Associate Chief for Technology (Retired)! FCC/OET!!!!!!!!!!Michael J. Marcus, Sc.D., F-IEEE!!!!Adjunct Professor!!!!Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering!!!!Virginia Tech!! Director, Marcus Spectrum Solutions, LLC Washington DC! mjmarcus@marcus-spectrum.com! www.marcus-spectrum.com!!! N3JMM/ 7J1AKO! 1
Key Issue! mmw and THz spectrum use must coexist with scientific passive users (radio astronomy and remote sensing) that have created facts in both practical use and regulatory actions! While some scientific users are very inflexible and want to maintain their present regulatory high ground, key groups seem open to engage new active users in finding win-win solutions to spectrum sharing!
Outline! International spectrum policy! US spectrum policy! mmw and THz sharing issues! 10/94 Initiation of FCC mmw rulemaking http://www.marcus-spectrum.com/mmw.htm
Engineer s viewpoint Around the world - for better or for worse - wireless is more regulated than most other technologies 4 7 In wireless, regula.ons are just as real as Maxwell s equa.ons!
International Spectrum Management! The International Telecommunications Union is a treaty organization with 193 member states! Its Radio Regulations is a treaty document - 2 viewpoints:! RR is a rigid framework for all national spectrum regulation! National regulators are bound by RR and ITU-R recommendations! Radio use compliant with RR is protected from interference from other members! Noncompliant use is permitted if it does not cause interference to other countries compliant use or is bilaterally accepted!
US and ITU Framework! US takes 2 nd viewpoint and a literal interpretation of RR 4.4!! administrations may assign frequencies in derogation of the ITU Table of Frequency Allocations on the express condition that harmful interference shall not be caused to services carried on by stations operating in accordance with the provisions of the Convention and of these Regulations! This is why FCC permitted CDMA cellular, 60 GHz unlicensed band, and unlicensed ISM band prior to any ITU action! This is why Qualcomm is a US company!! European geography limits many national options there!
US ITU Participation! State Department is lead in ITU participation! FCC has a somewhat transparent process for private sector input (http://transition.fcc.gov/ib/wrc-12/)! State merges FCC input with basically nontransparent NTIA input to get national position! While US spectrum management is traditionally nonpartisan, politics can get involved at this level!
US Spectrum Management! Private sector and local government use National use 47 USC 301 47 USC 305 Pursuant to delegations from the President and the Secretary of Commerce, the Administrator of NTIA is the ultimate authority in all spectrum management decisions for the federal government http://www.ntia.doc.gov/osmhome/ roosa8.html US laws can be found at http://www.law.cornell.edu/uscode/ 47 USC 902(b)(2)(A) 47 USC 904(b) To the extent the Assistant Secretary deems it necessary to continue the Interdepartmental Radio Advisory Committee, such Committee shall serve as an advisory committee to the Assistant Secretary and the NTIA.
Existing FCC Rules for mmw! Frequencies (GHz) FCC Rule (47 CFR ) Lic/Unlic Use 57-64 15.255 Unlicensed Pt-to-pt; RLAN 71-76 101.1501 Licensed light Pt-to-pt 76-77 15.253 Unlicensed Auto Radar 81-86 101.1501 Licensed light Pt-to-pt 92-95 15.257 Unlicensed RLAN 92-94 94.1-95 101.1501 Licensed light Pt-to-pt
Licensed Light! License gives legal protection from interference! Was strongly urged by industry, especially Cisco! One application is needed for a nationwide license! For each link, applicants must seek online red light / green light coordination with NTIA! http://www.ntia.doc.gov/legacy/ntiahome/press/ 2005/708090website_02082005.htm! Then each link must be reported to a private database operator who makes details public! http://www.comsearch.com/applications/link7090/index.jsp! In case of interference, precedence determined by date of listing!
Passive Sensing Issues! www.marcus-spectrum.com Passive sensing community has legitimate needs in >60 GHz area! Bands determined by physics! In WARC-79 they stated their mmw needs while others were silent and then created facts! WRC-12 Agenda raised similar issues! New WRC cycle is beginning!!
Closer to Home! Kitt Peak National Observatory near Tucson is best known for optical instruments but also has 2 radio telescopes! Highest in continental US great for mmw! Land leased from the Tohono O'odham nation who operate tourist concessions at peak! Major tourist attraction! 76 GHz automotive radars already a problem!
Scientific Use of Spectrum! Scientific Use = {radio astronomy & environmental sensing}! Scientific Use community has been spelling out requirements in detail! NAS/NRC Committee on Radio Frequencies (CORF) is main forum! NSF Division of Astronomical Sciences, NASA, and NOAA are main federal players! http://sites.nationalacademies.org/bpa/bpa_048094
WRC-12 http://www.itu.int/dms_pub/itu-r/oth/0c/04/r0c040000070001pdfe.pdf! Regionally coalitions are important in forming consensus! Preparation cycle takes years! Effective participation is thus expensive!! Interests not represented throughout process are easily ignored!
