Yong Soo Cho Jaekwon Kim Won Young Yang Chung G. Kang. MIMO-OFDM Wireless Communications with MATLAB

Yong Soo Cho Jaekwon Kim Won Young Yang Chung G. Kang MIMO-OFDM Wireless Communications with MATLAB

MIMO-OFDM WIRELESS COMMUNICATIONS WITH MATLAB Ò

MIMO-OFDM WIRELESS COMMUNICATIONS WITH MATLAB Ò Yong Soo Cho Chung-Ang University, Republic of Korea Jaekwon Kim Yonsei University, Republic of Korea Won Young Yang Chung-Ang University, Republic of Korea Chung G. Kang Korea University, Republic of Korea

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Contents Preface Limits of Liability and Disclaimer of Warranty of Software xiii xv 1 The Wireless Channel: Propagation and Fading 1 1.1 Large-Scale Fading 4 1.1.1 General Path Loss Model 4 1.1.2 Okumura/Hata Model 8 1.1.3 IEEE 802.16d Model 10 1.2 Small-Scale Fading 15 1.2.1 Parameters for Small-Scale Fading 15 1.2.2 Time-Dispersive vs. Frequency-Dispersive Fading 16 1.2.3 Statistical Characterization and Generation of Fading Channel 19 2 SISO Channel Models 25 2.1 Indoor Channel Models 25 2.1.1 General Indoor Channel Models 26 2.1.2 IEEE 802.11 Channel Model 28 2.1.3 Saleh-Valenzuela (S-V) Channel Model 30 2.1.4 UWB Channel Model 35 2.2 Outdoor Channel Models 40 2.2.1 FWGN Model 41 2.2.2 Jakes Model 50 2.2.3 Ray-Based Channel Model 54 2.2.4 Frequency-Selective Fading Channel Model 61 2.2.5 SUI Channel Model 65 3 MIMO Channel Models 71 3.1 Statistical MIMO Model 71 3.1.1 Spatial Correlation 73 3.1.2 PAS Model 76 3.2 I-METRA MIMO Channel Model 84 3.2.1 Statistical Model of Correlated MIMO Fading Channel 84 3.2.2 Generation of Correlated MIMO Channel Coefficients 88

viii Contents 3.2.3 I-METRA MIMO Channel Model 90 3.2.4 3GPP MIMO Channel Model 94 3.3 SCM MIMO Channel Model 97 3.3.1 SCM Link-Level Channel Parameters 98 3.3.2 SCM Link-Level Channel Modeling 102 3.3.3 Spatial Correlation of Ray-Based Channel Model 105 4 Introduction to OFDM 111 4.1 Single-Carrier vs. Multi-Carrier Transmission 111 4.1.1 Single-Carrier Transmission 111 4.1.2 Multi-Carrier Transmission 115 4.1.3 Single-Carrier vs. Multi-Carrier Transmission 120 4.2 Basic Principle of OFDM 121 4.2.1 OFDM Modulation and Demodulation 121 4.2.2 OFDM Guard Interval 126 4.2.3 OFDM Guard Band 132 4.2.4 BER of OFDM Scheme 136 4.2.5 Water-Filling Algorithm for Frequency-Domain Link Adaptation 139 4.3 Coded OFDM 142 4.4 OFDMA: Multiple Access Extensions of OFDM 143 4.4.1 Resource Allocation Subchannel Allocation Types 145 4.4.2 Resource Allocation Subchannelization 146 4.5 Duplexing 150 5 Synchronization for OFDM 153 5.1 Effect of STO 153 5.2 Effect of CFO 156 5.2.1 Effect of Integer Carrier Frequency Offset (IFO) 159 5.2.2 Effect of Fractional Carrier Frequency Offset (FFO) 160 5.3 Estimation Techniques for STO 162 5.3.1 Time-Domain Estimation Techniques for STO 162 5.3.2 Frequency-Domain Estimation Techniques for STO 168 5.4 Estimation Techniques for CFO 170 5.4.1 Time-Domain Estimation Techniques for CFO 170 5.4.2 Frequency-Domain Estimation Techniques for CFO 173 5.5 Effect of Sampling Clock Offset 177 5.5.1 Effect of Phase Offset in Sampling Clocks 177 5.5.2 Effect of Frequency Offset in Sampling Clocks 178 5.6 Compensation for Sampling Clock Offset 178 5.7 Synchronization in Cellular Systems 180 5.7.1 Downlink Synchronization 180 5.7.2 Uplink Synchronization 183 6 Channel Estimation 187 6.1 Pilot Structure 187 6.1.1 Block Type 187

