Post-installation Analysis of Locally Manufactured Small Wind Turbines: Case Studies in Peru IEEE ICSET 2012 24 th 27 th September 2012 J. Leary 1, R. Howell 1, A. While 1, J. Chiroque 2, K. VerKamp 3, C. Pinedo 3 1 E-futures DTC, University of Sheffield, UK 2 Soluciones Prácticas, Peru 3 WindAid, Peru
Aims. Develop a theoretical framework to describe the socio-technical system surrounding a small wind turbine in a remote community Analyse post-installation performance of two organisations:
Introduction. Local manufacture?
Case studies in Peru. CAJAMARCA TRUJILLO HUAMACHUCO LIMA image adapted from [1], original data from [2]
Peruvian branch of Practical Action Employs 100+ Peruvians Appropriate technology specialists
Social enterprise 2006: Founded by American entrepreneur 2009: Volunteer programme begins 5 week programme 4 construction, 1 installation Turbine donated to rural community
Turbine technical specifications. IT-PE-100/SP-500 Turbine Model WIndAid 2.5kW 300/1,000W (@11m/s) Rated Power (@Rated Wind Speed) 1,900W (11m/s) 548/1,807kWh Rated Annual Energy Yield 2,541kWh Household/Community building Typical Application Community building
Methodology. Database of incidents Date of incident System downtime Failed part Details of fault Root cause of fault Spare part supply location
Data sources. Maintenance log kept by operator/administrator El Alumbre (35) Installation (Jan 2008 Jan 2009) until October 2010 Data source Communities (No. Turbines) Time period Interviews with WindAid technical staff El Olivo (1), Paranchique (1), La Florida (1), Canlle (1), San Carlos (1), Nueva Manzanilla (1) Installation (June 2009 October 2011) until December 2011
Results. Uptime for Turbines in El Alumbre Operating Out of service Uptime for All WindAid Turbines 2009 2010 2011 2012 2008 2009 2010 2011
Results. Mean Time Between Failure, MTBF (Days) Mean Time To Return, MTTR (Days) Availability (%) Days 300 250 200 150 100 50 0 Soluciones Prácticas WindAid 100 80 60 40 20 0 Percentage High MTBF Reliable Reliability Low MTBF Unreliable Low MTTR Resilient Resilience High MTTR Not Resilient High Availability Overall Performance Low Availability
Analysis. Critical factors for high availability: Environment Design Manufacturing Quality Socio-technical System
Responsibilities. Responsibilities Research
Responsibilities. Responsibilities Research Advanced Corrective Maintenance
Responsibilities. Responsibilities Research Advanced Corrective Maintenance Basic Corrective Maintenance
Responsibilities. Responsibilities Research Advanced Corrective Maintenance Basic Corrective Maintenance Advanced Preventative Maintenance
Responsibilities. Responsibilities Research Advanced Corrective Maintenance Basic Corrective Maintenance Advanced Preventative Maintenance Basic Preventative Maintenance (Condition Monitoring)
Actors & responsibilities. Responsibilities Actors Research Advanced Corrective Maintenance Basic Corrective Maintenance Advanced Preventative Maintenance Basic Preventative Maintenance (Condition Monitoring) Research Institution Manufacturer Non-governmental Organisation Service Centre Operator/Administrator End-user
Location of actors. Actors National/ international Regional Research Institution Manufacturer Non-governmental Organisation Service Centre Community Household Operator/Administrator End-user
Ideal socio-technical system.
Research
Research. 10yrs wind 25yrs renewable energy R&D 5yrs Strong links: UPC, Spain PUCP, Peru ISF, Spain Repair logs Dataloggers Surveys on end-user satisfaction Links with research institutions Follow-up studies Establishing links with local universities WindEmpowerment No record of failures & little follow-up work
Advanced corrective maintenance.
