HUMMINGBIRDS (TROCHILIDAE)

HUMMINGBIRDS (TROCHILIDAE) DRAFT 1/7/08 Green Violet-ear Colibri thalassinus STATUS AND HABITAT: Casual summer visitor. Two records, both from Southern Interior in residential gardens with hummingbird feeders and exotic flowers. SEASONAL PATTERNS: Although unexpectedly scarce in Louisiana given the number of extralimital records elsewhere in the eastern USA, the seasonal pattern is the same, namely late spring through early fall. This pattern differs from that shown by other western and Mexican hummingbirds in Louisiana. One possible explanation for the species relative rarity in Louisiana is that this species is a bird of mountainous regions, and so the flat topography of our state must appear highly unsuitable to a wandering Green Violet-ear. RECORDS: 30 June 7 Aug. 1999, Lafayette (J. Oelkers, G. & J. Andriano, BF, WDP, PEC, DLD, SWC; ABF, Purrington 1999, Dittmann and Cardiff 2003, including photo by WDP) 9-10 May 2004, <loc> (C. Vildibill, WDP, PEC; Wallace 2004; photo by WDP published North American Birds 58: 461) IDENTIFICATION TIPS AND BEHAVIOR: The harsh, ticking call notes and song of this species should give away its presence. SOFT PARTS: Iris dark, bill black and tarsi and toes blackish. DIET: The Louisiana birds were drinking from hummingbird feeders but also presumably taking small insects, as is typical of all species of hummingbirds. SUBSPECIES: Photos of the individuals in Louisiana indicate that these individuals are almost certainly of the Mexican (nominate) subspecies. UNSUBSTANTIATED, DUBIOUS, OR ERRONEOUS RECORDS: Broad-billed Hummingbird Cynanthus latirostris STATUS AND HABITAT: Rare winter resident. 34+ records, mostly from Coastal Zone; 8+ records from Southern Interior. All records <but one?> are from residential gardens with hummingbird feeders and exotic flowers. This species seems to be in the process of colonizing Louisiana as a winter resident; it is showing a pattern followed previously by several species, particularly Buff-bellied. The first record was found only in 1990, and the number of records is clearly increasing (Fig. ##).

Fig. ##. Historical trend in number of records of Broad-billed Hummingbirds in Louisiana through winter 2006-07. As with Buff-bellied, the first records came from the Coastal Zone, followed in later years with multiple records in the Southern Interior, including a record from its northern edge in Rapides. See also general discussion under Wintering Western Hummingbirds in Introduction. Since winter 1999-2000, Thomas A. Sylvest began compiling individual records of this and other rare hummingbird species through the HUMNET email list, and these compilations are archived at the Louisiana Ornithological Society website; those data are referenced as TSDB below. SEASONAL PATTERNS: Records extend from 29 Sep.<?> to 11 Mar., but the records are strongly concentrated in Nov., Dec., and Jan., with perhaps proportionally fewer records in February than most wintering hummingbirds <analyze TSDB>. Geographically, records also seem to be concentrated disproportionately in the east-central Coastal Zone, from Lafourche to St. Mary, relative to other wintering hummingbird species. <analyze TSDB> This is yet another western species that typically departs from its breeding range in the USA by early fall (Powers and Wethington 1999 BNA), months before birds begin to appear in Louisiana (see Intro). RECORDS: eastern Coastal Zone: (ad. m) 2 Nov. 1990-5 Jan. 1991, Metairie, Jefferson (NLN[banded], P. Newfield, DPM, CK, JPS, AES, GBS et al.; Stedman 1991, Dittmann et al. 1998; banded by NLN; photos deposited in LOS BRC file; feathers at LSUMZ)<Stedman says in fall report> First Louisiana Record (f) 12-13 Oct. 1992, Metairie, Jefferson (NLN; ABF, Jackson 1993 - ) (ad. m) 30 Nov. 1992-4 Mar. 1993, Amelia, St. Mary (S. & D. Mire, NLN[banded], RJBr, J. Dunn, AES, GBS, CAM, C. Butterworth; ABF, Jackson 1993, Dittmann et al. 1998; photos deposited in LOS BRC file) (imm. m) late Dec. 1992 12 Feb. 1993, Metairie, Jefferson (J. & C. Tramontana, NLN[banded], AES, CAM; ABF, Dittmann et al. 1998; banded by NLN; photos deposited in LOS BRC file) (imm. m) 5 Jan. - 4 Feb. 1995, New Orleans (GBS, PAW, CCS, DPM, NLN[banded] et al.; ABF, Stedman 1995) (m) mid Dec. 1998 5 Jan. 1999, Houma, Terrebonne (M. Naquin, NLN[banded]; ABF, Dittmann and Cardiff 2003) 3 Jan. 1999, Thibodaux, Lafourche (S. & B. Maniscalco; ABF, Thibodaux CBC) <?> 20 Nov. 1999, Bourg, Terrebonne (D. Coignet; TSDB) <?> 10 Dec. 1999, Franklin, St. Mary (M. Luke; TSDB) (f) 11-26 Dec. 1999, New Orleans (GO, DPM, KVR, B. Marshall; ABF, New Orleans CBC, Dittmann and Cardiff 2003; photos deposited in LOS BRC file) (imm. m) 23 Nov. 2000, Thibodaux, Lafourche (B. & M. Gauthier; TSDB)

28 Dec. 2000 6 Jan. 2001, Thibodaux, Lafourche (J. Conover, B. & M. Gauthier, MMS, NLN[banded]; ABF, Thibodaux CBC, Cooley 2001, Dittmann and Cardiff 2003, photos deposited in LOS BRC file) <??> (ad. m) 10 Oct. 2001, Jefferson (J. Fall; TSDB) (m) 7 Nov. 2001, Metairie, Jefferson (NLN; TSDB) (ad. m) 12 Nov. 2001 - <>, New Orleans (DPM, MTP; ABF, Duncan and Duncan 2002) (ad. m) 12 Jan. 2002, New Orleans (DPM, NLN[banded], S. Locke; ABF) (imm. f) 26 Jan. 2002, Thibodaux, Lafourche (B. & S. Maniscalco, NLN[banded] et al.; Cooley 2002) (imm. m) 23 Oct. 2002 5 Jan. 2003, Jefferson (J. Fall; TSDB) (imm. m) 23 Oct. 2003 6 Mar. 2004, Reserve, St. John (J. Zeringue, RJS, NLN[banded], S. Locke et al.; ABF, Reserve-BCS CBC [JLO 2007], Duncan & Duncan 2004; this individual moved between locations about 1 mile apart) (ad. m) 11-12 Jan. 2006, Thibodaux, Lafourche (B. & S. Maniscalco, NLN[banded]; TSDB) western Coastal Zone: 28 Dec. 1998, Abbeville, Vermilion (E. Edwards, WDP[banded]; Dittmann and Cardiff 2003; photos deposited in LOS BRC file) <??????> (f) 16 Apr. 2004, Palmetto St. Park, Vermilion (JHu, MJM; TSDB) (m) 11 Nov. 2004 10 Mar. 2005, Gueydan, Vermilion (E. Guidry et al.; TSDB) (imm. m) 13 Dec. 2005, New Iberia (MJM; TSDB Cooley 2006) Southern Interior: (ad. m) 4-22 Jan. 1997, Baton Rouge (R. & B. Walker, WDP, LCB, MLD, JPK, KF; ABF, Baton Rouge CBC, Stedman 1997, Dittmann et al. 1998; photos deposited in LOS BRC file) (imm. m) 4-22 Nov. 1999, Ascension (MLD, A. Gregory, LCB, MAS, KF, A. Wormington; ABF, Jackson 2000, Stedman 2000-, Dittmann and Cardiff 2003; photos deposited in LOS BRC file) (f) 16 Nov. 1999, Lafayette (WDP, G. Knox; TSDB) 5-7 Nov. 2001, Alexandria, Rapides (W. & B. Watkins, CEL, RJBr; ABF, TSDB, Duncan and Duncan 2002) (ad. f) 9 Nov. 2001 11 Mar. 2002, Covington, St. Tammany (LJB[banded]; ABF) <?> (f) 18 Feb. 2002, Covington, St. Tammany (M. Owens; TSDB) (ad. m) 28 Dec. 2001, Baton Rouge (J. Abbott; TSDB) (imm. f) 5 Jan. 2002, Baton Rouge (LCB, MLD, NLN[banded], C. & P. Wiegel et al.; ABF, Cooley 2002) (imm. m) 6 Jan. 2002, Baton Rouge (NLN[banded], B. Price, C. Foil, LCB et al.; ABF, Cooley 2002) (ad. f) 23 Jan. 2002, Donaldsonville, Iberville (L. Becnel, V. Sagona, WDP[banded]; ABF, TSDB) (imm. f) 18 Feb. 2002, Covington, St. Tammany (NLN[banded], M. & J. Owens; ABF) (imm. m) 18-30 Jan. 2004, Pearl River, St. Tammany (Landry, M. Myers[banded]; TSDB) (m) 22-23 Nov. 2004, Covington, St. Tammany (M. & J. Owens, NLN[banded]; TSDB) <?> (imm. m) 29 Sep. 2005, Lafayette (J. & R. Must; TSDB) (ad. m) 5 Jan. 25 Feb. 2007, Hammond, Tangipahoa (R. & D. Mahony, LJB[banded], O. and W. Clifton; ABF, Cardiff 2007) IDENTIFICATION TIPS AND BEHAVIOR: This species call notes differ from those of any other hummingbird species in resembling the low chips of a Ruby-crowned Kinglet. BAND RECOVERIES: Of interest is that none of the ## individuals banded in Louisiana have been recaptured here in subsequent winters. However, <amazing Colorado details>. DIET: Louisiana birds have been noted feeding at hummingbird feeders and the flowers typically used by hummingbirds; they presumably also fed extensively on small insects. SOFT PARTS: Iris dark; bill reddish basally and blackish distally; tarsi and does blackish. SUBSPECIES: The subspecies that breeds in the southwestern USA is C. l. magicus. Whether this is the subspecies that occurs in Louisiana or whether it is the geographically closer nominate subspecies, C. l. latirostris, of northeastern Mexico remains to be determined because no specimens have been obtained. UNSUBSTANTIATED, DUBIOUS, OR ERRONEOUS RECORDS: Buff-bellied Hummingbird Amazilia yucatanensis STATUS AND HABITAT: Rare winter resident (most winters) in Coastal Zone and southern half of Southern Interior. More common in Coastal Zone than Southern Interior, with almost all records south of about 30 28. One fall record from southern edge of Northern Interior, and one spring record from northern edge of Southern Interior. Two summer records from Southern Interior. Found primarily in residential gardens with dense ornamental cover and hummingbird feeders, but also locally away from feeders along coast where flowers available in winter, particularly Turk s cap (Malvaviscus penduliflorus), e.g., Oak Grove in Cameron, Peveto Beach Woods near Johnsons Bayou, and Grand Isle. This species was not recorded in Louisiana until 1965 and not again until 1973, but then increased dramatically in late 1980's (Fig. ##). In the Coastal Zone, there were only eight records prior to 1980, but subsequently, there were multiple records most years, and by 1986, it became difficult to keep track of individual

records. For example, there were 30+ in 1987-88, with as many as 5 during the winter at a single spot (NLN; Muth 1988). By 1990, the species was an expected wintering species in the Coastal Zone in small numbers at many localities. The first record for the Southern Interior was not until 1985, and that individual died in a hard freeze. Then, there were only four records until fall 1989, when records obviously increased. Starting about 1992, the species has become increasingly common, with as many as 12 recorded on the Baton Rouge CBC on 2 Jan. 2005 (Binford and Demcheck 2005), and 4 individuals in one yard during a single winter (JVR). See also general discussion under Wintering Western Hummingbirds in Introduction. Fig. ##. Historical trend in number of individual Buff-bellied Hummingbirds recorded on Louisiana Christmas Bird Counts, 1970-71 to 2006-07 (data from National Audubon Society). The red line is a 3-year moving average. SEASONAL PATTERNS: The main pulse of wintering birds typically arrives in Louisiana in November. Some banded individuals that successfully wintered may return much earlier; although the sample size is small, these individuals have tended to return earlier each successive year. In spring, most wintering individuals leave by mid- March, and records of individuals present for only a few days in mid and late March were likely spring transients. SIGNIFICANT RECORDS: early fall Coastal Zone: (ad. m; this bird returned to same locality for 9 winters in a row, with successively earlier arrival dates each year) 23 July 2000, LaPlace, St. John (S. Nowell, NLN[banded] et al.; ABF); 28 July 1998 (S. Nowell, JPK, RJS et al.; ABF, Purrington 1998); 6 Aug. 1999 (TSDB); 11 Aug. 1996 (S. Nowell, RJS, NLN et al.; ABF, Jackson 1997); 30 Aug. 1994 (S. Nowell, RJS, NLN; ABF, G. Jackson 1995); early Oct. 1992 (S. Nowell, RJS; ABF) 13 Aug. 2003, River Ridge, Jefferson (S. Roberts; TSDB) 8 Sep. 2001, Raceland, Lafourche (L. Robichaux; TSDB, banded returnee from previous winter) 21 Sep. 1997, Gramercy, St. James (TS; ABF) 22 Sep. 1997, New Orleans (DPM; ABF) 23 Sep. 1993, LaPlace, St. John (S. Nowell, RJS, NLN; ABF, G. Jackson 1994) 30 Sep. 1998, New Orleans (DPM; ABF) early fall Southern Interior: 27/28 Aug. 2005, Baton Rouge (C. Foil, NLN[captured on 8 Jan. 2006; return from previous winter] ; TSDB) 28 Aug. 2005, Baton Rouge (D. Homberger & R. Rau, NLN[captured on 14 Sep.; originally banded at Macolini yard in Baton Rouge on 6 Jan. 2003 and recaptured there 20 Jan. 2005]; TSDB)

