Drilling Engineering Handbook
Drilling Engineering Handbook Ellis H. Austin International Human Resources Development Corporation Boston D. Reidel Publishing Company, A Member of the Kluwer Academic Publishers Group, DordrechtlBostonlLancaster
Copyright 1983 by International Human Resources Development Corporation. Softcover reprint of the hardcover 1st edition 1983 All rights reserved. No part of this book may be used or reproduced in any manner whatsoever without wrilten permission of the publisher except in the case of brief quotations embodied in critical articles and reviews. For information address: IHRDC, Publishers, 137 Newbury Street, Boston, MA 02116 Ubnuy of ConlftSS Cataloging In Publici don Data Austin, Ellis H., I92S- Drilling engineering handbook. Includes index. \. Oil well drilling-handbooks, manuals, etc. I. Title TN871.2.A78 1983 622 '.338 ISBN_1 3 :978_90_277_1 884_6 001 :10.10071978_94_009_7261 _2 Published by D. Reidel Publishing Company, P.O. Box 17,3300 AA Dordrecht, Holland in co-publication with IHRDC Sold and distributed in North America by IHRDC In all other countries, sold and distributed by Kluwer Academic Publishers Group, P.O. Box 322, 3300 AH Dordrecht, Holland 82-83470 e ISBN-13:978-94-009-7261-2
Contents Preface ix 1 Principles of OilweU Drilling 1 1.1 Introduction 1 1.2 Power Plant and Transmission System 2 1.3 Hoisting Equipment 3 1.4 Rotating Equipment 5 1.5 Circulating System 8 1.6 Rig Personnel 31 2 Drilling Fluids 32 2.1 Functions 32 2.2 Properties of Drilling Fluids 33 2.3 Composition and Treatment of Water Muds 34 2.4 Oil-Base Muds 41 2.5 Gas (Air) Drilling Fluid 44 2.6 Application of Nitrogen 47 2.7 Drilling Fluids Program 50 3 Drilling Problems 58 3.1 Loss of Circulation 59 v
Vl / Contents 3.2 Abnormal Pressures and Blowouts 61 3.3 Sloughing Shale 89 3.4 Deviated Hole 92 3.5 Stuck Drillpipe 96 3.6 Control of Formation Fluids 99 3.7 Bottomhole Assemblies 100 3.8 Drilling Practices 101 3.9 Casing Design 103 3.10 Cementing Operations 104 3.11 Preparation and Running Casing 104 3.12 After Reaching Bottom 105 3.13 Conditioning the Casing and Hole 105 3.14 Mixing and Displacing the Cement 106 3.15 Postplug Procedure 106 3.16 Cementing 107 3.17 Casing Selection Chart ]09 4 Mud Logging 122 4.1, Gas Detection 123 4.2 Drilling Rate 125 4.3 Pump Stroke Counter 127 4.4 Electric Logging 128 4.5 Coring and Core Analysis 128 4.6 Coring Methods 131 4.7 Pressure Coring 133 4.8 Hydraulics 137 5 Drillstem Testing 174 5.1 Analysis of Need 175 5.2 Equipment 176 5.3 Procedures 181 5.4 Use of Data 183 5.5 Problems and Remedies 194 5.6 Drillstem Test Rules of Thumb 197 6 Offshore Rig Types 198 6.1 Platform Rig 198 6.2 Jackup Rig 198
Contents / vii 6.3 Semisubmersibles 6.4 Drillship 6.5 Submersible Rig 6.6 Offshore Rig Design Rules of Thumb 7 Offshore Environment 7.1 Transportation 7.2 Logistics 7.3 Food 7.4 We~ther 7.5 Communications 7.6 Planning the Well 7.7 Drilling Program 7.8 Drilling-Fluids Program 7.9 Casing and Cementing Program 7.10 Calculations for Cementing 7.11 Alternative" Casing Programs 7.12 Drilling Curve 7.13 Logging Program 7.14 Open-Hole Well Testing 7.15 Completion Program 7.16 Completion 7.17 Abandonment 7.18 Blowout Prevention Procedures 7.19 Pit Drill 7.20 Inside BOP Drill 7.21 Accumulator Drill Appendix A Appendix B Appendix C Index About the Author 201 203 204 205 206 206 208 208 210 213 215 218 221 223 226 229 230 232 232 234 234 237 239 248 250 251 253 276 291 295 301
Preface This book presents the fundamental principles of drilling engineering, with the primary objective of making a good well using data that can be properly evaluated through geology, reservoir engineering, and management. It is written to assist the geologist, drilling engineer, reservoir engineer, and manager in performing their assignments. The topics are introduced at a level that should give a good basic understanding of the subject and encourage further investigation of specialized interests. Many organizations have separate departments, each performing certain functions that can be done by several methods. The reentering of old areas, as the industry is doing today, particularly emphasizes the necessity of good holes, logs, casing design, and cement job. Proper planning and coordination can eliminate many mistakes, and I hope the topics discussed in this book will playa small part in the drilling of better wells. This book was developed using notes, comments, and ideas from a course I teach called "Drilling Engineering with Offshore Considerations." Some "rules of thumb" equations are used throughout, which have proven to be helpful when applied in the ix
x / Preface proper perspective. The topics are presented in the proper order for carrying through the drilling of a well. The help, patience, and understanding of friends, coworkers, and professional associates is greatly appreciated. My special thanks to Field Roebuck, Roebuck-Walton, Inc., Dallas, Texas, for his suggestions, proprietary material, and encouragement. A debt of gratitude to my wife, Virginia, without whose help this book would not have been written.
Drilling Engineering Handbook