Reading performance of animal radio frequency transponders Pieter Hogewerf, Henk van Roest & Kees van t Klooster Innovative Modern Agriculture - Wageningen IMA-Wageningen Wageningen The Netherlands
Animal Identification standards: ISO 11784 & ISO 11785 ISO 11784: Radiofrequency identification of animals Code structure ISO 11785: Radiofrequency identification of animals Technical concept HDX FDX-B
Animal Identification standards: Test procedures Test procedures: Developed by ISO TC23\SC19\WG3 ICAR Procedures for: Transponders Transceivers Guaranteeing worldwide readability Making a founded selection of the available products Registration authority: ICAR (www.icar.org)
ISO 11784 & ISO 11785 conformance testing ISO 24631-1: Radiofrequency identification of animals -- Part 1: Evaluation of conformance of RFID transponders with ISO 11784 and ISO 11785 (including granting and use of a manufacturer code) Readability check: Read by reference reader Telegram structure Identification code CRC calculation (cycle redundancy check) Quality check Resonance frequencies Modulation side bands Responsibility has been taken for guaranteeing uniqueness ID Country codes [001.. 899 (ISO 3166) + 12 digit id code] Uniqueness of codes national responsibility!!!! Manufacturer code [901.. 998 + 12 digit id code] Shared manufacturer code [900 + specific 12 digit id code]
ISO 24631-1 conformance tested products 2010-06 50 45 40 35 30 25 20 15 10 5 0 Conformance tests [269] Transponders types conformance approved [269] Tag [130] Inject [74] Bolus [51] Tag attachment [11] Legtag [3] Technology used in conformance approved products [269] Manufacturer codes granted [102] FDX-B [210] HDX [59] MFC [49] Shared MFC [53]
Principle of RFID (reading process) Transponder field / sensitivity transceiver Demodulation of signal Transceiver field / sensitivity transponder Readability influenced by transceiver & transponder Independent testing
Possible approach for testing Test every reader with every transponder Complex Expensive What to use as approval criteria Use a golden reader as reference Who will provide such a reader (RFID manufacturer?) Will it be available for every test center How to calibrate Approach was chosen to measure physical parameters Electronic passports and item management test procedures measuring physical parameters
ISO 11784 & ISO 11785 performance testing transponders ISO 24631-3: Radiofrequency identification of animals -- Part 3: Evaluation of performance of RFID transponders conforming with ISO 11784 and ISO 11785 Parameters measured: Transponder minimum activating field strength (energy needed for full telegram) Transponder modulation amplitude (strength of the transponder signal) FDX-B bit length stability HDX frequency stability (correct tuning antenna circuit)
ISO 24631-3 test configuration Helmholtz Coils : Configuration can easily be configured Generates reproducible field Trigger Independent from a reader brand Low pass filter Amplifier Oscilloscope Balanced for FDX-B & HDX CN TUT SC HTA1 HSC1 HSC2 HTA2 Code generator Amplifier 50 MN Measurement antenna configuration IEEE Interface PC with IEEE Card
Transponder bit stream FDX bit stream HDX bit stream
ISO 24631-3 information about: Transponder = f (field strength conditions) Estimation of the readability range of the transponder Transponder modulation amplitude Estimation of the impact of electromagnetic disturbances on readability FDX-B bit length stability / HDX frequency stability Estimation of the readability of the transponder 0,04 Dipole moment [V] 0,05 0,04 0,03 0,02 0,01 0,03 HDX: Dipole moment [V] 0,02 0,01 FDX: 0 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 Magnetic field [A/m] 100 80 0 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 Magnetic field [A/m] 99900000000025 99900000000003 99900000000016 99900000000010 99900000000021 Average 0,4 Bit length stability [us] 60 40 0,3 20 Frequency stability [Hz] 0,2 0 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 Magnetic field [A/m] 0,1 0 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 Magnetic field [A/m] 1e St. '1' 1e St. '0' 2e St. '1' 2e St. '0' 3e St. '1' 3e St. '0' 4e St. '1' 4e St. '0' 5e St. '1' 5e St. '0' Stability '1' Stability '0'
ISO 24631-3 performance tested products 2010-06 30 25 20 Performance tests [43] Transponder types performance evaluated [43] 15 10 5 Tag [25] Inject [3] Bolus [15] 0 2009 2010 Technology used in performance evaluated products [43] Manufacturers performance evaluated product [20] FDX-B [35] HDX [8] FDX-B[20] HDX [3]
Transponders that have been performance tested
Activation field & Modulation amplitude Reading distance Transceivers FDX (14) HDX (5) Ear tag: 15, bolus: 4 (3 transponders of every type)
Combination of Activation field & Modulation amplitude 50 Av FDX Av HDX Lineair (Av FDX) Lineair (Av HDX) Reading distance [cm] 45 40 35 30 25 y = 0,5163x - 0,901 R² = 0,7328 y = 0,5573x - 4,0142 R² = 0,8922 20 40 50 60 70 80 90 Combination Dipole Moment & Activation field strength
ISO 11784 & ISO 11785 test procedures transceivers ISO 24631-2: Radiofrequency identification of animals -- Part 2: Evaluation of conformance of RFID transceivers with ISO 11784 and ISO 11785 Already 4 transceivers have been conformance evaluated ISO 24631-4: Radiofrequency identification of animals -- Part 2: Evaluation of performance of RFID transceivers conforming with ISO 11784 and ISO 11785 No transceivers have been performance tested so far.
Conclusions and remarks ISO 24631-1 transponder conformance test Procedure already in use for 15 years Number of tests per year is increasing ISO 24631-3 transponder performance test Technology independent Test results are reproducible Equipment is not complex & commercially available Test results show high correlation with reading distance Since beginning of last year high number of test performed ISO 24631-2 transceiver conformance test First products have been conformance approved ISO 24631-3 transponder performance test Procedure is available At this stage no products tested
Questions Programmable code generator Agilent 33220A Amplifier Research 25A250A amplifier Agilent 54622D Oscilloscope Rohde & Schwarz UHF attenuator Labview 8.2 software IMA Wageningen Helmholtz coils IMA Wageningen