8 Sep. 2002, Covington, St. Tammany (J. Mayronne; TSDB) 9 Sep. 2004, Covington, St. Tammany (J. Mayronne, LJB; ABF) 22 Sep. 2002, Lafayette (WDP, G. Knox; TSDB) 24 Sep. 1999, Lafayette (D. Dobbs; TSDB; banded returnee from previous winter) late spring Coastal Zone: 9 Apr. 2004, New Orleans (C. Seidenberg, NLN; ABF) 10 Apr. 1988, New Orleans (DPM; ABF, Muth 1988, Imhof 1988) 14 Apr. 2002, Grand Isle (DPM, RDP, MMy; ABF, Myers and Wallace 2002) 15 Apr. 1993, Gramercy, St. James (TS; ABF) 16 Apr. 1993, LaPlace, St. John (RJS; ABF) 3 May 1995, Gramercy, St. James (TS; ABF) 3 May 1996, New Orleans (JPS; Muth 1996) 5 May 2005, Mathews, Lafourche (L. Downing fide NLN; ABF) late spring Southern Interior: 1 Apr. 1999, Baton Rouge (C. Foil; ABF) 15 Apr. 1994, Lafayette (WDP; ABF) 28 Apr. 1993, Baton Rouge (N. Murrill; ABF, Muth 1993) 28 Apr. 2006, Prairieville, Ascension (S. Drewes; TSDB) 16 May 2003, Baton Rouge (L. & C. Foil; TSDB; summer?) summer Southern Interior: all summer 2003, Baton Rouge (C. & M. Macolini, NLN; ABF, Myers and Wallace 2003, Purrington 2004a) (1) 5- (2) 7 July 2004, Baton Rouge (M. & C. Macolini; ABF, Purrington 2004, TSDB; possibly same individual as in 2003) Northern Interior: 15-16 Sep. 2000, Whitehall, LaSalle (L. & B. Willis; ABF) northern edge Southern Interior: 25 Mar. 2003, Clayton, Concordia (L. Warden; TSDB) first Louisiana record: 23 Nov. - 30 Dec. 1965, New Orleans (T. von Gohren; Lowery 1974) Coastal Zone before 1980: 15 Dec. 1973, Cameron (J. Leak, DN; ABF) early winter 1973 28 Mar. 1974, Franklin, St. Mary (G. DeSoto, MBE, G. Landry et al.; ABF, LSUMZ 95264) winter 1974-75, New Orleans (B. Raether, RJN et al.; ABF) 4+ Jan. 1976, New Orleans (B. Raether, RJN et al.; ABF; presumably same bird as previous winter) (2) 2 Dec. 1978 10 Mar. 1979, New Orleans (B. Raether fide NLN; ABF) 22 Dec.1978 5 Jan. 1979, New Orleans (B. McKee; ABF) 24 Dec. 1979, Algiers, Orleans (E. LeBlanc; ABF) Southern Interior before 1990: (m) 7-19 Dec. 1985, Baton Rouge (C. Feerick, PMcK et al.; ABF, Muth 1986, Dittmann 1991, LSUMZ 126940) 8 Dec. 1987, Baton Rouge (M. Blakeney fide JVR; ABF) 3+ Jan. 1988, Lafayette (J. Marshall, R. Bass; ABF, including photo) 2-28 Feb. 1989, Lafayette (WDP et al.; ABF) 31 Oct. 1 Nov. 1989, Lafayette (GeB, C. Butterworth; ABF) 12 Nov. - 21 Dec. 1989, Baton Rouge (PMcK, F. & B. Guglielmo et al; ABF, Baton Rouge CBC) 14 Nov. 1989, Covington, St. Tammany (JFH; ABF) 30 Nov. - 3 Dec. 1989, Crowley, Acadia (M. & M. Floyd; ABF) 29 Nov. 3 Dec. 1989, Gonzales, Ascension (S. Baker; ABF) 22 Dec. 1989, Donaldsonville, Ascension (C. & F. Givens; ABF) winter 1999-00 (TSDB): 56 records winter 2000-01 (TSDB): 51 records winter 2001-02 (TSDB): 62 records winter 2002-03 (TSDB): 50 records winter 2003-04 (TSDB): 66 records winter 2004-05 (TSDB): 58 records winter 2005-06 (TSDB): 43 records winter 2006-07 (TSDB): 46 records IDENTIFICATION TIPS AND BEHAVIOR: In contrast to other hummingbirds that occur regularly in Louisiana <except Broad-billed?>, this species hugs the undergrowth stratum, only occasionally spending time in the canopy. Its harsh, spitting rattle (recalling a Brown Thrasher alarm call) is unlike that of any other species recorded in Louisiana, as are many of the other vocalizations in its complex repertoire, especially a high-pitched whistled note. It easily dominates behaviorally the other hummingbird species that regularly occur in Louisiana.

DIET: In Louisiana, primarily sugar-water at hummingbird feeders but also a variety of flowering plants (see Landscaping for Birds section); as with other hummingbirds, presumably also a strong arthropod component. BAND RECOVERIES: Foreign recaptures: (1) HY-male banded (JBO) 17 Sep. 2001 Rasin, <> Co., Texas, recaptured (WDP, R. & J. Must) 6 Nov. 2002 Lafayette; then, it relocated to another site in Lafayette 3 miles away, where last observed on 20 Mar. 2003; subsequently recaptured (JBO) 6 Apr. 2003. Rasin, where recaptured several times through 20 Sep. 2003 (JBO); then recaptured (WDP) 3 Nov. 2003, Lafayette, and last seen there on 28 Feb. 2004; then recaptured (JBO) 11 March 2004, Raisin; (2) AHY-m banded (JBO) 19 May 2002, Raisin, recaptured (NLN) 14 Feb. 2007. Returns: See entries under early fall records above. HIGH COUNTS: 6, 4 Dec. 1993, Reserve - La Place area (RJS et al.). SOFT PARTS: SUBSPECIES: Louisiana specimens are relatively pale below and bronzy above, and are indistinguishable from specimens of A. l. chalconota, the subspecies that breeds from southern south to northern Veracruz and San Luis Potosí, Mexico. UNSUBSTANTIATED, DUBIOUS, OR ERRONEOUS RECORDS: Sibley (2000) portrayed this species as only casual in southern Louisiana (and the western Gulf Coast); for an accurate map, see Williamson (2001). Blue-throated Hummingbird Lampornis clemenciae STATUS AND HABITAT: Two records, one from late fall in Southern Interior and one from late winter in Coastal Zone, both from suburban yards. RECORDS: (f) 23-24 Nov. 1992, Baton Rouge (MMS, SWC, DLD, JVR, AWK, MLD, AES, GBS, JPS, al.; ABF, Jackson 1993, Dittmann et al. 1998; photos deposited in LOS BRC file) (f) 7 Mar. - 25 Apr. 1995, Slidell, St. Tammany (P. Siegert, NLN, JPS, PAW, SWC, M. Griffith, JPK et al.; ABF, Muth 1995, Dittmann et al. 1998; banded by NLN; photos deposited in LOS BRC file) IDENTIFICATION TIPS AND BEHAVIOR: The high-pitched, frequently given "seet!?" note is characteristic of this species. DIET: The Baton Rouge bird fed at rosy-flowered "sassanqua" camellias, Abutilon pictum, and a hummingbird feeder. SOFT PARTS: Iris dark, bill black, tarsi and toes blackish. SUBSPECIES: The absence of specimens prevents assigning the Louisiana records to subspecies. All three described subspecies could potentially occur in Louisiana. One (L. c. bessophilus) breeds in Arizona and New Mexico (and nw. Mexico), another (L. c. phasmorus) breeds in the Chisos Mountains of Texas (and n.-central Mexico), and a third (nominate clemenciae) is restricted to Mexico but occurs as far northeast as Nuevo León and may occur closer to Louisiana in terms of direct distance than the other two subspecies; see Williamson (2000) for details. UNSUBSTANTIATED, DUBIOUS, OR ERRONEOUS RECORDS: Magnificent Hummingbird Eugenes fulgens STATUS AND HABITAT: One record, from late fall in extreme eastern Coastal Zone. RECORDS: (imm/ m) 10-29 Nov. 2004, Slidell, St. Tammany (K. T. Porter, LJB, B. Wayman, J. Turner, WDP; ABF with photo by J. Turner, Duncan & Duncan 2005) IDENTIFICATION TIPS AND BEHAVIOR:. DIET: The Louisiana bird fed from hummingbird feeders and flowers, and was also seen sallying for flying insects (LJB). SUBSPECIES: Although no specimen is available, Louisiana records would almost certainly pertain to the northern, nominate subspecies. UNSUBSTANTIATED, DUBIOUS, OR ERRONEOUS RECORDS: Ruby-throated Hummingbird Archilochus colubris STATUS AND HABITAT: Common breeding species in Northern Interior and Southern Interior, and fairly common to uncommon in Coastal Zone; breeding not recorded in coastal woodlands or most of coastal marsh region. Formerly rare in early winter casual in late winter in Coastal Zone and casual in early winter in Southern Interior, but since winter 1998-99 (e.g., Stedman 1999) becoming more common and now occurs annually in small numbers through the winter in all suburban areas in Coastal Zone and in the southern half of the Southern Interior. Casual in late winter in N. Interior; four have successfully over-wintered since 2003. Breeds primarily in deciduous forest and woodlots, ranging into suburbs for foraging. More widespread during migration, even occurring in open fields with suitable flowers.

The Breeding Bird Survey trend for Louisiana for 1966-2005 is negative (-3.2%/year), but falls slightly short (p <.07) of conventional levels of statistical significance, due perhaps to low rates of detection by BBS methods. Winter records, however, have increased dramatically. In the Coastal Zone, there were only four convincing records from winter before 1988, followed by near-annual reports in the 1990s. By winter 1997-98, at least two feeders in the Coastal Zone had multiple individuals overwintering (RJS, DPM; ABF). By winter 1998-99, records became so numerous that many observers stopped reporting them individually. In the Southern Interior, the first early winter record was not obtained until 1989; records then increased through the 1990s, with a meteoric rise starting also in winter 1997-98, when, for example, JVR had at least six different individuals at his feeders near St. Gabriel, Iberville, including 4 banded on a single day, 27 Jan., by WDP. By the following winter, records were too numerous to tally. Before about 1995, Ruby-throated was far less likely to be seen in winter than not only Rufous or Black-chinned, but also Buff-bellied, Calliope, or Broad-tailed hummingbirds. For example, on the Baton Rouge CBC (Fig. ##), the first record was 1991 and few were recorded until the late 1990s, but by winter 2002-03, 18 were recorded on the Baton Rouge CBC. Fig. ##. Historical trend for number of Ruby-throated Hummingbirds recorded on the Baton Rouge CBC, 1980-81 to 2006-07 (data from National Audubon Society). The red line is a 3-year moving average. The statewide trend is also similar (Fig. ##).

Fig. ##. Historical trend for number of Ruby-throated Hummingbird records on Louisiana Christmas Bird Counts, 1960-61 to 2006-07 07 (data from National Audubon Society). The red line represents a 3-year moving average. In winter 2002-03) 16 individuals were banded (LJB) from Dec. to early Mar., including two returnees from previous winter. In winter 2004-05, 16 individuals were banded from Dec. to Feb. in s. St. Tammany, including a female from the previous winter (LJB; ABF). The increase is not an artifact of increased observer effort: sites with constant effort also registered the increase. The increase also follows the precedent of historical increase set by Buffbellied, Calliope, and Broad-tailed Hummingbird (and probably also Rufous and Black-chinned). See also general discussion under Wintering Western Hummingbirds in Introduction. Kopman (1915) stated that he had two reports of this species in winter, but we suspect the species identification was based on the assumption that Ruby-throated was the only species that could occur in Louisiana. Starting in the mid-1970s, we learned that Ruby-throated was one of the least likely species to occur in winter, thanks largely to the intensive efforts of the pioneers, especially Nancy Newfield, in studying winter hummingbirds. There were 23 reports (ABF) prior to 1975 of female or sex-unspecified Ruby-throated Hummingbirds (no adult males) from mid-november to late February. Although these almost certainly pertained to small North American hummingbirds, we are reasonably certain that Black-chinned and other species of western hummingbirds were not considered in the identifications SEASONAL PATTERNS: In spring, the first adult males typically appear in the Coastal Zone and Southern Interior about 5-10 Mar., with records extending to 1 Mar. The first females typically appear in late March. Arrival in the Northern Interior is usually 1-2 weeks later. Despite the early arrival, the species does not become common until mid or late April. At Remsen s study site in Iberville (Fig. #), censuses show a steady increase from mid-march through April, leveling off in May and June, followed by a peak from July through mid August, followed by a decline to early September, then an increase through late September, followed by a decline through October; most individuals have departed by the last week in October. Kopman long ago (1915) reported that there was a major spring influx 5-15 May. Migrants are detected in nonbreeding areas along the coast steadily into the third week of May, with records extending to 2 June.