Contents ix 6.1.2 Comb Type 188 6.1.3 Lattice Type 189 6.2 Training Symbol-Based Channel Estimation 190 6.2.1 LS Channel Estimation 190 6.2.2 MMSE Channel Estimation 191 6.3 DFT-Based Channel Estimation 195 6.4 Decision-Directed Channel Estimation 199 6.5 Advanced Channel Estimation Techniques 199 6.5.1 Channel Estimation Using a Superimposed Signal 199 6.5.2 Channel Estimation in Fast Time-Varying Channels 201 6.5.3 EM Algorithm-Based Channel Estimation 204 6.5.4 Blind Channel Estimation 206 7 PAPR Reduction 209 7.1 Introduction to PAPR 209 7.1.1 Definition of PAPR 210 7.1.2 Distribution of OFDM Signal 216 7.1.3 PAPR and Oversampling 218 7.1.4 Clipping and SQNR 222 7.2 PAPR Reduction Techniques 224 7.2.1 Clipping and Filtering 224 7.2.2 PAPR Reduction Code 231 7.2.3 Selective Mapping 233 7.2.4 Partial Transmit Sequence 234 7.2.5 Tone Reservation 238 7.2.6 Tone Injection 239 7.2.7 DFT Spreading 241 8 Inter-Cell Interference Mitigation Techniques 251 8.1 Inter-Cell Interference Coordination Technique 251 8.1.1 Fractional Frequency Reuse 251 8.1.2 Soft Frequency Reuse 254 8.1.3 Flexible Fractional Frequency Reuse 255 8.1.4 Dynamic Channel Allocation 256 8.2 Inter-Cell Interference Randomization Technique 257 8.2.1 Cell-Specific Scrambling 257 8.2.2 Cell-Specific Interleaving 258 8.2.3 Frequency-Hopping OFDMA 258 8.2.4 Random Subcarrier Allocation 260 8.3 Inter-Cell Interference Cancellation Technique 260 8.3.1 Interference Rejection Combining Technique 260 8.3.2 IDMA Multiuser Detection 262 9 MIMO: Channel Capacity 263 9.1 Useful Matrix Theory 263 9.2 Deterministic MIMO Channel Capacity 265

x Contents 9.2.1 Channel Capacity when CSI is Known to the Transmitter Side 266 9.2.2 Channel Capacity when CSI is Not Available at the Transmitter Side 270 9.2.3 Channel Capacity of SIMO and MISO Channels 271 9.3 Channel Capacity of Random MIMO Channels 272 10 Antenna Diversity and Space-Time Coding Techniques 281 10.1 Antenna Diversity 281 10.1.1 Receive Diversity 283 10.1.2 Transmit Diversity 287 10.2 Space-Time Coding (STC): Overview 287 10.2.1 System Model 287 10.2.2 Pairwise Error Probability 289 10.2.3 Space-Time Code Design 292 10.3 Space-Time Block Code (STBC) 294 10.3.1 Alamouti Space-Time Code 294 10.3.2 Generalization of Space-Time Block Coding 298 10.3.3 Decoding for Space-Time Block Codes 302 10.3.4 Space-Time Trellis Code 307 11 Signal Detection for Spatially Multiplexed MIMO Systems 319 11.1 Linear Signal Detection 319 11.1.1 ZF Signal Detection 320 11.1.2 MMSE Signal Detection 321 11.2 OSIC Signal Detection 322 11.3 ML Signal Detection 327 11.4 Sphere Decoding Method 329 11.5 QRM-MLD Method 339 11.6 Lattice Reduction-Aided Detection 344 11.6.1 Lenstra-Lenstra-Lovasz (LLL) Algorithm 345 11.6.2 Application of Lattice Reduction 349 11.7 Soft Decision for MIMO Systems 352 11.7.1 Log-Likelihood-Ratio (LLR) for SISO Systems 353 11.7.2 LLR for Linear Detector-Based MIMO System 358 11.7.3 LLR for MIMO System with a Candidate Vector Set 361 11.7.4 LLR for MIMO System Using a Limited Candidate Vector Set 364 Appendix 11.A Derivation of Equation (11.23) 370 12 Exploiting Channel State Information at the Transmitter Side 373 12.1 Channel Estimation on the Transmitter Side 373 12.1.1 Using Channel Reciprocity 374 12.1.2 CSI Feedback 374 12.2 Precoded OSTBC 375