RR fn 5.565 Rev @ WRC-12! 5.565 The following frequency bands in the range 275-1 000 GHz are identified for use by administrations for passive service applications: - radio astronomy service: 275-323 GHz, 327-371 GHz, 388-424 GHz, 426-442 GHz, 453-510 GHz, 623-711 GHz, 795-909 GHz and 926-945 GHz; - Earth exploration-satellite service (passive) and space research service (passive): 275-286 GHz, 296-306 GHz, 313-356 GHz, 361-365 GHz, 369-392 GHz, 397-399 GHz, 409-411 GHz, 416-434 GHz, 439-467 GHz, 477-502 GHz, 523-527 GHz, 538-581 GHz, 611-630 GHz, 634-654 GHz, 657-692 GHz, 713-718 GHz, 729-733 GHz, 750-754 GHz, 771-776 GHz, 823-846 GHz, 850-854 GHz, 857-862 GHz, 866-882 GHz, 905-928 GHz, 951-956 GHz, 968-973 GHz and 985-990 GHz. The use of the range 275-1 000 GHz by the passive services does not preclude use of this range by active services. Administrations wishing to make frequencies in the 275-1 000 GHz range available for active service applications are urged to take all practicable steps to protect these passive services from harmful interference until the date when the Table of Frequency Allocations is established in the above-mentioned 275-1 000 GHz frequency range. All frequencies in the range 1 000-3 000 GHz may be used by both active and passive services.
Report ITU-R RA.2189 http://www.itu.int/dms_pub/itu-r/opb/rep/r-rep-ra.2189-2010-pdf-e.pdf! Certain characteristics of the frequency range 275-3 000 GHz combine to reduce the likelihood of interference between the radio astronomy service and active services in this range.! The conclusions reached in this Report do not apply to frequencies below 275 GHz where significantly greater transmit powers are possible with currently available technology. Atmospheric attenuation is also relatively low at most frequencies below 275 GHz compared to absorption at THz frequencies. Some conclusions may change in the future if substantially more transmit power generation becomes achievable at THz frequencies.!
mmw & THz Spectrum in US! Spectrum rather balkanized! Allocations stop at 275 GHz! All spectrum >60 GHz shared G/NG! è Subject to shared FCC/NTIA jurisdiction! Passive services well represented due to early advocacy!
Quick Guide to US Allocations http://transition.fcc.gov/oet/spectrum/table/fcctable.pdf! ITU Table NTIA Table for federal users FCC Table for Non-federal users North and South America are in Region 2 Primary use (all caps) Secondary use (caps/lower case)
US Allocations for mmw & THz
Are Passive Sensing Players Unreasonable?! Some individuals are, but institutionally there can be flexibility! Have indicated interest in dynamic sharing è! TV Channel 37 case (next slide) shows previous progress! Current CORF position in FCC Docket 11-90 (76 GHz car radar power increase) shows some flexibility:! Asks that those seeking change be required to work with representatives of the RAS community to minimize interference with RAS observations and states Work between manufacturers and the RAS community could be facilitated by the National Science Foundation!!
Channel 37 Sharing (608-614 MHz)! 37 Allocated in US as passive only - although used in CATV! DTV transition resulted in temporary doubling of TV transmitters and fewer opportunities for interstitial use of TV channels for medical EKG telemetry for cardiac patients in hospitals - even as demand grew! Brash FCC staffer proposed medical telemetry sharing of Channel 37 and sold it to passive community as winwin! Nature hates a vacuum! Could be precedent for mmw & THz sharing!
Likely Spectrum for Commercial Use! www.marcus-spectrum.com No simple answer with respect to specifics! There is recognition in national and international spectrum communities that passive/active sharing is inevitable at mmw and THz! Radio astronomy spectrum use is more geographically limited than remote sensing uses at least potentially! Remote sensing is not always everywhere 24/7! US passive community has stated their wish list in CORF publications! Time to search for win-win solutions with NSF and CORF similar to TV channel 37 case!
Conclusions! Spectrum policy is not a spectator sport!! www.marcus-spectrum.com Both are real! But if the stakes are high, it is not the place for a team of only beginners! Spectrum policy community is somewhat cliquish! Commercial mmw and THz use have some real issues with passive sensing spectrum use community on coexistance! Constructive engagement is needed to find win-win solutions on such spectrum use!
Surf over to web site for more information! Thanks for the invitation! 26
It may be very good background information if could you touch on the 60,! 71-75, 77, 81-85, 92-94 GHz bands as well, maybe some of the motivations! and reasons and brief history of what we have today and how we got there.! We are thinking that your talk largely ( if not entirely) establishes the! regulatory stage for all of the subsequent talks. If you agree that it! makes sense, it may be a very helpful to the attendees to include! discussion on some of the challenges of developing new spectrum for new! uses (political, technical, etc...), how 60-94GHz got to where it is today! and how sub-mmw and THz may or may not be following a similar trajectory,!