J F M A M J J A S O N D Fig. ##. Seasonal pattern of occurrence of Ruby-throated Hummingbird at Remsen s study site in Iberville, 1990-2006 (N = 1178 censuses); the red line is a 5-day moving average. The onset of fall migration is difficult to discern, but birds are detected away from breeding areas, e.g., New Orleans, starting in June. At Remsen s wooded study site near St. Gabriel (Fig. ##), an influx of birds to feeders begins in July; whether these are local post-breeding dispersers or fall migrants from farther north is not known. Peak counts are from mid-july into the third week of August, followed by a major exodus in late August. A second peak then occurs in late September and early October, followed by a major exodus in the second week of October, with a few individuals lingering until the first week of November. In suburban areas, a major influx occurs in late August and early September, as also noted long ago by Kopman (1915). A substantial movement westward along the coast of Cameron was detected on 31 Aug. (1990), when 52 were counted flying across Calcasieu Pass in 15 mins (JMB et al; ABF) SIGNIFICANT RECORDS: early spring Coastal Zone: (ad. m) 27 Feb. 2005, Slidell, St. Tammany (P. Solomon; ABF) (ad. m) 28 Feb. 2007, Slidell, St. Tammany (P. Solomon; ABF) (ad. m) 6 Mar. 2004, Slidell, St. Tammany (P. Solomon; ABF) early spring Offshore: (m) 15 Mar. 2000, Vermilion 265 (RLK) 15 Mar. 2000, Green Canyon 18 (BLS) 17 Mar. 1998, Ewing Bank 826 (RLK) early spring Southern Interior: (ad m) 25 Feb. 2006, 4 mi. N of St. Gabriel, Iberville (SWC, DLD; ABF) (ad. m) 27 Feb. 2001, Abita Springs, St. Tammany (O. Clifton; ABF) (ad. m) 28 Feb. 2000, Abita Springs, St. Tammany (O. Clifton; ABF) 1 Mar. 1985, Baton Rouge (A. Roane, E. Smith; ABF, Imhof 1985) 1 Mar. 2000, Baton Rouge (MLD; ABF) 1 Mar. 2000, Lafayette (J. & G. Andriano; ABF) 1 Mar. 2000, Scott, Lafayette (B. Hariu, L. Clark; ABF) 1 Mar. 2000, Sulphur, Calcasieu (A. Hohensee; ABF) 2 Mar. 2000, 5 mi. E of Pineville, Rapides (RJBr; ABF)

3 Mar. 1956, Baton Rouge (R. & M. Moore; ABF, Newman 1956m) (ad. m) 4 Mar. 2004, Abita Springs, St. Tammany (O. Clifton; ABF) early spring Northern Interior: 10 Mar. 2004, Natchitoches (P. Thorton <PAUL-spelling?>; BSG) 10 Mar. 2006, S. of Mansfield, Sabine (V. Neilson; BSG) 13 Mar. 2003, WBJ Park, Caddo (LRR; BSG) 16 Mar. 1938, Monroe, Ouachita (Mrs. G. Lowery; ABF) late spring Coastal Zone (south of breeding range): (2) 21 May 1988, coming in from Gulf of Mexico, Cameron (KVR, TSS; Imhof 1988) (f) 21 May 1993, New Orleans (AES; ABF) (f) 24 May 1995, Peveto Beach Woods, Johnsons Bayou (DLD, SWC; ABF) (2f) 25 May 1995, Cameron (DLD, SWC; ABF) (f) 25 May 1997, 5 mi. E of Cameron (DLD, SWC; ABF) (f) 30 May 1998, Peveto Beach Woods, Johnsons Bayou (PAW; ABF, Cardiff 1998) (f) 31 May 1987, Peveto Beach Woods, Johnsons Bayou (SWC, DLD; ABF) (3 f) 2 June 1992, Cameron (SWC, DLD; ABF, Muth 1992b) late spring Offshore: (f) 18 May 2000, Vermilion 265 (RLK) (f) 20 May 2000, Vermilion 265 (RLK) (2) 26 May 2005, 25-35 mi. S of South Pass (SWC, DLD, DPM, JBS; ABF, Wallace 2005) summer Coastal Zone (south of breeding range): 18-19 June 1994, New Orleans (DPM; ABF) 25 June 1999, New Orleans (PY; ABF) early fall Coastal Zone (south of breeding areas): (m) 3 July 1990, New Orleans (DPM; ABF) (3) 16 July 1989, 7 mi. E of Cameron (SWC; ABF) late fall Northern Interior: 4 Nov. 1998, Shreveport (J&JT; ABF) 6 Nov. 1955, Shreveport (HHJ, J. P. Everett; BSG) early winter Northern Interior: Dec.-Jan. 1993, Shreveport (E. Tippett; BSG) early winter Southern Interior (before 1999): ( m) 15 Dec. 1988-5 Jan. 1989, Baton Rouge (MLD, PMcK; ABF, Muth 1989; LSUMZ 154325) (imm. m) 17 Nov. 11 Dec. 1992, 3.7-4 mi. N of St. Gabriel, Iberville (SWC, DLD, JVR; ABF, LSUMZ 154464) (imm. m) 22 Dec. 1992, Baton Rouge (H. Forrester, NLN[banded]; ABF, Baton Rouge CBC) (imm. f) 22 Dec. 1992, Baton Rouge (NLN[banded], MLD et al.; ABF, Baton Rouge CBC) (imm. m) 2 Jan. 1994, Lafayette (WDP; photo in ABF, Lafayette CBC) (imm. m) 7 Dec. 1995, 4 mi. N of St. Gabriel, Iberville (SWC, DLD; ABF, LSUMZ 161245) 21 Dec. 1995, near Andrew, Vermilion (GDL, V. Rettig; ABF, Crowley CBC 5 Jan. 1996, Lafayette (WDP[banded]; ABF)CBC? 9 Jan. 1997, Lafayette (WDP[banded]; ABF) (f) 3 Jan. 22 Feb. 1998, 3.7-4 mi. N of St. Gabriel, Iberville (JVR, SWC, DLD; ABF, Baton Rouge CBC) 17-28 Dec. 1998, Baton Rouge (P. Nolan, LCB; ABF) (imm. m) 22 Dec. 1998, Baton Rouge (LCB, JPK; ABF) 23 Dec. 1998, Baton Rouge (S. Kennon, LCB; ABF) 23 Dec. 3 Jan. 1999, Baton Rouge (P. Chaleron; ABF, Baton Rouge CBC) (f) 31 Dec. 1998, 3.7 mi. N of St. Gabriel, Iberville (JVR; ABF; LSUMZ 166004) late winter Northern Interior: Oct. 2002 Mar. 2003, Caddo (PMD[banded]) Oct. 2003 Mar. 2004, Shreveport (PMD[banded]) Dec. 2004 Mar. 2005, Shreveport (B. Wommack, PMD[banded]) Oct.2002 Apr. 2003, Lake Claiborne at Arizona Road, <PAUL - parish> (M.E. Lewis, PMD[banded]) late winter Southern Interior (before 2000): (f) 18 Feb. 4 Mar. 1995, 3.7 mi. N of St. Gabriel, Iberville (JVR, SWC[coll.]; ABF, LSUMZ 161242) mid-dec. 1997 24 Jan. 1998, Baton Rouge (C. Foil, WDP; ABF) (2) 2 Dec. 1998 28 Feb. 1999, Lewisburg, St. Tammany (CGB; ABF, St. Tammany Parish CBC) (4) 3 Dec. 1998 20 Feb. 1999, 3.7 mi. N of St. Gabriel, Iberville (JVR, WDP[banded]; ABF) 3-14 Jan. 1999, Baton Rouge (MLD, BF, LCB, NLN[banded]; ABF) 14 Jan. 1999, Baton Rouge (V. Vance, LCB, MLD, NLN[banded]; ABF) (ad. m) 24 Jan. 24 Feb. 1999 (NLN[banded, C. Foil; ABF) (f) 13 Feb. 7 Mar. 1999, 3.7-4 mi. N of St. Gabriel, Iberville (DLD, SWC, JVR; ABF) early winter Coastal Zone (before 1995):

(ad. f) 24 Dec. 1983, Metairie, Jefferson (NLN[banded]; ABF) (imm. m) 13 Nov. 23 Dec. 1985, Metairie, Jefferson (NLN[banded]; ABF) (imm. m) 20 Dec. 1986, Sabine NWR, Cameron (HDP et al.; ABF, Sabine NWR CBC) (2 imm. m) 31 Dec. 1986, Boothville, Plaquemines (DPM, RDP, JH; ABF, Venice CBC) (f) 23 Dec. 1987, Metairie, Jefferson (NLN; ABF) (imm. m) 3-8 Dec. 1988, New Orleans (DPM; ABF) (imm. m) 17 Dec. 1988, Cameron (NLN[banded]; ABF, Sabine NWR CBC) (imm. m) 22 Dec. 1988, New Orleans (JPS; NLN[banded]; ABF) (f) 15 Dec. 1989, Reserve, St. John (RJS; ABF) (ad. m) 2 Dec. 1990, Venice (DPM; ABF) 16 Dec. 1990, New Orleans (JPS, NLN[banded]; ABF) (imm. m) through 14 Dec. 1991, Cameron (M. A. Tanner, MW, RJS; ABF) (imm. m) Nov mid-dec. 1991, Reserve, St. John (RJS; ABF) (imm. m) 29 Dec. 1991, Peveto Beach Woods, Johnsons Bayou (JPK, D. Roark; ABF) (f) 18 Dec. 1993, Cameron (NLN et al.; ABF, Sabine NWR CBC) (imm. m) 1 Jan. 1994, Reserve, St. John (NLN, M. Kornan; ABF) (2f) through 31 Dec. 1994, Reserve, St. John (RJS, NLN, et al.; ABF, Reserve-BCS CBC) late winter Coastal Zone (before 1999): (m) 18 Feb. 1969, Triumph, Plaquemines (KPA; ABF) (m) 29 Nov. 1975 22 Feb. 1976, Reserve, St. John (RJS; ABF) (2f) early Dec. 1978 Feb. 1979, Metairie, Jefferson (NLN[banded]; ABF) (imm. m) 19 Jan. Feb. 1979, Metairie, Jefferson (NLN[banded]; ABF) (imm. m) 30 Jan. 1988, New Orleans (L. Reed, NLN; ABF) (imm. m) 10 Feb. 1988, New Orleans (W. Hall, NLN[banded]; ABF) (f) 26 Nov. 1988-31 Mar. 1989, Reserve, St. John (RJS, NLN[banded]; ABF, Muth 1989) (imm. m) 29 Dec. 1990 Feb. 1991, Reserve, St. John (RJS, NLN[banded]; ABF) 8 Jan. late Feb. 1992, New Orleans (NN; ABF) (ad. m) 15-24 Feb. 1992, New Orleans (JPS; ABF) 10 Jan. 1993, Gramercy, St. James (TS, RJS; ABF) (ad. m) 18 Dec. 1992 late Feb. 1993, New Orleans (DPM; ABF) (imm. m) 18 Jan. late Feb. 1993, New Orleans (DPM; ABF) (f) 25 Dec. 1992 5 Feb. 1993, New Orleans (AES, GBS; ABF) (2m, 1f) winter 1997-98, Reserve, St. John (RJS et al.; ABF) (3) winter 1997-98, New Orleans (DPM; ABF) leucistic: 1-5 Sep. 1995, Baton Rouge (P. Barrow, D. Rivet; photo in ABF). Several additional all-white individuals have been discovered over the last 10 years. IDENTIFICATION TIPS AND BEHAVIOR: See Dittmann & Cardiff (<REF>). As early as 1986, Louisiana observers have been using the absence or presence of tail pumping while feeding as a criterion for separation of Rubythroated from Black-chinned. Ruby-throateds pump their tails while maneuvering to a feeder or flower, but once the bill is inserted into the food source, they do not pump their tails, in contrast to Black-chinneds, which typically pump their tails constantly, at a rate of several per second. The authors have observed many thousands of feeding Rubythroateds in Louisiana from May through September, when Black-chinned is not known to be present, and have never seen one pump its tail while drinking other than an occasional nervous jerk. In contrast, every Black-chinned that they have seen in Louisiana (adult males or identified by primary shape or combination of long bill, grayish crown, and dull, not bronzy, green back) has pumped its tail vigorously while feeding. Peak activity around feeders occurs just before and, especially, just after rain; for example, on 21 July 1991 after a thunderstorm, JVR (ABF) counted 317 individual visits, involving an unknown number of individuals, to his hummingbird feeder in only 15 minutes. Reasons for this are not known for certain but may involve the immediate need for calories after a rainstorm prevents them from feeding, particularly if the birds themselves get wet. However, PMD has found nectar to be severely diluted in flowers of various species of Salvia following rain, e.g., sugar content dropped from 28% to 6% when rain-drops were present on flowers. Therefore, the primary reason for the spike in feeder use after rains is likely dilution of natural nectar sources by the rain itself. DIET: In addition to flower nectar, feeds heavily on insects, typically gleaned from foliage and small twigs while hovering. The spring arrival of Ruby-throated Hummingbirds in the Baton Rouge area coincides with peak flowering of copper iris (Iris fulva), an iris with a floral morphology clearly modified for hummingbird pollination, and it seems likely that this hummingbird is the primary pollinator of this plant species (although this is evidently not documented in the technical literature as summarized by Robinson et al. 1995 BNA. Another potential food plant, crossvine (Bignonia capreolata), has a similar phenology, but we have few observations of its use by Ruby-throated Hummingbird. In the Northern Interior, blooming red buckeye (Aesculus pavia) is abundant in upland areas and coincides neatly with the spring migrant period as the primary native nectar source. First blooms for red buckeye in Bienville and Caddo and Iris fulva in Tensas occur around the normal first arrivals for males. Coral honeysuckle (Lonicera sempervirens) is a

