European Clearinghouse on OE Presentation to the EP STOA on the Fukushima nuclear accident 09/06/2011 - Strasbourg 1 The Fukushima nuclear accident What happened? Consequences? JRC involvement? Marc Noël Joint Research Center Institute for Energy Marc.NOEL@ec.europa.eu https://clearinghouse-oef.jrc.ec.europa.eu/
European Clearinghouse on OE Presentation to the EP STOA on the Fukushima nuclear accident 09/06/2011 - Strasbourg 2 What happened at the Fukushima Daiichi Nuclear Power Plant on 11 March 2011? Initiating event : magnitude 9,0 earthquake
NPP affected by the earthquake European Clearinghouse on OE Presentation to the EP STOA on the Fukushima nuclear accident 09/06/2011 - Strasbourg 3
Tsunami generated by the earthquake European Clearinghouse on OE Presentation to the EP STOA on the Fukushima nuclear accident 09/06/2011 - Strasbourg 4
Many significant aftershocks European Clearinghouse on OE Presentation to the EP STOA on the Fukushima nuclear accident 09/06/2011 - Strasbourg 5
The Fukushima Daiichi site European Clearinghouse on OE Presentation to the EP STOA on the Fukushima nuclear accident 09/06/2011 - Strasbourg 6 Source: AREVA.
European Clearinghouse on OE Presentation to the EP STOA on the Fukushima nuclear accident 09/06/2011 - Strasbourg 7
Shared spent fuel storage European Clearinghouse on OE Presentation to the EP STOA on the Fukushima nuclear accident 09/06/2011 - Strasbourg 8 Before / after tsunami Tank displaced? Many structures facing the bay are destroyed Missing tanks
«GE Mark I»design European Clearinghouse on OE Presentation to the EP STOA on the Fukushima nuclear accident 09/06/2011 - Strasbourg 9
Event sequence (1) European Clearinghouse on OE Presentation to the EP STOA on the Fukushima nuclear accident 09/06/2011 - Strasbourg 10 Diesel generators start. Plant is in a stable state.
Event sequence (2) European Clearinghouse on OE Presentation to the EP STOA on the Fukushima nuclear accident 09/06/2011 - Strasbourg 11 Reactors 1-3 are cut-off from any kind of heat removal.
Event sequence (5) European Clearinghouse on OE Presentation to the EP STOA on the Fukushima nuclear accident 09/06/2011 - Strasbourg 12 Core starts to be exposed
Event sequence (6) European Clearinghouse on OE Presentation to the EP STOA on the Fukushima nuclear accident 09/06/2011 - Strasbourg 13 Cladding temperature rises At 900 C: balooning, cladding breaking At 1200 C: exothermic reaction Zr+2H2O ZrO2+2H2 At 1800 C: melting of fuel cladding and steel structures. At 2500 C: breaking of the fuel rods, debris bed inside the core. Pressure increase inside containment up to 8b->venting Supply of seawater to the reactor stops the core melt >900 C >1200 C >2500 C H2 H2 N2
Event sequence Units 1&3 European Clearinghouse on OE Presentation to the EP STOA on the Fukushima nuclear accident 09/06/2011 - Strasbourg 14
Service floor (top of the reactor building) European Clearinghouse on OE Presentation to the EP STOA on the Fukushima nuclear accident 09/06/2011 - Strasbourg 15
Event sequence Unit 2 European Clearinghouse on OE Presentation to the EP STOA on the Fukushima nuclear accident 09/06/2011 - Strasbourg 16
After the Hydrogen detonations European Clearinghouse on OE Presentation to the EP STOA on the Fukushima nuclear accident 09/06/2011 - Strasbourg 17
European Clearinghouse on OE Presentation to the EP STOA on the Fukushima nuclear accident 09/06/2011 - Strasbourg 18 After the Hydrogen detonations Unit 4 Unit 3
Fuel storage issue? (units 1 to 4) European Clearinghouse on OE Presentation to the EP STOA on the Fukushima nuclear accident 09/06/2011 - Strasbourg 19 Unit 4: a visual inspection by remote controlled camera has shown no significant damage to the spent fuel pond. Unit 3: Fuel stored in the pond not visible beneath a mass of steel beams, concrete, dust and rebar from the explosive destruction of the reactor building roof. Concrete dust appeared thick on the surface of flat objects and specks of dust were circulating in the warm water of the pond. [WNN]
European Clearinghouse on OE Presentation to the EP STOA on the Fukushima nuclear accident 09/06/2011 - Strasbourg 20 Example of recovery actions (1)
European Clearinghouse on OE Presentation to the EP STOA on the Fukushima nuclear accident 09/06/2011 - Strasbourg 21 Example of recovery actions (2)
Water spray SFP4 using mobile truck European Clearinghouse on OE Presentation to the EP STOA on the Fukushima nuclear accident 09/06/2011 - Strasbourg 22 Temporary shelter (unit1, in project) Example of recovery actions (3)
Summary of the situation European Clearinghouse on OE Presentation to the EP STOA on the Fukushima nuclear accident 09/06/2011 - Strasbourg 23 Unit 1 2 3 4 5 6 Core and fuel integrity (loaded fuel assemblies) Reactor Pressure Vessel Integrity Damaged most part Damage and leakage estimated Damaged most part Damage and leakage estimated Damaged most part Damage and leakage estimated No fuel in the reactor Not Damaged Not Damaged Not Damaged Not Damaged Not Damaged Containment Integrity Damage and leakage estimated Damage and leakage suspected Damage and leakage suspected Not Damaged Not Damaged Not Damaged Reactor building integrity Severely Damaged Slightly Damaged Severely Damaged Severely Damaged Vent hole opened on the rooftop for avoiding hydrogen explosion Water injection to core Continuing (Freshwater) Continuing (Freshwater) Continuing (Freshwater) Not necessary Not necessary Not necessary Water injection to Containment Vessel Feed water Feed water (planned) Feed water (planned) Not necessary Not necessary Not necessary Fuel integrity in the spent fuel pool (Stored fuel assemblies) Unknown (292) Unknown (587) Damage suspected (514) Damage suspected (1331) Not damaged (946) Not damaged (876) Electric power supply off-site grid available off-site grid available off-site grid available off-site grid available off-site grid available off-site grid available
What are the radiological consequences? European Clearinghouse on OE Presentation to the EP STOA on the Fukushima nuclear accident 09/06/2011 - Strasbourg 24
European Clearinghouse on OE Presentation to the EP STOA on the Fukushima nuclear accident 09/06/2011 - Strasbourg 25
European Clearinghouse on OE Presentation to the EP STOA on the Fukushima nuclear accident 09/06/2011 - Strasbourg 26 11/03: evacuation inside 3km. 12/03 (increase RCV pressure venting): evacuation inside 10km. 13/03 (explosion @ unit1): evacuation inside 20km (170000 residents) + iodine prophylaxis. 25 detected contaminated and decontaminated. 15/03: sheltering 30km + no fly zone. 31/03: significant radioactivity level detected in a village at 40km CIPR recommends to take protective measures when the yearly estimated dose is > 20-100 msv. Based on local monitoring, extension of the evacuation zone decided. The new evacuation zone match +- the 20mSv yearly dose zone.
