Mobile Phones = 22% Bluetooth Capable = 80% Bluetooth Not Capable = 10% Don t Know = 10% Bluetooth Disabled = 60% Bluetooth Enabled= 40% 25% of total respondents have Bluetooth enabled mobile phones 11 Transportation Operations Group
TTI Experiment to Use Bluetooth Signal Identification to Measure Passenger Vehicle Crossing Time POE Survey Date Total Drivers Surveyed Mobile Phone Bluetooth Capable Bluetooth Enabled Yes No Yes No Do not Know Enabled Disabled Average Percentage of Respondents with Mobile Phones = 85% Average Percent of Respondents with Bluetooth Capable Mobile Phones = 62% Average Market Penetration (Respondents with Bluetooth Enabled Mobile Phones)= 28% Market Penetration Zaragoza 7/29/2008 40 31 9 25 3 3 10 16 25% Zaragoza 7/30/2008 40 36 4 23 8 5 9 14 23% Zaragoza 7/31/2008 50 44 6 29 14 1 12 17 24% Zaragoza 8/1/2008 51 45 6 34 11 0 15 19 29% Santa Fe 8/4/2008 49 38 11 27 11 0 13 16 27% Santa Fe 8/5/2008 40 33 7 21 11 1 12 9 30% Santa Fe 8/6/2008 40 34 6 28 5 1 16 13 40% Santa Fe 8/7/2008 49 39 10 26 11 2 13 13 27% Santa Fe 8/8/2008 40 36 4 24 11 1 9 15 23% BOTA 8/11/2008 47 39 8 32 7 0 12 20 26% BOTA 8/12/2008 37 35 2 28 7 0 12 16 32% 12 Transportation Operations Group
Experiment to Use Bluetooth Signal Identification to Measure Passenger Vehicle Crossing Time Results and Conclusion Measurement of passenger vehicle crossing time at POEs in El Paso region using Bluetooth technology is feasible. Can be a cheaper alternative to RFID to measure passenger vehicle crossing times. Physical geometry and queue at POE governs the number of Bluetooth readers to be installed and the data processing algorithm. No private information was obtained during the testing (TAMU system reviewed the experiment before proceeding). Pilot project is necessary to minimize problems that could arise during full scale deployment, because controlled experiment does not reveal such problems. 13
Proposal for a Pilot Project Goals Verify the capability of Bluetooth readers to adequately measure border crossing time in a bigger deployment environment than in smaller controlled experiments. Identify design and implementation issues, including benefits, costs, and other stakeholder constraints. Leverage funding for full scale deployment. Reduce total cost of full scale deployment. Objectives Install Bluetooth readers at U.S. and Mexican side of the border (Ysleta POE) to measure passenger vehicle crossing time (north and southbound). Develop mechanisms to transmit, filter, and archive data from Bluetooth readers. 14
Proposal for a Pilot Project Server will process raw data and archive border crossing data Average Crossing Time Mobile Internet Ysleta Port of Entry 15
Proposal for a Pilot Project Current Crossing Time > 60 min 30 min 60 min < 30 min 16
Proposal for a Pilot Project Functional Requirements The system should provide average passenger vehicle crossing time at the interval of 15 minutes.» Existing RMIS website by using color coded lines.» Push crossing time information to mobile phones. The system should archive historic average border crossing time.» Agencies should be able to retrieve historic border crossing time using RMIS website. 17
Proposal for a Pilot Project Pilot Project System Deployment at Ysleta POE Bluetooth Readers (Installed on dedicated pole with solar power, battery and wireless communication) Bluetooth Readers (Installed on the wall of existing building with wireless communication and without solar power) Radio Frequency Identification (Installed on dedicated pole with solar power, battery and wireless communication) Equipment Purchase and Installation Cost Per Site Number of Reader Sites One Time Development Cost Pilot Project Cost $20,000 $25,000 3 $55,000 $115,000 $130,000 $ 2,000 $ 3,000 3 $55,000 $61,000 $64,000 $35,000 $40,000 3 $85,000 $190,000 $205,000 18
Proposal for a Pilot Project Purchase Bluetooth Readers, Components and Necessary Services Develop Applications to Extract and Process Raw Data Test and Run the Service Install Readers in U.S. and Mexico Develop Applications to Relay Current and Archived Crossing Times 4 Months 3 Months 5 Months 19
Contact Information Rajat Rajbhandari, Ph.D., P.E. Associate Research Engineer Texas Transportation Institute 4050 Rio Bravo, Suite 151 El Paso, Texas Phone: 915.532.3759 Email: rajat@tamu.edu Web: http://tti.tamu.edu RMIS: http://www.eptraffic.com 20