highly favored nectar source available throughout the spring but is uncommon in the wild in most areas of Louisiana. Later in spring, introduced Japanese honeysuckle (L. japonica) becomes a primary food plant. From late spring through early fall, trumpet-creeper (Campsis radicans) is the most important nectar source. The flowering of cardinal flower (Lobelia cardinalis) and horsemint (Monarda punctata), mainly late August to early October, appears timed to coincide with the influx of fall migrants. Likewise, the late summer-early fall flowering of scarlet morning-glory (Ipomoea coccinea) in the "river parishes" of the Coastal Zone coincides with the late summer-fall dispersal of this hummingbird. Numerous exotic plants, especially Salvia spp., Cuphea spp., and Abutilon spp., provide additional nectar sources (see Landscaping for Birds section). Sugar concentrations in nectar of all native flowers used in Louisiana is normally 28%-35% (PMD) or 21%-35% (D. Demcheck). Fontenot (1998) observed one probing holes made by other birds in fruit of common persimmon, presumably to obtain juice. BAND RECOVERIES: Foreign recaptures: (1) AHY-m banded (LJB) 16 Mar. 2003 Abita Springs, St. Tammany, recaptured 24 June 2003 Henleyfield, Mississippi (J. Bell); (2) AHY-f banded (LJB) 7 Sep. 2003 Hammond, Tangipahoa, recaptured 7 Sep. 2004 in Covington, St. Tammany (Bordelons); (3) AHY-m banded (NLN, Owens) 23 Aug. 2003 Covington recaptured (LJB) 21 Aug. 2004 Hammond; (4) banded (WDP) Sept. 2004 Lafayette recaptured 16 May 2007 Plum Island, Massachusetts (fide WDP); (5) HY-f banded (LJB) 14 Sep. 2004 Abita Springs recaptured 6 Sep. 2005 Lake Jordan, Alabama (F. Bassett); (6) HY-m banded (J. Bell) 14 July 2005 Henleyfield, Mississippi, recaptured (LJB) 4 Aug. 2005 Covington and again spring 2006 Henleyfield (J. Bell). Winter returns: A female banded in winter 2001-02 in St. Tammany was recaptured there annually through winter 2006-07 (LJB). A male, banded Dec 2000 as HY in Covington, St. Tammany, yard was recaptured Nov 2002 and Dec 2003 (LJB, H. Patten). A female banded at the Dittmann-Cardiff study site near St. Gabriel, Iberville, was first noted on 28 Dec. 2003 and remained well into spring, 1 May 2004 (SWC, DLD, WDP; ABF). Breeding site philopatry has been documented by PMD in Caddo, where breeding individuals of both sexes banded in spring 2003 were recaptured at the same site annually through summer of 2007; 20% of adults captured there in spring 2007 had been banded there in previously years. HIGH COUNTS: Estimating numbers of hummingbirds visiting feeders during spring and fall is difficult. Dr. Peter E. Scott, an expert on hummingbird feeding ecology, provided the following calculations based on sugar consumption per day. A 3-4 g Ruby-throated Hummingbird requires about 8 kcal of energy per day, which it can obtain from about 2 grams (0.00441 pounds) of sugar per day. Therefore, one can keep track of the number of pounds of sugar used over a time period and divide this weight by 0.00441 to provide a rough estimate of the number of hummingbirds using the feeder. Sugar water is also lost to spillage and bees, but this is undoubtedly more than compensated for by the fact that the hummingbirds undoubtedly have other sources of food, e.g., flowers, arthropods, and other feeders. Applying this method to JVR's feeders near St. Gabriel, where during peak visitation periods, about 1 pound of sugar is consumed per day, the minimum estimate of number of Ruby-throated Hummingbirds using his feeders daily is 227 individuals. If the birds obtain only half of their calories from JVR's feeders, then the estimate is more than 450 individuals. Yet seldom are more than 20-25 individuals present simultaneously. The vast majority of these individuals seem to commute substantial distances to the feeders (and they frequently fly out of sight after leaving the feeders). SPRING MIGRATION: 300, 20 Apr. 1986, Cameron (P. Lehman; ABF, Imhof 1986); 130, 25 Apr. 1981, Cameron area (JVR, DAW, L. Hale); 100, 10 Apr. 2007, Grand Isle (PAW, CCS; ABF). BREEDING: FALL MIGRATION: <?> 500-1000, 11 Sep. 1960, near Church Point, <?> (B. & R. Bodman; ABF, Newman 1960a); 250-300, 30 Aug. 1986, Baton Rouge (PMcK; ABF); 55, 9 Sep. 2001, Caddo (PMD); 50, 4 Oct. 1958, Cameron (JPG, SAG; ABF, Newman 1959a) WINTER: 4, 27 Jan. 1999, 3.7 mi. N of St. Gabriel, Iberville (WDP[banded], JVR; ABF) SOFT PARTS: UNSUBSTANTIATED, DUBIOUS, OR ERRONEOUS RECORDS: Beware that Sibley (2000) portrayed this species as only casual in winter in southern Louisiana (and the Gulf Coast); for an accurate map, see Williamson (2001). Black-chinned Hummingbird Archilochus alexandri STATUS AND HABITAT: Rare winter resident in Coastal Zone and southern half of Southern Interior; casual in n. S. Interior and N. Interior, with remarkably few records north of about 30 28. N. Lat. Found primarily in residential gardens with hummingbird feeders, especially where some tall trees present. Although this species was not officially recorded in Louisiana until 1955, sight records by GHL of birds identified as Ruby-throated at Monroe on 10 Dec. 1934 and 8 Dec. 1935 (Oberholser 1938) were, with the benefit of hindsight, much more likely to have been Black-chinneds by date. There were only 9 records of Black-chinneds through 1975, with individual records reported in Amer. Birds through at least winter 1976-77. Since the late 1970's, however, this species has been recorded every winter, sometimes with as many as 5 recorded in a single yard (NLN;

ABF). By 1984, multiple individuals were recorded annually in Reserve, St. John (RJS, MW; ABF). By winter 1987-88, as many as 23 were banded in a single winter (NLN; Muth 1988), and tracking individual records became impossible after about 1985. CBC totals show a strong increase since about 1985 (Fig. ##). Assessing the historical trend in this species is much more problematic than that for other hummingbird species because of difficulties in distinguishing it in the field from Ruby-throated Hummingbird. Females were considered inseparable in the field until the 1980s, and all records before 1985 were males unless hand-held or collected; the first female was not documented until Dec. 1978 (NLN, ABF). Therefore, the surge in records in the late 1970s (Fig. ##) is certainly in part due to increasing observer awareness, triggered by the banding efforts of Nancy Newfield, that the species was more likely than Ruby-throated in winter. On the other hand, as with other species of western hummingbirds, there has almost certainly been a true increase in numbers of individuals. For example, the 2005-06 <get date> Baton Rouge CBC recorded 21 individuals, more than recorded in all of Louisiana prior to 1975 and more than recorded statewide in most years up until the late 1980s. Furthermore, numbers recorded on CBCs statewide has increased steadily since the late 1980s (Fig. ##). See general discussion under Wintering Western Hummingbirds in Introduction. Figure #. Historical trend in number of Black-chinned Hummingbird records in Louisiana through 1984.

Fig. ##. Historical trend for Black-chinned Hummingbird records on Louisiana Christmas Bird Counts 1970-71 through 2006-07 (data from National Audubon Society). The red line is a 3-year moving average. SEASONAL PATTERNS: The first birds of the winter usually arrive in the last week of October, and the peak of first detections is typically in November (TSDB). The earliest arrivals are typically adult males, several of which have been banded individuals returning to a previous wintering site. Individual wintering birds may leave anytime, but most are gone by early March, with few April records and only two records from May. More than any other wintering hummingbird species, many Black-chinneds seem to come and go through the winter. Fall arrival schedule undoubtedly made more difficult to ascertain by presence of Ruby-throateds through at least October; spring departure schedule also obscured by arrival of Ruby-throateds in early March. Breeding populations in the western United States begin migration in July and peak movement is in August, even in southern Texas (see Baltosser and Russell 2000); thus, this is one of several species of western hummingbirds whose main arrival in Louisiana is generally 1-2 months later than the peak of fall migration in the rest of the United States and long after most individuals have left the western United States. SIGNIFICANT RECORDS: early fall Coastal Zone: (f) 9 Sep. 2006, New Orleans (DPM; ABF) 12 Oct. 1994, Gramercy, St. James (TAS; ABF) (ad. f) 16-22 Oct. 1979, Metairie, Jefferson (NLN[banded]; ABF) 16 Oct. 1995, Gramercy, St. James (TAS; ABF) (imm. m) 18 Oct. 2003, Metairie, Jefferson (NLN; TSDB) (imm. m) 21 Oct. 2004, Metairie, Jefferson (NLN; TSDB) early fall Southern Interior: (ad. m) late Sept. 1975, Baton Rouge (R. Aucoin; ABF, Hamilton 1976) <no details> (ad. m) 10-14 Sep. 2002, Baton Rouge (S. Knaus; ABF) (ad. m) 28-30 Sep. 1978, Eunice, St. Landry (B. Ardoin, fide NLN; ABF)<?> (ad. m) 4 Oct. 2002, Baton Rouge (JDW; ABF) (ad. m) 5-6 Oct. 2002, Lafayette (B. & J. Jumonville, WDP[banded]; TSDB) (ad. f) 7 Oct. 2006, 4 mi. N of St. Gabriel, Iberville (SWC, DLD; banded return, ABF) (ad. m) 11 Oct. 2005, Lafayette (WDP; TSDB) (ad. m) 12 Oct. 2002, 3.7 mi. N of St. Gabriel, Iberville (JVR; TSDB; banded returnee from previous winter) (imm. m) 14 Oct. 2005, Baton Rouge (S. Knaus; TSDB) (f) 16 Oct. 2001, Breaux Bridge, St. Martin (GaB; TSDB)

(ad. m) 16 Oct. 2001, 3.7 mi. N of St. Gabriel, Iberville (JVR; TSDB) (ad. m) 18 Oct. 2002, Reserve, St. John (RJS; TSDB) late spring Coastal Zone: (m) to 13 Apr. 1969, New Orleans (K. McGee; ABF) (m) 13 Apr. 1994, New Orleans (DPM; ABF) (f) to 16 Apr. 1980, Metairie, Jefferson (NLN[banded]; ABF) to 18 Apr. 1983, Reserve, St. John (RJS et al.; ABF) (m) 3 May 2002, Lafourche (L. Robichaux, NLN[banded]; ABF, Myers and Wallace 2002) late spring Southern Interior: 4 Apr. 1986, Baton Rouge (MLD; Imhof 1986) (2f) 8 Apr. 2007, 4 mi. N of St. Gabriel, Iberville (SWC, DLD; ABF) (imm. m, f) 27 Apr. 2006, 4 mi. N of St. Gabriel, Iberville (DLD, SWC; ABF) (f) 1 May 2005, Covington, St. Tammany (NLN[banded]; ABF) (m) 2 May 1990, Baton Rouge (MLD, R. Davey; ABF, G. Jackson 1990) Northern Interior: 31 Dec. 1978-4 Feb. 1979, Shreveport (JRS, HHJ) 3-26 Feb. 1988, Shreveport (HHJ; Muth 1988) (imm. m) 9 Sep. 2001, Shreveport (PMD; TSDB) (imm. m) 12 Nov. 2001, Shreveport (PMD; TSDB) (f) 2 Dec. 2001, Shreveport (PMD; TSDB) (imm. m) 2 Dec. 2001, Shreveport (PMD; TSDB) (ad. f) 3-9 Dec. 2002, Shreveport (PMD[banded]; TSDB) 8 Dec. 2002, Shreveport (PMD; TSDB) (Paul) Nov. 2005 Mar. 2006, e. end Cross L., Shreveport (P. Carpenter, S. Theuerkauf, PMD[banded]) Coastal Zone (through 1980) (m) 15 Jan. 1961, New Orleans (B. Evans; ABF) (m) 12 Jan. 1962, New Orleans (H. Evans; LSUMZ 27664) (2 m) Dec. 1965 12 Apr. 1966, New Orleans (K. McGee, BMM; ABF) (2 m) Feb. 13 Apr. 1969, New Orleans (K. McGee, BMM; ABF) (2 m) 12 Dec. 1970 10 Jan. 1971 (K. McGee, BMM, RDP, RJN et al.; ABF) (5 m) winter 1975-76, Metairie, Jefferson (NLN, RJN et al.; ABF) (ad. m) 23 Jan. 1977, Algiers, Orleans (E. LeBlanc, RJN et al.; ABF) (imm. m) 29 Nov. 1977 3 Jan. 1978, Reserve, St. John (RJS, MW et al.; ABF) (m?) 27 Oct. 1978, Metairie, Jefferson (NLN; ABF) (imm. m) 16 Nov. 1978 12 Feb. 1979, Metairie, Jefferson (NLN; ABF) (imm. m) 26 Nov. 1978 24 Feb. 1979, Metairie, Jefferson (NLN; ABF) (m) 17 Nov. 1978 26 Jan. 1979, New Orleans (B. Raether, fide NLN; ABF) (f) 19-26 Dec. 1978, Metairie, Jefferson (NLN[hand-held]; ABF) (f) 21 Dec. 1978 23 Jan. 1979, New Orleans (B. Raether, fide NLN; ABF) (f) 24 Dec. 1978 14 Jan. 1979, New Orleans (B. Raether, fide NLN; ABF) (f) 6 Jan. Mar. 1979, Metairie, Jefferson (NLN[hand-held]; ABF) (m) 27 Jan. Mar. 1979, New Orleans (B. Raether, fide NLN; ABF) (ad. f) 16-22 Oct. 1979, Metairie, Jefferson (NLN[banded]; ABF) (f) 28 Dec. 1979 16 Apr. 1980, Metairie, Jefferson (NLN[banded]; ABF) Southern Interior (through 1985) (imm. m) early Dec. - 27 Dec. 1955, Baton Rouge (Tennant, GHL[coll.]; Newman 1956b; LSUMZ 20465) First Louisiana record (ad. m) 25 Nov. 1969, Lafayette (MBE; ABF, Lowery 1974, LSUMZ 155474) (imm. m) 28 Nov. 1974 13 Jan. 1975, Gonzales, Ascension (F. E. Baker; ABF, LSUMZ 80220) (ad. m) late Sept. 1975, Baton Rouge (R. Aucoin; ABF, Hamilton 1976) <no details> (ad. m) 28-30 Sep. 1978, Eunice, St. Landry (B. Ardoin, fide NLN; ABF)<?> (m) 30 Dec. 1978, Baton Rouge (RBH, RJN; ABF) (f) <not on card>, Lafayette (PEC; Lafayette CBC, photo in ABF) (imm. f) 10-12 Nov. 1984, Baton Rouge (PMcK; ABF) (imm. m) 11 Dec. 1984, Baton Rouge (MLD, NLN[banded]; ABF) (ad. m) 26 Oct. 1985 4 Apr. 1986, Baton Rouge (MLD, R. Davey, NLN et al.; recapture of same individual banded there in Dec. 1984; ABF) (imm. m) 7 Nov. 1985 6 Mar. 1986, Baton Rouge (MLD, R. Davey, NLN[banded] et al.; ABF) winter 1999-00 (TSDB): 67 records winter 2000-01 (TSDB): 110 records winter 2001-02 (TSDB): 118 records winter 2002-03 (TSDB): 65 records