European Clearinghouse on OE Presentation to the EP STOA on the Fukushima nuclear accident 09/06/2011 - Strasbourg 27
European Clearinghouse on OE Presentation to the EP STOA on the Fukushima nuclear accident 09/06/2011 - Strasbourg 28 blabla
European Clearinghouse on OE Presentation to the EP STOA on the Fukushima nuclear accident 09/06/2011 - Strasbourg 29
Example of food bans European Clearinghouse on OE Presentation to the EP STOA on the Fukushima nuclear accident 09/06/2011 - Strasbourg 30
European Clearinghouse on OE Presentation to the EP STOA on the Fukushima nuclear accident 09/06/2011 - Strasbourg 31
European Clearinghouse on OE Presentation to the EP STOA on the Fukushima nuclear accident 09/06/2011 - Strasbourg 32
High Level EC Task Force for the follow-up of the EU answer to the nuclear accident in Japan European Clearinghouse on OE Presentation to the EP STOA on the Fukushima nuclear accident 09/06/2011 - Strasbourg 33 Created on 30/05/2011 (SEC(2011) 706) Main objectives : To oversee the implementation of the stress tests, with a view to reporting on the process to the next European Council meeting of 9/12/2011. To analyse the radiation protection measures taken so far and propose corrective measures if needed. Membership: Chair: the DG of DG ENER. Vice-Chair: the DG of DG JRC ENER, JRC, SANCO, TAXUD, MOVE, RTD, DEVCO, SG, others Key milestones: KoM of the High Level EC Task Force yesterday. 15 Sep: national progress reports from the national Regulators sent to EC 15 Nov: EC viewpoint on the process draft report for the European Council 9 Dec: European Council End of 2011: final national reports opening the door for the peer reviews 30 April 2012: completion of peer reviews. June 2012: consolidated EC report to the Council.
EU NPP safety assessments: JRC role? European Clearinghouse on OE Presentation to the EP STOA on the Fukushima nuclear accident 09/06/2011 - Strasbourg 34 Main role: support to the EC High Level Task Force (expertise in nuclear safety) The European Clearinghouse on Operational Experience Feedback for NPP The European Clearinghouse for NPP OEF : a centralized initiative aiming at strenghtening OEF in the EU, to the benefit of the participating EU Safety Authorities, in close collaboration with and their Technical Support Organisations (TSOs).
Role of the JRC in the EU NPP «stress tests» European Clearinghouse on OE Presentation to the EP STOA on the Fukushima nuclear accident 09/06/2011 - Strasbourg 35 Expertise of the JRC in the field: JRC has a long tradition of providing technical support in nuclear safety (TACIS-INSC, PHARE-IPA, EURATOM art.41-45 for new NPPs, OSART missions, design review in Ukraine, ) JRC has expertise on the different types of power reactors being operated in the EU (PWR including VVERs, BWRs, CANDU,...). Through the European Clearinghouse, JRC has the expertise of the analysis of nuclear events and accidents. In full cooperation with the EUMS nuclear Safety Authorities and TSOs. The JRC has expertise in the assessment of seismic and flooding hazards.
Role of the JRC in the EU NPP «stress tests» European Clearinghouse on OE Presentation to the EP STOA on the Fukushima nuclear accident 09/06/2011 - Strasbourg 36 JRC gives its full support to the stress tests JRC has contributed to the definition of the scope and methodology for the stress tests and will further contribute to: the definition of common criteria the peer-reviews. (reminder: 1 peer review team per EU MS operating NPP; 7 experts per team: 6 from MS safety authorities + 1 from EC-JRC). JRC will collect all the national reports for the EC JRC will contribute to the report of the EC to the European Council (see conclusions of the European Council of 24-25th March 2011) The JRC can/will support any international safety and risk analysis in neighboring countries, in partnership with the IAEA.
European Clearinghouse on OE Presentation to the EP STOA on the Fukushima nuclear accident 09/06/2011 - Strasbourg 37 SOURCES: GRS, IRSN, TEPCO, NISA, MEXT, AREVA, ASN, IAEA, VGB, US-NRC,JAIF.