Contents xi 12.3 Precoded Spatial-Multiplexing System 381 12.4 Antenna Selection Techniques 383 12.4.1 Optimum Antenna Selection Technique 384 12.4.2 Complexity-Reduced Antenna Selection 386 12.4.3 Antenna Selection for OSTBC 390 13 Multi-User MIMO 395 13.1 Mathematical Model for Multi-User MIMO System 396 13.2 Channel Capacity of Multi-User MIMO System 397 13.2.1 Capacity of MAC 398 13.2.2 Capacity of BC 399 13.3 Transmission Methods for Broadcast Channel 401 13.3.1 Channel Inversion 401 13.3.2 Block Diagonalization 404 13.3.3 Dirty Paper Coding (DPC) 408 13.3.4 Tomlinson-Harashima Precoding 412 References 419 Index 431

Preface MIMO-OFDM is a key technology for next-generation cellular communications (3GPP-LTE, Mobile WiMAX, IMT-Advanced) as well as wireless LAN (IEEE 802.11a, IEEE 802.11n), wireless PAN (MB-OFDM), and broadcasting (DAB, DVB, DMB). This book provides a comprehensive introduction to the basic theory and practice of wireless channel modeling, OFDM, and MIMO, with MATLAB Ò programs to simulate the underlying techniques on MIMO-OFDM systems. This book is primarily designed for engineers and researchers who are interested in learning various MIMO-OFDM techniques and applying them to wireless communications. It can also be used as a textbook for graduate courses or senior-level undergraduate courses on advanced digital communications. The readers are assumed to have a basic knowledge on digital communications, digital signal processing, communication theory, signals and systems, as well as probability and random processes. The first aim of this book is to help readers understand the concepts, techniques, and equations appearing in the field of MIMO-OFDM communication, while simulating various techniques used in MIMO-OFDM systems. Readers are recommended to learn some basic usage of MATLAB Ò that is available from the MATLAB Ò help function or the on-line documents at the website www.mathworks.com/matlabcentral. However, they are not required to be an expert on MATLAB Ò since most programs in this book have been composed carefully and completely, so that they can be understood in connection with related/referred equations. The readers are expected to be familiar with the MATLAB Ò software while trying to use or modify the MATLAB Ò codes. The second aim of this book is to make even a novice at both MATLAB Ò and MIMO-OFDM become acquainted with MIMO-OFDM as well as MATLAB Ò, while running the MATLAB Ò program on his/her computer. The authors hope that this book can be used as a reference for practicing engineers and students who want to acquire basic concepts and develop an algorithm on MIMO-OFDM using the MATLAB Ò program. The features of this book can be summarized as follows:. Part I presents the fundamental concepts and MATLAB Ò programs for simulation of wireless channel modeling techniques, including large-scale fading, small-scale fading, indoor and outdoor channel modeling, SISO channel modeling, and MIMO channel modeling.. Part II presents the fundamental concepts and MATLAB Ò programs for simulation of OFDM transmission techniques including OFDM basics, synchronization, channel estimation, peak-to-average power ratio reduction, and intercell interference mitigation.. Part III presents the fundamental concepts and MATLAB Ò programs for simulation of MIMO techniques including MIMO channel capacity, space diversity and space-time codes,