winter 2003-04 (TSDB): 111 records winter 2004-05 (TSDB): 106 records winter 2005-06 (TSDB): 82 records winter 2006-07 (TSDB): 48 records IDENTIFICATION TIPS AND BEHAVIOR: Male Ruby-throated Hummingbirds are often reported as Blackchinned by inexperienced observers who do not realize that that throat of a Ruby-throated can appear black in indirect light. See Ruby-throated account. Dittmann & Cardiff (<REF>). DIET: In Louisiana, primarily sugar-water at hummingbird feeders but also a variety of flowering plants (see Landscaping for Birds section). In addition to flower nectar, feeds heavily on insects, typically gleaned from foliage and small twigs while hovering. BAND RECOVERIES: Foreign Recaptures: (1) AHY-f banded (R. Sargent) 20 Jan. 2001 Pascagoula, Mississippi, recaptured (LJB) 23 Jan. 2001 Covington. St. Tammany; last observed in Pascagoula 21 Jan. and first observed in Covington on 22 Jan. (TSDB); (2) SY-m banded (F. Bassett) 2 Jan. 2003 Dauphin Island, Alabama recaptured (LJB, B. Leonard) 16 Jan. 2003 Slidell, St. Tammany; (3) AHY-f banded (LJB) 14 Jan. 2005 Covington recaptured (LJB) 4 miles away in Covington 13 Jan. 2007; (4) HY-f banded (S. Wethington) 20 Sep. 2004 Ft. Grant, Arizona, recaptured (LJB) Pearl River, St. Tammany, 3 Jan. 2006 (ABF, TSDB). Returns: An ad. m banded 11 Dec. 1984. Baton Rouge, recaptured there the following winter, when it remained at the same location from 26 Oct. 1985 through 4 Apr. 1986 (NLN, MLD, ABF, Imhof 1986). HIGH COUNTS: 6, 28 Dec. 2000, Thibodaux, Lafourche (O. & W. Clifton; ABF); 4, 22 Dec. 1992, 3.7 mi. N of St. Gabriel, Iberville (JVR, NLN, PMcK, MLD). SOFT PARTS: SUBSPECIES: Although no subspecies have been described, Baltosser and Russell (2000) noted that populations from s. Texas and Mexico are significantly smaller in size than those from the rest of the USA breeding range; therefore, small individuals found in Louisiana in winter may have originated in that part of the species range. UNSUBSTANTIATED, DUBIOUS, OR ERRONEOUS RECORDS: Sibley (2000) portrayed this species as only casual in southern Louisiana (and the Gulf Coast); for an accurate map, see Williamson (2001). Anna's Hummingbird Calypte anna STATUS AND HABITAT: Casual in fall and winter in Coastal Zone (17 records) and Southern Interior (11 records). Unusually high proportion of records (compared to other western hummingbird species in Louisiana) are from southwestern Louisiana. The first three records were from scrubby coastal woodlands with many acacia thickets; subsequent records have been from residential gardens with hummingbird feeders and exotic flowers. In contrast to other winter-season hummingbirds in Louisiana, Anna s Hummingbird has not shown an historical increase since the first records (Fig. ##) despite greatly intensified coverage of wintering hummingbirds (and also despite a well-documented range expansion in the western United States; REFS). After the first three records, all in 1979, none was recorded until 1987. Records tend to come in bursts, such as winter 1987-88 and 1995-96, and there may be no records for several years in a row. See also general discussion under Wintering Western Hummingbirds in Introduction.

Fig. Historical trend in the number of Anna s Hummingbird records in Louisiana. SEASONAL PATTERNS: Of the 28 individuals, 21 were first detected in November and December, a fairly typical pattern for wintering western hummingbirds. Most individuals depart by early February, likely earlier than most other western species and consistent with its winter breeding season in California. One anomalous first detection from early August. RECORDS: Coastal Zone: (f) 10 Nov. 1979, Hackberry Ridge, 2 mi. WSW of Johnsons Bayou School (SWC; ABF, Crider 1982, LSUMZ 91285) (imm. m) 11-19 Nov. 1979, Hackberry Ridge, 2 mi. WSW of Johnsons Bayou School (JVR, RJN, NLN et al.; ABF, Purrington 1980, Crider 1982) (f) 16 Dec. 1979, Hackberry Ridge, 2 mi. WSW of Johnsons Bayou School (JVR, SWC[coll.], DRH, LSH; Hamilton 1980, Crider 1982; ABF, LSUMZ 91438; contra Hamilton 1980, this individual was not a "stakeout") (ad. f) 19 Dec. 1987-21 Feb. 1988, Cameron (P. Lehman, S. Finnegan, NLN[banded], M. Tanner, JVR, SWC, DLD et al.; ABF, Sabine NWR CBC, Muth 1988, Dittmann 1991) (ad. f) 19 Dec. 1987, Cameron (NLN, M Tanner; Sabine NWR CBC; ABF, Muth 1988) (imm. m) 21-27 Dec. 1987, Cameron (M. Tanner, DBC; Muth 1988) (ad. f) 18 Nov. 1992 24 Jan. 1993, Reserve, St. John (RJS, MW, NLN[banded]; ABF, Reserve-BCS CBC, Jackson 1993, Dittmann and Cardiff 2003) (imm. m) 20 Nov. 10 Jan. 1993, Gramercy, St. James (TAS, E. & J. Sylvest, NLN[banded], RJS, MW, RJBr; ABF, Jackson 1993, Dittmann et al. 1998) 11-18 Nov. 1995, Gramercy, St. James (NLN, RJS, TAS; ABF) (f) 25 Nov. - 2 Dec. 1995, Montz, St. Charles (RJS, F. Borne, NLN, S. Nowell, T. Walker, G. Street; ABF, Jackson 1996, Dittmann and Cardiff 2003) (imm. f) 19 Nov. - 27 Dec. 1995, Cameron (M. Tanner, NLN[banded], WDP; ABF, Sabine NWR CBC<?>, Dittmann et al. 1998; photos deposited in LOS BRC file) (ad. m) 15-18 Dec. 1995, Cameron (NLN[banded], RJS, M. Tanner, M&GP; ABF, Sabine NWR CBC<?>) (m) 7 Jan. 15 Feb. 1996, Reserve, St. John (MW, NLN[banded] et al.; ABF) (f) 22-25 Dec. 1997, LaPlace, St. John (RJS, G. Street; ABF) (ad. m) 1 Feb. 2000, New Orleans (C. Seidenberg, NLN[banded]; ABF, photos to LBRC) 13 Dec. 2005 2 Jan. 2006, New Iberia (MJM, JHu; TSDB, Cooley 2006)

(imm. m) 28 Dec. 2005 2 Jan. 2006, Slidell, St. Tammany (S. Alcorn, LJB[banded]: TSDB, Cooley 2006) (ad. m) 22-29 Apr. 2006, River Ridge, Jefferson (S. Roberts, NLN[banded]; TSDB) (ad. male, returnee from previous spring; see above record) to 20 Jan. 2007, River Ridge, Jefferson (M. & S. Roberts, NLN; Cardiff 2007) Southern Interior: (imm. m) 12 Dec. 1988-9 Mar. 1989, Baton Rouge (PMcK, RBH, NLN et al.; Baton Rouge CBC, Muth 1989, Imhof 1989, Dittmann 1991) (m) 22 Dec. 1993, Baton Rouge (NLN; LSUMZ 154189) (ad. m) 3-6 Jan. 1993, Lafayette (BF, GaB, NLN[banded]; Lafayette CBC, Dittmann et al. 1998; photos deposited in LOS BRC file) (f) 24 Dec. 1994 4 Feb. 1995, 6 mi. E of Rosepine, Vernon (M&GP; ABF) (imm. m) 23 Feb. 1996, Lafayette (WDP; Dittmann et al. 1998; banded by WDP; photos deposited in LOS BRC file) (f) 30 Oct. - 2 Nov. 1996, 6 mi. E of Rosepine, Vernon (M&GP; ABF, Jackson 1997-, Dittmann et al. 1998-; photos deposited in LOS BRC file) (f) 14-22 Dec. 1996, Baton Rouge (M. Schutte, M. Griffith, MLD, JPK, LCB; ABF, Stedman 1997, Dittmann et al. 1998; photos deposited in LOS BRC file) (ad. m) 3 Aug. 2002 Jan. 2003, Baton Rouge (S. & B. Drewes, J. Wall, LCB et al.; ABF, Duncan and Duncan 2003) (imm. m) 3 Dec. 2005 7 Jan. 2006, Lafayette (PEC, WDP; TSDB, Lafayette CBC [JLO 2007]) <?> (ad. f) 9 Dec. 2005 2 Jan. 2006, Baton Rouge (S. Knaus, NLN[banded], LCB; TSDB, Baton Rouge CBC [JLO 2007]) (ad. m) 6-7 Jan. 2006, Lafayette (B. Jumonville, D. Tekell: TSDB) IDENTIFICATION TIPS AND BEHAVIOR: Dittmann & Cardiff (REF) DIET: Individuals in Louisiana have been seen feeding on insects and flower nectar in addition to visiting feeders. BAND RECOVERIES: (ad. m) 22-29 Apr. 2006, River Ridge, Jefferson (S. Roberts, NLN[banded]; TSDB); recaptured <> and present to 20 Jan. 2007, at same site (M. & S. Roberts, NLN; Cardiff 2007) SOFT PARTS: UNSUBSTANTIATED, DUBIOUS, OR ERRONEOUS RECORDS: 18 Dec. 1993, Cameron (Sabine NWR CBC); 1 Jan. 1994 (Reserve-B.C.S CBC). Calliope Hummingbird Stellula calliope STATUS AND HABITAT: Rare in late fall and winter in Coastal Zone and southern half of Southern Interior. Two records from Northern Interior. All records are from residential gardens with hummingbird feeders, especially in rural areas, where favored habitat is dense weedy thickets. Until about 1995, a casual late fall and early winter visitor to Coastal Zone and Southern Interior. Subsequently, this species has undergone one of the most dramatic increases of any bird species in Louisiana, with many cases of 2 and 3 individuals appearing in the same garden simultaneously and some yards recording up to 5 individuals during a winter. Through the winter of 1995-96, keeping track of records of Calliope Hummingbirds was fairly easy, and these are enumerated below, primarily for the historical record. Starting winter 1996-97, tracking individual records became impossible, because most were not even recorded in the ABF. CBC totals show a strong historical increase starting in the mid 1990s (Fig. ##).

Fig. ##. Historical trend for Calliope Hummingbird records on Louisiana Christmas Bird Counts, 1985-86 to 2006-07 (data from National Audubon Society). The red line represents a 3-year moving average. To illustrate the historical change in status, LJB banded 15 individuals in 2006-07, 14 in St. Tammany, and has banded 2 to 3 individuals during single sessions at three different St. Tammany sites. See also general discussion under Wintering Western Hummingbirds in Introduction. Until the first Louisiana winter records, this species was unknown anywhere in North America in winter, with few documented records for the western United States later than early October. SEASONAL PATTERNS: Other than individual records from late July, late September, and early October, all documented records extend from 23 October on; most individuals arrive in Louisiana in November and early December. However, apparently new individuals may arrive almost throughout the winter. Most individuals have left by mid-march, with the records extending into the third week of April. The main period of fall migration of the Calliope Hummingbird in the western USA is from mid-july to late August (<REFS>)<nothing in BNA!>. Therefore, the late fall - early winter pattern of occurrence in Louisiana, months later than in the western USA at similar latitudes, is intriguing; see Introduction for discussion, RECORDS: Coastal Zone through winter 1995-96: (imm. m) 7-8 Dec 1982, Reserve, St. John (RJS, NJN, JVR, SWC[coll.]; Newfield 1984, LSUMZ 107915). (imm. m) 25-27 Nov. 1983, Reserve, St. John (RJS, NLN, et al.; ABF, Purrington 1984, Schulenberg 1986, LSUMZ 113137[feathers]); remarkably, this, the second state record, was in the same yard as the first record the previous year. (f) 12-18 Nov. 1986, Reserve, St. John (RJS, KVR, NLN[banded]; ABF, Purrington 1987, Dittmann 1995, LSUMZ ###### [rectrix]) (imm. m) late Nov. 1987-25 Mar. 1988, Norco, St. Charles (H. Cambre, MA, NLN[coll.], RJS et al.; Imhof 1988; Reserve-BCS CBC; Muth 1988, Dittmann 1995, LSUMZ ###### [rectrices]) (f) 21 Jan. - 21 Apr. 1988, LaPlace, St. John (S. Nowell, RJS, MW, NLN [banded]; ABF, Muth 1988, Imhof 1988, Dittmann 1995) LSUMZ ###### [rectrices]) (imm. m) 16 Nov. 1992 21 Mar. 1993, Slidell, St. Tammany (B. Brown, NLN[banded], P. Siegert, RFC et al; ABF) (imm. m) 4-30 Nov. 1993, Reserve, St. John (S. Nowell, NLN, RJS et al.; ABF, G. Jackson 1994) (ad. m) 5 Nov. 1994-31 Mar. 1995, Slidell, St. Tammany (NLN[banded], B. & E. Fullen; ABF, G. Jackson 1995, Muth 1995) (imm. m) 19-26 Dec. 1994, Creole, Cameron (RJS, MTP; Creole CBC, Dittmann and Cardiff 2003) 14 Jan. 7 Apr.1995, Gramercy, St. James (TAS, NLN[banded]; ABF)