Advanced corrective maintenance. El Alumbre Alto Perú (car/lechero) 2h 1h (car/lechero) 1h (car/lechero) Regional H.Q. Cajamarca 3h (car/lechero) Nueva Manzanilla (car) 2h San Carlos 2h (car) Cajamarca Campo Alegre CAJAMARCA 5h (car) (car) 3h Canlle TRUJILLO HUAMACHUCO (bus) 16h LIMA H.Q. TRUJILLO Paranchique (car) 4h (car) 1h Huamachuco (car) 1h 2h (car) La Florida El Olivo H.Q. LIMA image adapted from [1], original data from [2]
Advanced preventative & basic corrective maintenance.
Advanced preventative & basic corrective maintenance. Elected by members of community & NGO technical staff 3 days technical training @CEDECAP Toolkit & spare parts in community Operator/administrator receives salary paid from fee collected from end-users Operator/admi nistrator selection Knowledge transfer Supply chain Economics Wind committee formed of prominent community members Little technical training given Lowering of tower not permitted No spares or tools in community Wind committee voluntary. Collects money for maintenance from end-users
Basic preventative maintenance.
Advanced preventative & basic corrective maintenance. Training sessions in the community Distributed to all community members Entire community participates in installation Training sessions Printed manuals Installation Wind Committee receive no formal training Not used Entire community participates in installation
Summary. Time and money invested in transferring knowledge with the technology Effective socio-technical system established Reliable & resilient energy system provides useful service to community Little effort to transfer skills No formal socio-technical system in place Unreliable and unresilient system not useful to community even less likely to perform maintenance
Conclusion. An appropriate socio-technical system is vital to ensure: Creation of a reliable & resilient energy system Empowerment of the end-users
Further work. Economic consequences Cost of training community members & establishing regional service centres vs. Savings from reduced O&M Further case studies:
References. 1. Ferrer-Martí, L., A. Garwood, J. Chiroque, R. Escobar, J. Coello and M. Castro, A Community Small- Scale Wind Generation Project in Peru. Wind Engineering, 2010. 34(3). 2. Meteosim Truewind S.L. Latin Bridge Business S.A. Atlas Eólico del Perú. 2008 [cited 2012 27th March]; Available from: http://dger.minem.gob.pe/atlaseolico/peruviento.html 3. IEA, World Energy Outlook, 2010, International Energy Agency (IEA): Paris. 4. Khennas, S., S. Dunnett, and H. Piggott, Small Wind Systems for Rural Energy Services 2008, Rugby, UK: Practical Action Publishing. 5. Leary, J., A. While, and R. Howell, Locally manufactured wind power technology for sustainable rural electrification. Energy Policy, 2012. 43: p. 173-183. 6. Vanheule, L., Small Wind Turbines in Kenya - An Analysis with Strategic Niche Management, in Department of Technology Dynamics & Sustainable Development, 2012, Delft University of Technology: Delft, The Netherlands. 7. US DoE, Establishing an In-House Wind Maintenance Program, 2011, US Department of Energy, Energy Efficiency & Renewable, Energy Wind and Water Power Program. 8. Chiroque, J. and C. Dávila, Microaerogenerador IT-PE-100 Para Electrificación Rural, 2008, Soluciones Prácticas: Lima, Perú. 9. Chiroque, J., T. Sánchez, and C. Dávila, Microaerogeneradores de 100 y 500 W. Modelos IT-PE-100 y SP -500, 2008, Soluciones Prácticas: Lima, Peru. 10. Piggott, H., A Wind Turbine Recipe Book2009, Scoraig, Scotland: Scoraig Wind Electric. 11. Bennett, C., M. Gleditsch, and P. Carvalho Neves, Assessment of the role of wind turbines in blueenergy s portfolio, 2011, blueenergy: Bluefields, Nicaragua. 12. Ferrer-Martí, L., J. Sempere, et al. (2010). El Alumbre, Campo Alegre and Alto Peru: Evaluating and Comparing three Community Small-Scale Wind Generation Project. International Workshop on Small Wind Energy for Developing Countries. Pokhara, Nepal.
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