9-18 Nov. 1995, Gramercy, St. James (TAS, NLN[recapture], RJS, LCB, MLD; ABF, Jackson 1996); return of individual banded there previous winter 30 Dec. 1995 13 Jan. 1996, LaPlace, St. John (S. Nowell, RJS, KF et al.; ABF, Reserve-BCS CBC) 11 Feb. 1996, Reserve, St. John (MW; ABF) through 21 Mar. 1996, Gramercy, St. James (TAS, NLN[recapture]; ABF); return of individual banded there previous winters Southern Interior through winter 1995-96: (imm. m) 25 Nov. - 21 Dec. 1984, Baton Rouge (PMcK; ABF, Purrington 1984, Myers and Muth 1984, Schulenberg 1986, LSUMZ 112917) (f) 21 Dec. 1989, Baton Rouge (PMcK, RSB; ABF, Baton Rouge CBC, Dittmann 1995, LSUMZ 139373) (imm. m) 18 Dec. 1991-15 Mar. 1992, Baton Rouge (MLD, NLN[banded], CAM, AWK, RJBr et al; ABF, Muth 1992a, Baton Rouge CBC, Stedman 1992, Dittmann et al. 1998) (imm. m) 22-23 Dec. 1992, 3.7 mi. N of St. Gabriel, Iberville (JVR, PMcK, NLN, MLD, L. Good; ABF, Baton Rouge CBC, Dittmann et al. 1998; LSUMZ 154465) late Nov. 1993, Kaplan, Vermilion (GaB, S. Meaux; videotape examined by SWC, DLD, JVR) 15-22 Dec. 1993, Covington, St. Tammany (H. & M. Patten; ABF) (imm. m) 12 Nov. 1994, 4 mi. N of St. Gabriel, Iberville (SWC, DLD; ABF, G. Jackson 1995, Dittmann et al. 1998; LSUMZ 159796) (f) < >, 4 mi. N of St. Gabriel, Iberville (SWC, DLD; LSUMZ 161254) (imm. m) 21 Dec. 1994-15 Jan. 1995 (PEC; Lafayette CBC, Dittmann et al. 1998; photos deposited in LOS BRC file) (imm. m) 24 Nov. 9 Dec. 1995, 3.7 mi. N of St. Gabriel, Iberville (JVR, DFL, LCB, NLN et al.; ABF, Jackson 1996, LSUMZ 161255) 24 Nov. 26 Dec. 1995, Abita Springs, St. Tammany (O. Clifton, NLN, MP, WDP, CGB; ABF, St. Tammany Parish CBC, Jackson 1996, Dittmann et al. 1998; photos deposited in LOS BRC file) (ad. m) 5 Dec. 1995 28 Jan. 1996, Baton Rouge (MLD, LCB, JPK et al.; ABF, Dittmann and Cardiff 2003) (f) 6-7 Dec. 1995, Baton Rouge (LCB, M. Williams; ABF, Dittmann and Cardiff 2003) (f) 6 Dec. 1995, 4 mi. N of St. Gabriel, Iberville (SWC, DLD; ABF, G. Jackson 1996, Dittmann et al. 1998; LSUMZ 161254) (imm. m) 9 Dec. 1995, 3.7 mi. N of St. Gabriel, Iberville (JVR; Dittmann et al. 1998; LSUMZ 161255) (imm. m) 12 Dec. 1995, Abita Springs, St. Tammany (O. Clifton; Dittmann et al. 1998; LSUMZ 161253) 19 Dec. 1995, Baton Rouge (RJS, MW, MLD et al.; ABF, Baton Rouge CBC) 20-21 Dec. 1995, Acadia (PEC, BF, P. Hebert; ABF, Crowley CBC) (f) 26 Dec. 1995, Abita Springs, St. Tammany (CGB, O. & W. Clifton, M. Owens; ABF, St. Tammany Parish CBC) (imm. m) 28 Dec. 4 Jan. 1996, Lafayette (WDP[banded]; Lafayette CBC, Dittmann et al. 1998; photos deposited in LOS BRC file) (ad. m) 27 Jan. Mar. 1996, Lafayette (WDP[banded], D. Marshall; Dittmann and Cardiff 2003) (imm. f) 27 Jan. Mar. 1996, Lafayette (WDP[banded], D. Marshall; Dittmann and Cardiff 2003) (imm. m) 3 Feb. 1996, 3.7 mi. N of St. Gabriel, Iberville (JVR; Dittmann et al. 1998; LSUMZ 162307) (imm. m) 14 Mar. 1996, Baton Rouge (MLD, LCB; ABF, Muth 1996, Dittmann and Cardiff 2003) (imm. m) 28 Mar. 1996, Covington, St. Tammany (NLN; Muth 1996) winter 1999-00 (TSDB): 20 records winter 2000-01 (TSDB): 34 records winter 2001-02 (TSDB): 29 records winter 2002-03 (TSDB): 36 records winter 2003-04 (TSDB): 36 records winter 2004-05 (TSDB): 17 records winter 2005-06 (TSDB): 15 records winter 2006-07 (TSDB): 53 records early fall Coastal Zone: (ad. m) 5 Oct. 2003, Metairie, Jefferson (NLN; ABF) 14 Oct. 1996, Gramercy, St. James (TAS; ABF) 24 Oct. 2000, Slidell, St. Tammany (P. Siegert; ABF) early fall Southern Interior: (ad. m) 30 July 5 Aug. 2004, Covington, St. Tammany (L. Keefer; ABF, Purrington 2004) (f) 30 Sep. 6 Oct. 2006, 4 mi. N of St. Gabriel, Iberville (DLD, SWC; ABF) (f) 5 Oct. 1996, Abita Springs, St. Tammany (RJS, O. Clifton, NLN; ABF) (imm. m) 21 Oct. 2001, 4 mi. N of St. Gabriel, Iberville (DLD, SWC; TSDB; banded returnee from previous winter) (ad. f) 23 Oct. 2004, 3.7 mi. N of St. Gabriel, Iberville (JVR; ABF) (f) 26 Oct. 2000, 4 mi. N of St. Gabriel, Iberville (DLD, SWC; ABF) 26 Oct. 1997, Mandeville, St. Tammany (CGB; ABF) late spring Coastal Zone:

through 7 Apr.1995, Gramercy, St. James (TAS; ABF) (f) through 21 Apr. 1988, LaPlace, St. John (S. Nowell et al.; ABF, Muth 1988, Imhof 1988) late spring Southern Interior: (ad. f) 3 Apr. 2005, 4 mi. N of St. Gabriel, Iberville (DLD, SWC; ABF) (imm. m) 6 Apr. 2003, Abita Springs, St. Tammany (O. Clifton, fide LJB) (imm. m) 6 Apr. 2003, Covington, St. Tammany (LJB) 4 Apr. 1999, Baton Rouge (C. Foil; Cardiff 1999) 7 Apr. 1999, Baton Rouge (MLD; Cardiff 1999) (f) 12 Apr. 2007, 4 mi. N of St. Gabriel, Iberville (DLD, SWC; ABF) (f) 18 Apr. 2000, 4 mi. N of St. Gabriel, Iberville (DLD, SWC; ABF) Northern Interior: (ad. f) 6 Nov. 2004 6 Apr. 2005, Keithville, Caddo (B. Wood, PMD[banded]; TSDB) (ad. m) 2-5 Sep. 2006, West Monroe, Ouachita (S. Pagans, J. Brown; ABF, including photo) IDENTIFICATION TIPS AND BEHAVIOR: The long wings typically appear oversized for its tiny body, and the bill looks disproportionately short; together these features, along with the dull plumage features, give the species a baby-like impression in the field. Typically tamer than other species. Often feeds close to the ground, and often within dense vegetation. Moves quickly and stealthily, often making it difficult to follow. Almost always at the bottom of the dominance hierarchy among our local species, and its strategy is to sneak into territories ruled by other species and visit feeders or flowers before detected by territory owner. Dittmann & Cardiff (REF). DIET: In Louisiana, primarily sugar-water at hummingbird feeders but also a variety of flowering plants (see Landscaping for Birds section). In addition to flower nectar, feeds heavily on insects, typically gleaned from foliage and small twigs while hovering but also by sallying into the air. JVR has seen one sallying for tiny flying insects when the air temperature was only 22 F. BAND RECOVERIES: Foreign Recaptures: HY-m banded (LJB, S. Alcorn) 8 Dec. 2006, Slidell, St. Tammany, recaptured (LJB, P. Solomon, ABF) 31 Dec. 2006, about 8 miles east, where it remained until 26 Feb. 2007. Returns: AHY-f banded (LJB. M. Mehaffey) 12 Dec. 2000, Folsom, St. Tammany, returned the following winter (2001-02, recaptured by LJB Jan 2002), skipped a winter (2002-03), then returned 2003-04 (recaptured by LJB Dec. 2003). Banded females have returned to the Dittmann-Cardiff residence in Iberville, one for two winters, another for three (DLD, SWC, WDP[banded]; ABF). Female <age?> banded (LJB) Jan. 2003 returned <get Keefer city> the next two winters (LJB, L. Keefer; ABF). HY-m banded (LJB, N. Peyton) 18 Jan. 2007. Slidell returned the following season (recaptured by LJB 2 Sep. 2007, present through at least Nov.). SOFT PARTS: UNSUBSTANTIATED, DUBIOUS, OR ERRONEOUS RECORDS: Several late summer/early fall records in the TSDB were not included because details never submitted. Beware that Sibley (2000) portrayed this species as only casual in winter in southern Louisiana (and the Gulf Coast); for an accurate map, see Williamson (2001). Broad-tailed Hummingbird Selasphorus platycercus STATUS AND HABITAT: Rare fall and winter resident in Coastal Zone and southern half of Southern Interior, casual in Northern Interior. All records are from residential gardens with hummingbird feeders. Until about 1995, a casual late fall and early winter visitor to Coastal Zone and Southern Interior. Subsequently, this species has increased sharply, with some cases of two individuals in the same garden simultaneously. Through the winter of 1995-96, keeping track of records was fairly easy, and these are enumerated below, primarily for the historical record. Starting winter 1996-97, tracking individual records became impossible, as with Calliope Hummingbird, because most were not even recorded in the ABF. Since winter 1999-2000, Thomas A. Sylvest began compiling individual records of this and other rare hummingbird species through the HUMNET email list, and these compilations are archived at the Louisiana Ornithological Society website; here, we report summaries of those data (referenced as TSDB). The historical trend for this species on CBCs is strongly positive starting in the late 1980s (Fig. ##), although the trend isn t as smooth as for other western hummingbirds and the downturn seen in the last few years began before the Katrina-Rita effect. See also general discussion under Wintering Western Hummingbirds in Introduction.

Fig. ##. Historical trend for Broad-tailed Hummingbird records on Louisiana Christmas Bird Counts, 1980-81 through 2006-07 (data from National Audubon Society). The red line is a 3-year moving average. SEASONAL PATTERNS: The earliest dates for arrivals are from late September and October, but November and early December is the peak for arrivals; new birds can appear at feeders into February. In spring, most birds are gone by mid March, with records extending into April and early May. Seasonal pattern remarkably similar to that of Calliope Hummingbird. <almost no data from west in BNA get elsewhere> RECORDS: Coastal Zone through winter 1995-96: (imm. m) 5-20 Dec. 1978, Metairie, Jefferson (NLN, PN, JVR et al.; Hamilton, 1979, Purrington 1979) (imm. m) late Nov. - 25 Dec. 1983, Franklin, St. Mary (M. & G. DeSoto, NLN; ABF, Myers and Muth 1984, LSUMZ 112916) (imm. m) 23-28+ Feb. 1988, New Orleans (NLN[banded], R. Ricketts; Muth 1988, Dittmann 1995) LSUMNS ##### gorget? (imm. m) 21-22 Oct. 1989, Cameron (M. Tanner, NLN, DPM, SWC et al.; ABF, Purrington 1990a, Dittmann 1995, photos by SWC and RDP in LBRC file) (imm. m) 26-28 Oct. 1990, Cameron (M. Tanner, G. Lasley, JPS, RJS, DLD, SWC; ABF, Dittmann and Cardiff 2003; photos by Lasley deposited in LOS BRC file) (imm. m) 10 Nov. 1990 18 Feb. 1991, New Orleans (DPM; ABF) (imm. m) 27 Feb. - Mar. 1992, Reserve, St. John (RJS, MW; ABF) <?> (f) 21-24 July 1992, New Orleans (DPM; ABF) LBRC? (imm. m) 13-15 Dec. 1992, Reserve, St. John (RJS, MW; ABF, Dittmann and Cardiff 2003) (imm. f) 28 Jan. 1993, River Ridge, Jefferson (B. Berger, NLN[banded]; ABF) (imm. m) 27 Feb. - 9 Apr. 1993, Reserve, St. John (RJS, MW, NLN[banded]; ABF, Muth 1993, Dittmann and Cardiff 2003-) (imm. m) mid-nov to early Dec. 1993, Reserve, St. John (MW, RJS, Keller; ABF, Dittmann and Cardiff 2003) 23 Jan. 5 Mar. 1994, Gramercy, St. James (TAS, J. Sylvest, NLN[banded]; ABF) (f) 25-27 Oct. 1994, St. John (RJS, TAS; ABF, G. Jackson 1995) 30 Oct. 1994, Cameron (SWC, DLD; ABF, G. Jackson 1995) <?> "winter -- May 1995, Slidell, St. Tammany (<>; Muth 1995) (imm. m) 2 Dec. 1995 late Mar. 1996, Reserve & LaPlace, St. John (RJS, NLN[banded], S. Nowell; ABF, Reserve- BCS CBC, Dittmann and Cardiff 2003); moved from Reserve to LaPlace in early Dec.

(imm. m) 26 Dec. 1995 Feb. 1996, New Orleans (DPM; ABF) Southern Interior through winter 1995-96: Dec. 1952-7 Jan 1953, Baton Rouge (Tennant, GHL, RJN; ABF, Lowery 1974). First Louisiana record. (imm. m) late Nov. 1983-13 Mar. 1984, Baton Rouge (S. & K. Hope, NLN[banded]; ABF, Myers and Muth 1984, Dittmann 1995) LSUMNS gorget? (f) 12-30 Nov. 1989, Baton Rouge (PMcK, KVR, O. J. & H. Williams, MLD; ABF, Purrington 1990a; rectrices LSUMZ 139374) (imm. f) 20-30 Nov. 1989, Baton Rouge (PMcK, S. Schurtz, MMS, CAM, KVR et al.; ABF, Purrington 1990a) 25-30 Nov. 1989, Baton Rouge (PMcK, F. & B. Guglielmo et al.; ABF, Purrington 1990a) (imm. m) 30 Nov. 1992 10 Jan. 1993, Baton Rouge (MLD, L. Edwards, NLN[banded], MMS, JVR, J. Dunn, RJBr et al.; ABF, Jackson 1993, Baton Rouge CBC, ABF, Dittmann and Cardiff 2003) (imm. m) 22 Dec. 1992, Baton Rouge (MMS et al.; ABF, Baton Rouge CBC) 22 Dec. 1992, - Jan. 1993, Baton Rouge (NLN[banded], MLD, JPK, JVR, J. Dunn et al.; ABF) (imm. m) 19 Jan. 4 Feb. 1993, Lafayette (BF, PEC, GaB, NLN; ABF, Dittmann et al. 1998; photos deposited in LOS BRC file) <> Dec. 1993, Lafayette (Ga. Broussard; videotape examined by SWC, DLD, JVR; Lafayette CBC) 22 Nov. 1994, Baton Rouge (PMcK; G. Jackson 1995) 20 Dec. 1994 (Baton Rouge CBC)<same as above? PMcK queried 11-20 23-25 Apr. 1995, Lafayette (PEC; Muth 1995) (imm. m) 3 Nov. 1995 28 Feb. 1996, Baton Rouge (MAS, MLD, LCB; ABF, Baton Rouge CBC, Dittmann et al. 1998; photos deposited in LOS BRC file) (imm. m) 15 Nov. 2 Dec. 1995, Lafayette (WDP[banded]; Dittmann et al. 1998; photos deposited in LOS BRC file) (ad. m) Nov. 1995 26 Mar. 1996, Lafayette (WDP[banded], T. East; Dittmann and Cardiff 2003) (f) Nov. 1995-21 Mar.<May in Muth 1996< check> 1996, Baton Rouge (LCB, K. Westphal, JPK; ABF, Dittmann and Cardiff 2003) (imm. m) 24 Nov. 1995, Abita Springs, St. Tammany (NLN, O. Clifton, MTP, GJP, WDP, NLN, CJB; ABF) 6 Dec. 1995, 3.7 mi. N of St. Gabriel, Iberville (JVR; ABF) <?> 29 Dec. 1995 (Lafayette CBC) <delete if details cannot be tracked> (2 m) 28 Dec. 1995 27 Jan. 1996, one until 15 Mar. 1996, Baton Rouge (LCB, M. Guidry, NLN[banded]; ABF) (imm. m) 28 Mar. 1996, Baton Rouge (LCB; Muth 1996) 4 Apr. 1996, Covington, St. Tammany (<no observer>; Muth 1996)< check for ABF card or BRC record winter 1999-00 (TSDB): 13 records winter 2000-01 (TSDB): 5 records winter 2001-02 (TSDB): 28 records winter 2002-03 (TSDB): 12 records winter 2003-04 (TSDB): 10 records winter 2004-05 (TSDB): 3 records winter 2005-06 (TSDB): 5 records winter 2006-07 (TSDB): 9 records early fall Coastal Zone: (imm. m) 20-21 Oct. 2002, Metairie, Jefferson (NLN; TSDB) (imm. m) 21 Oct. 1989, Cameron (M. Tanner et al.; ABF, Purrington 1990a) (f) 25 Oct. 1994, St. John (RJS; ABF, G. Jackson 1995) (imm. m) 26 Oct. 1990, Cameron (M. Tanner et al.; ABF, Dittmann and Cardiff 2003) early fall Southern Interior: (ad. f) 25 Sep. 2001, Lafayette (R. & J. Must, WDP [recaptured banded bird]; ABF); returning for 3 rd winter to same yard, where originally banded on 14 Nov. 2000 8 Oct. 2001, 3.7 mi. N of St. Gabriel, Iberville (JVR; ABF, Duncan and Duncan 2002) late spring Coastal Zone: (SY m) late Mar. 1996, LaPlace, St. John (S. Nowell; ABF, Dittmann and Cardiff 2003) (SY m) 9 Apr. 1993, Reserve, St. John (RJS et al.; ABF, Muth 1993, Dittmann and Cardiff 2003-) late spring Southern Interior: (ad. m) 26 Mar. 1996, Lafayette (WDP, T. East; Dittmann and Cardiff 2003) (f) 18 Apr. 2000, 4 mi. N of St. Gabriel, Iberville (DLD, SWC; ABF) <?> 25 Apr. 1995, Lafayette (PEC; Muth 1995) <PEC queried 11-20> Northern Interior: (imm m) 3 Nov. 2002 13 Apr. 2003, Shreveport (PMD[banded] et al; TSDB) (imm. m) 26 Nov. - 12 Apr. 2004, Shreveport (PMD[banded]) (imm. m) 25 Dec. 2005 4 Jan. 2006, Shreveport (B. & B. Wommack, PMD[banded]; TSDB) (ad f) 29 Oct. 2006 Mar. 2007, e. end of Cross L., Shreveport (S. Theuerkauf, PMD?<Paul?>) IDENTIFICATION TIPS AND BEHAVIOR: Dittmann & Cardiff (REF)

DIET: In Louisiana, primarily sugar-water at hummingbird feeders but also a variety of flowering plants (see Landscaping for Birds section). In addition to flower nectar, feeds heavily on insects, typically gleaned from foliage, bark, and small twigs while hovering but also by sallying into the air. BAND RECOVERIES: Returns: f banded on 14 Nov. 2000 returned to same yard in Lafayette for three winters (R. & J. Must, WDP [banded]; ABF). SOFT PARTS: UNSUBSTANTIATED, DUBIOUS, OR ERRONEOUS RECORDS: 29 Oct. 1989, New Orleans (see Dittmann 1995). Several late summer/early fall records were not included because details never submitted. Beware that Sibley (2000) portrayed this species as only casual in winter in southern Louisiana (and the Gulf Coast); for an accurate map, see Williamson (2001). Rufous Hummingbird Selasphorus rufus STATUS AND HABITAT: Rare fall migrant and rare to locally uncommon winter resident in Coastal Zone and southern Southern Interior (rare north of about 30 30 N. Lat), rare in Northern Interior. By far the most likely species of hummingbird to be found in winter in Louisiana. Found primarily in residential gardens with hummingbird feeders or exotic flowers; rarely away from feeders and gardens in Coastal Zone in areas with substantial Turk s Cap (Malvaviscus penduliflorus), Japanese honeysuckle (Lonicera japonica), and other suitable naturalized flowers. This species has increased dramatically since the 1970s. See general discussion under Wintering Western Hummingbirds in Introduction. Because many records from the 1950s through the 1970s did not specify age or sex, nor considered Allen s Hummingbird as a possibility, we are unable to provide as accurate a tally of records as in most other wintering hummingbirds. Nonetheless, it is clear that this species has been present in small numbers in winter since at least the 1950s, with the first record even earlier (1934). That Rufous Hummingbird has become successfully established as a wintering species is illustrated by the numerous returns (likely 100+ when all data are available) of banded individuals in subsequent winters Fig. ##. Historical trend for Rufous Hummingbird records on Louisiana Christmas Bird Counts, 1980-81 through 2006-07 (data from National Audubon Society). The red line is a 3-year moving average. The numbers are very conservative because they do not include individuals reported as Rufous or Allen s, which usually outnumber those identified as certain Rufous (males with rufous feathers in back and banded females).

SEASONAL PATTERNS: Wintering individuals begin to arrive in early August, with a few records in late July, with an influx in late August and early September. Banding by NLN, WDP, and LJB has shown that most of the earliest individuals are adults returning to wintering sites from the previous year. Many of the non-returning early individuals stay only a few days. A dip in detection of new arrivals typically extends from mid September to late October, when a second influx begins, which peaks in November and early December (TSDB). However, new arrivals are detected throughout the winter, and banding studies show that although many individuals remain at wintering sites faithfully through the season, many others arrive and depart irregularly through the winter. The frequency of departures accelerates in February, presumably corresponding to departure for breeding grounds, and most individuals have left by 15-25 Mar.; records extend into the third week of April. <BNA weak on western phenology get data elsewhere> SIGNIFICANT RECORDS: Coastal Zone before 1970: (m) 26 Oct. 1956, New Orleans (SAG; ABF) (m) 16 Mar. 1958, New Orleans (SAG; ABF) 29 Nov. 1958, 2 mi. S of Raceland, Lafourche (JPG; ABF) 1 Dec. 1958, Reserve, St. John (RJS; ABF) (m) 7 Sep. 1959, New Orleans (T. von Gohren; ABF) 21 Sep. 1959, Grand Isle (I. Nisbet; ABF) 27 Sep. 1959, New Orleans (MEL, SAG, MMy; ABF) 12 Oct. 1959, Grand Isle (ART, E. Levi; ABF) 4 Feb. 1960, Thibodaux, Lafourche (ART; ABF) 6 Mar. 1960, New Orleans (HBC; ABF) (2) late Dec. 1961 Jan. 1962, New Orleans (W. Graber et al.; ABF) 3 Oct. 11 Dec. 1962, New Orleans (T. von Gohren; ABF) (imm. m) 21 Dec. 1962 5 Feb. 1963 (T. von Gohren; ABF) (m) 25-26 Nov. 1963, Reserve, St. John (RJS; ABF) (f) 13 Dec. 1963, Reserve, St. John (RJS; ABF) 19 Jan. 22 Feb. 1964, Thibodaux, Lafourche (ART; ABF) (2)5-23 Dec. 1965, Reserve, St. John (RJS; ABF) (m) 28 Dec. 1967, Reserve, St. John (RJS; ABF) (f) 30 Dec. 1967, New Orleans (SAG, T. von Gohren; ABF) (3-5) 9 Dec. 1968 23 Jan. 1969, Reserve, St. John (RJS; ABF) (m) 27 Sep. 1969, New Orleans (SAG; ABF) 15-21 Nov. 1969, Sabine NWR, Cameron (J. & R. Walther; ABF) (2) 29 Nov. 1969 7 Jan. 1970, Reserve, St. John (RJS; ABF) Southern Interior before 1970: (imm. m) 6 Feb. 1934, Baton Rouge (W. E. Anderson, GHL; Oberholser 1938, USNM 339663) (ad. m) late Nov. 1952 20 Mar. 1953, Baton Rouge (W. Tennant, GHL et al.; ABF) (ad. m) 28 Mar. 7 Apr. 1954, Baton Rouge (W. Tennant ; ABF) 29 Jan. 1956, Baton Rouge (M. A. Moore, SMR[coll.]; ABF, LSUMZ ####) (f) 21 Jan. 1961, Baton Rouge (M. A. Moore; ABF) (imm. m) 25-28 Oct. 1961, Baton Rouge (M. A. Moore; ABF) (f) 26 Oct. 1961 5 Jan. 1962 (M. A. Moore; ABF) 5 Nov. 1963, Baton Rouge (LCB; ABF) 10 Oct. 1965, Lafayette (MBE; ABF) 1 Nov. 1965, Lafayette (MBE; ABF) winter 1999-00 (TSDB): 116 records winter 2000-01 (TSDB): 243 records winter 2001-02 (TSDB): 167 records winter 2002-03 (TSDB): 220 records winter 2003-04 (TSDB): 281 records winter 2004-05 (TSDB): 189 records winter 2005-06 (TSDB): 174 records winter 2006-07 (TSDB): 340 records early fall Southern Interior: (ad. m) 28 July 2003, Covington, St. Tammany (M. Owens; TSDB, banded [by NLN] returnee from previous winter) (imm. m) 28-29 July 2004, Covington, St. Tammany (P. & J. Solomon, LJB[banded]; ABF) (ad. f) 30 July 2005, Covington, St. Tammany (S. Hubbell. LJB; TSDB, banded returnee for 5 th year (ad. m) 31 July 1 Aug. 2004, Scott, Lafayette (B. Hariu; TSDB) (ad. m) 1 Aug. 2000, Greenwell Springs, E. Baton Rouge (D. Schlesinger; TSDB) (ad. m) 2 Aug. 2004, Buras, Plaquemines (P. & K. Ramsey; TSDB)

(imm. f) 3 Aug. 2003, Abita Springs, St. Tammany (O. Clifton; ABF) (ad. m) 6 Aug. 2003, Baton Rouge (C. & M. Macolini; TSDB; banded [by NLN] returnee from previous winter) (ad. f) 6 Aug. 2005, Covington, St. Tammany (M. Owens, NLN[banded]; TSDB) early fall Coastal Zone: (ad. m) 28 July 2004, New Orleans (D. L Hoste, NLN[banded]; TSDB) (imm. m) 28-29 July 2004, Slidell, St. Tammany (P. Solomon, LJB[banded]; TSDB) (ad. m) 30 July - 2 Aug. 2003, Raceland, Lafourche (L. Robichaux; TSDB) (ad. m) 31 July 2003, Metairie, Jefferson (D. Carroll; TSDB) (ad f) 2 Aug. 1999, New Orleans (DPM; ABF; banded [by NLN] returnee from previous winter) (f) 2 Aug. 2002, St. Rose, St. Charles (M. & P. Stephens; TSDB) (ad. m) 2 Aug. 2004, Buras, Plaquemines (P. & K. Ramsey; TSDB) (ad m) 4 Aug. 2000, Metairie, Jefferson (NLN; TSDB) (ad f) 5 Aug. 1994, Metairie, Jefferson (NLN; ABF; banded female returnee from previous winter) late spring Coastal Zone: 18 Apr. 1975, Reserve, St. John (RJS; ABF) (f) 19 Apr 2002, Raceland, Lafourche (L. Robichaux, NLN; ABF, Myers and Wallace 2002-) (ad. m) 21 Apr. 1983, Reserve, St. John (RJS; ABF) late spring Southern Interior: (imm. m) 10 Apr. 1996, Lafayette (WDP; ABF) (ad. m) 11 Apr. 1993, Baton Rouge (AWK; ABF) (f) 12 Apr. 1996, Lafayette (WDP; ABF) 13 Apr. 1985, Baton Rouge (MLD; ABF) (ad. m) 15 Apr. 1988, Baker, E. Baton Rouge (J. Edwards; ABF, Imhof 1988) (ad. f) 17 Apr. 1986, Baton Rouge (PMcK; ABF, Imhof 1986-) (m) 20 Apr. 1980, Baton Rouge (D. F. Stotz; ABF) fall Northern Interior: (m) 31 July - 10 Aug. 1976, Shreveport (A. Wuthrich, fide JRS; Stewart 1976) (f) 13 Aug. 2002, Ellerbe Rd., Caddo (PMD) (ad. f) 15-25 Aug. 2005, Shreveport (D. Lynch, PMD[banded]; TSDB) 2 Sep. 1978, Caddo (HHJ, Hubbards) 28 Sep. 1980, Blanchard-Latex Rd., Caddo (LRR, HHJ) 29 Sep. 1983, Shreveport (HHJ, PMD) (<Paul) 30 Sep. - 3 Oct 2003, Lula, DeSoto (V. Neilson, PMD[banded]) (ad. m) 27 Oct. - 2 Nov. 2003, Shreveport (K. Gordon, PMD[banded]) (ad. m) 9 Nov. 2003, Hervey Farm, DeSoto (HCH, PMD[banded]) early winter Northern Interior: (imm. m) 1 Dec. 2001, Shreveport (K. Gordon; TSDB) 16 Nov. - 12 Dec. 2000, Shreveport (J&JT; BSG) (ad. f) 12 Dec. 2001, Shreveport (PMD; TSDB) (ad. m) 26 Oct. 31 Dec. 2005, Oak Grove, W. Carroll (D. Hawthorne; TSDB) (ad. m) 12 Dec. 2004 5 Jan. 2005, Oak Grove, W. Carroll (D. Hawthorne, PMD[banded]; TSDB) late winter Northern Interior: (ad. f) 15 Dec. 2004 9 Feb. 2005, Shreveport (G. Frampton, PMD[banded]; TSDB) (imm. m) 1 Nov. 1975-10 Feb. 1976, Monroe, Ouachita (R. Miller, DTK, M. Courtman; ABF) (ad. m) 16 Dec. 1987-23 Jan. 1988, Shreveport (Turners, P. Lonnecker, HHJ, JTM; Muth 1988) 15 Oct. 1980 28 Feb. 1981, Monroe (DTK; ABF, Purrington 1981, Monroe CBC, Hamilton 1981) (imm. m) 15 Nov. 2003 15 Mar. 2004, Shreveport (K. Gordon, PMD[banded]) (imm. m) 7 Nov. 1999-19 Mar. 2000, Bossier City, Bossier (TD; TSDB) (ad. f) 26 Oct. 2003-18 Mar. 2004, Stonewall, DeSoto (HCH, D. Crnkovik, PMD[banded]) (ad. f; same individual as above) Oct. 25 2004 24 Mar. 2005, Stonewall, DeSoto (HCH, D. Crnkovik, PMD[banded]: TSDB) (ad. m) 5 Dec. 2006 24 Mar. 2007, Ruston, Lincoln (S. Rowe, PMD[banded]) (imm f) 16 Nov. 2003-29 Mar. 2004, Shreveport (PMD[banded]) first Louisiana record: (imm. m) 6 Feb. 1934, Baton Rouge (; USNM 339663) IDENTIFICATION TIPS AND BEHAVIOR: Dittmann & Cardiff (REF). DIET: In Louisiana, primarily sugar-water at hummingbird feeders but also a variety of flowering plants (see Landscaping for Birds section). In addition to flower nectar, feeds heavily on insects, typically gleaned by sallying into the air (possibly more of an aerial sallier than other wintering hummingbirds). BAND RECOVERIES: Foreign Recaptures: <renumber chronologically> (1) banded (<who?>) Dec. 1991, Pensacola, Florida, recaptured (PEC) 14 Mar. 1996, Lafayette, (Muth 1996); (2) banded (NLN) 18 Nov. 1995 (<where in LA?>) recaptured (R. Sargent) 5 Dec. 1995, Gulf Breeze, Florida (Stedman 1996); (3) ASY-f banded (F. Bassett) 6

Jan. 2002, e. shore of Mobile Bay, Alabama, recaptured (PMD) 3 Dec. 2002, Caddo, and last seen there on 27 Dec 2002; recaptured (F. Bassett) 27 Jan. 2003, Mobile Bay, 5 miles S of original banding location; (4) ASY-m banded and color-marked (NLN, Stagni) 15 Jan. 2002, Thibodaux, Lafourche, seen 28 Jan. 2002 (H. Patten) and recaptured (LJB) 7 Feb. 2002, Covington, St. Tammany; (5) HY-f banded (NLN) 18 Oct. 2002, Metairie, Jefferson, recaptured (J. Bell) 28 Feb. 2004, Biloxi, Mississippi; then seen (B. Leonard) 12 Nov. 2004, Slidell, St. Tammany, and captured (LJB) 29 Jan. 2005; (6) ASY-m banded and color-marked 17 Jan. 2004 (M. Myers, J. Bird) Bay St. Louis, Mississippi, recaptured (LJB) 19 Jan. 2005, Covington, St. Tammany, and then seen 23-29 Jan. 2005 at initial capture site in Bay St. Louis (J. Bird, M. Myers); (7) HY-f banded (J. Bell) 2 Dec. 2003, Pascagoula, Mississippi, recaptured (LJB) 12 Feb. 2005, Covington; (8) f banded (NLN, M. Erwin) 13 Dec. 2002, Orleans, recaptured (LJB, S. Kreller) 9 Mar. 2003, Mandeville, St. Tammany, and then recaptured (NLN, M. Erwin) 16 Feb. 2004, at original site in Orleans; (9) HY-m banded (J. Bell) 31 Dec. 2006, Carriere, Mississippi, recaptured (LJB) 31 Aug. 2007, Covington; (10) HY-f banded (NLN, M. Owens) 5 Mar. 2005, Covington, seen (P. Solomon) 2 Jan. 2006, Slidell, St. Tammany, and recaptured 11 Mar. 2006; returned to and recaptured (26 Dec. 2006; LJB) following winter in Slidell (P. Solomon); (11) HY-m banded (F. Bassett) 18 Jan. 2003, Mobile, Alabama, found (R. Mahony) and recaptured (LJB) 18-21 Aug. 2004, Hammond, Tangipahoa; (12) SY-m banded (M. Myers) 30 Jan. 2004, Bay St. Louis, Mississippi, found 24 Dec. 2004 (P. Usner) and recaptured (LJB) 3 Feb. 2005, Mandeville, St. Tammany; (13) SY-f banded (LJB, D. Purvis) 13 Feb. 2002, Mandeville, recaptured (F. Bassett) 17 Jan. 2003, Mobile, Alabama; (15) SY-f banded (LJB, S. Greeder) 2 Mar. 2003, Covington, recaptured (F. Bassett) 16 Jan. 2004, Mobile; (16 ) SY-f banded (LJB, Y. Bordelon) 18 Mar. 2003, recaptured (NLN, J. Stratford) 13 Feb. 2004, Boothville, Plaquemines; (17) SY-m present 5 Nov. 2002 to 20 Mar. 2003 (P. Usner) and banded (LJB) 8 Feb. 2003, Mandeville, recaptured (A. Hurley) 18 July 2003, Alberta, Canada; (18) (#) HY-m banded and color-marked (J. Bell) 10 Dec. 2006, Carriere, Mississippi, seen 18 Dec. 2006 (T. Tarleton) and recaptured (LJB) 15 Feb. 2007, Abita Springs, St. Tammany; (6) SY-f banded and color-marked (NLN, L. Robichaux) 12 Jan. 2007, Raceland, Lafourche, seen (P. Morgan) 25 Jan. 2007 and recaptured (LJB) 10 Feb. 2007, Madisonville, St. Tammany. Returns: (1) f banded (NLN) Baton Rouge, 2 Dec. 1984 (and departed Mar. 1985) returned 2 Oct. 1985 (departed in Apr. 1986), returned again 29 Aug. 1986 (Purrington 1987), remaining until <?>, and returned again 17 Dec. 1987, remaining until 26 Mar. 1988 (PMcK; Imhof 1988, Muth 1988, ABF); (2) AHY-f banded (NLN) Baton Rouge, 3 Dec. 1984, recaptured 11 Oct. 1985 and remained until 17 Apr. 1986 (MLD; Imhof 1986); (3) AHY-m banded Baton Rouge, 22 Dec. 1993, recaptured 14 Mar. 1996 (fide LCB; Muth 1996). LJB has documented the return of 10 to 17 banded individuals per winter to St. Tammany, Tangipahoa, and E. Baton Rouge from winters 2003-04 to winter 2006-07. One of the latter, banded as an ASY-f (NLN) 4 Jan. 1997 returned every winter to same location (Abita Springs, St. Tammany) through winter 2003-04 (LJB, O. Clifton) and thus lived a minimum of 8 years. Another, banded as an SYm (LJB, L. Roussel) 14 Jan. 2001, Baton Rouge, has returned to same site for 7 consecutive years, typically arriving in third week of August and departing in first week of March. Misc.: An SY-m and SY-f both banded (LJB) 27 Jan. 2003 in Covington showed up the following winter only one day apart 5 Jan. and 6 Jan. 04. HIGH COUNTS: 8, <> Dec. 1992, Baton Rouge (NLN, MLD). <need to get single-day counts from NLN. LJB, WDP, LCB> SOFT PARTS: UNSUBSTANTIATED, DUBIOUS, OR ERRONEOUS RECORDS: Sibley (2000) portrayed this species as only rare/casual in winter in southern Louisiana (and the Gulf Coast); for an accurate map, see Williamson (2001). Allen's Hummingbird Selasphorus sasin STATUS AND HABITAT: Casual fall and winter resident in Coastal Zone and Southern Interior (which has substantially more records than Coastal Zone). One winter record for N. Interior. Actual status underestimated because female and most immature males are separable from Rufous Hummingbird only in the hand. All records listed below were of birds identified in the hand, with the exception of <> males identified by J-shaped display or by solid green back, without any rufous feathers, sharply demarcated from rump. Although green-backed Rufous hummingbirds have been documented (McKenzie and Robbins 1999), most still have a few rufous feathers in the back. See Dittmann and Cardiff (2003) for discussion. All records are from residential gardens with hummingbird feeders. Because of the difficulty in distinguishing this species from Rufous Hummingbird, any historical trends are highly influenced by the intensity of activity of Louisiana s hummingbird banders; until we can calibrate the record for degree if banding effort, no true trends can be identified. The increase in detections in recent years (Fig. ##) is most likely a consequence of increase banding efforts. Nonetheless, the remarkable number of records in winter 2001-02 almost certainly represents a true big year for the species. Perhaps it is not coincidental that until 2003, Allen s had no records of banded birds returning in subsequent winters, and records of adult males were very few. Therefore, until the last few years, this species seemed less likely than the others to be on a trajectory for colonizing Louisiana as a wintering species, but this is no longer the case.

Fig. ##. Number of Allen s Hummingbird records (N = 98) from Louisiana in 5-year intervals [re-calc]. SEASONAL PATTERNS: As with historical trends, our understanding of seasonal patterns of this species is made difficult by reliance on records of hand-held birds. For example, many Allen s Hummingbirds, unless recognizable as individuals, were likely present for unknown periods in advance of their capture and identification. With the caveat that any true seasonal trends would have to take into account the seasonal intensity of banding activity, a plot of the seasonal distribution shows that the pattern for this species is roughly similar to those of other western hummingbirds, with most records from November through March, but differing in a higher proportion of first detections in late winter. The latter is almost certainly a consequence of males molting into near adult plumage, creating increasing suspicion that an immature male Selasphorus is an Allen s. Records extend from 8 August to 4 April. RECORDS: <DLD please re-do all this with respect to BRC files> Coastal Zone: (imm. m) 8 Oct. 1975-16 Mar. 1976, Reserve, St. John (RJS; ABF, Hamilton 1976-, Reserve-BCS CBC, Crider 1982, LSUMZ 81486) First Louisiana Record (f) early Mar.? - 22 Mar. 1977/8, New Orleans (K. McGee, TSS, RJN et al.; ABF, Imhof 1978, Crider 1982; LSUMZ 86998) (NLN; Hamilton 1980)<reported prev. yr as hybrid> (imm. f), 12 Dec. 1983, Reserve, St. John (MW, NLN[banded?]; Myers and Muth 1984) (f) 12 Jan. - 25 Mar. 1987, Metairie, Jefferson (NLN[banded]; ABF, Imhof 1987; rectrices LSUMZ ######) (imm. m) 6 Feb. - 26 Mar. 1988, Norco, St. Charles (MA, NLN [banded], RJS et al.; Imhof 1988, Dittmann et al. 1998; LSUMZ [rectrices] ######) (f) 12 Dec. 1987-30 Mar. 1988, Reserve, St. John (RJS, NLN[banded]; ABF, Imhof 1988, Muth 1988, Reserve-BCS CBC; LSUMZ ###### [rectrices]) (ad. m) 23 Aug. 1990, New Orleans (NN; ABF) (imm. m) 11-12 Dec. and 24 Dec. 1990 24 Feb. 1991, Metairie, Jefferson (NLN[banded]; ABF, Dittmann et al. 1998; rectrices LSUMZ ######) (f) 25 Jan. 1992, Gramercy, St. James (NLN[banded], TS; ABF) (ad. m) 23 Nov. 1992, River Ridge, Jefferson (J. Tramontana, NLN[banded]; ABF, Jackson 1993) (imm. m) 21 Feb. 1993, Chalmette, St. Bernard (GO, NLN[banded]; ABF) (imm. m) early Dec. 2001 10 Jan. 2002, Thibodaux, Lafourche (B. & S. Maniscalco, NLN[banded]; ABF) (imm. m) 10 Jan. 2002, Thibodaux, Lafourche (NLN[banded], B. & S. Maniscalco; ABF) (imm. m) 13 Jan. 2002, St. Rose, St. Charles (NLN[banded], M. & P. Stephens; ABF)