Send Order for Reprint to reprint@benthamcience.ae 668 The Open Electrical & Electronic Engineering Journal, 04, 8, 668-674 Determinitic Deployment for Wirele Image Senor Node Open Acce Junguo Zhang *, Yutong Lei, Fantao Lin and Chen Chen 3 School of Technology, Beijing Foretry Univerity, Beijing 00083, P.R. China China Electric Power Reearch Intitute, Beijing 009, P.R. China 3 Department of Electrical Engineering, Univerity of Texa at Dalla, Richardon TX75080, USA Abtract: Wirele enor network compoed of camera enabled ource node can provide viual information of an area of interet, potentially enriching monitoring application. The node deployment i one of the key iue in the application of wirele enor network. In thi paper, we take the effective coverage and connectivity a the evaluation indice to analyze the effect of the perceivable angle and the ratio of communication radiu and ening radiu for the determinitic circular deployment. Experimental reult demontrate that the effective coverage area of the triangle deployment i the larget when uing the ame number of node. When the node are deployed in the ame monitoring area in the premie of enuring connectivity, rhombu deployment i optimal when < rc / r < 3. The reearch reult of thi paper provide an important reference for the deployment of the image enor network with the given parameter. Keyword: Circular deployment, determinitic deployment, directional enor, perceivable angle, wirele image enor node.. INTRODUCTION With the rapid development of wirele communication technology, wirele enor network ha become a hot reearch topic. Wirele enor network (WSN) conit of many cot-effective miniature enor node are capable of computation, communication and ening [, ], WSN ytem mainly focue on data acquiition, accurate proceing and effective tranmiion [3], and ha provided tremendou benefit for application uch a tracking, urveillance, diater monitoring, home automation, indutrial control, battlefield urveillance, and environmental monitoring [4, 5]. Node deployment i the firt tep in wirele enor network [6]. The purpoe i to etablih a powerful ytem with the node having limited perception and energy contraint [7]. Node deployment i directly related to accuracy, integrity and effectivene of the network monitoring information. Currently, mot reearch work related to node deployment focue on the omni-directional ening model [8]. Omni-directional ening network are typically ued to achieve imple data acquiition, tranmiion and proceing. Mot tudy on deployment of omni-directional ening model concentrated on the random deployment of target coverage [9], regional coverage deployment [0-] and determinitic deployment []. For area determinitic deployment, it uually adopt normalized covering algorithm. Reference [3] dicued variou normalized covering algorithm. However, according to the importance in different monitoring region, monitoring tak have different requirement. For ome pecial region, comprehenive data (uch a image and video) are required. In [4], the impact of reource contraint wa analyzed baed on the performance of WISN. Commonly ued image / video enor have a direction of environmental data. The perceived direction i only in one area. The exiting reearch on image enor deployment often ue random deployment. Reference [5] propoed an integer linear programming and ditributed approximation algorithm to determine the direction of enor node. In [6], a greedy algorithm wa preented. Sung and Yang [7] utilized the tructure and characteritic of Voronoi cell and propoed a new olution for target tracking in viual/camera enor network. In [8], an obervation correlation coefficient wa developed to decribe the correlation between image by tudying the ening model and deployment of camera in the network. A camera enor activation cheme for target tracking in WVSN wa alo propoed. Random deployment i a more affordable method, but it cannot guarantee full coverage of the whole detection area. It i generally uitable for the environment with le coverage requirement. For a relatively fixed network tatu or application environment, node poition information and node denity are known, manual deployment of wirele enor node, namely certainty deployment, can be ued. For the determinitic deployment method, reearch uually focue on target coverage. Reference [9] put forward a method for optimal determinitic deployment of a target coverage. The target coverage doe not guarantee that the monitoring area i completely covered. The tatic area coverage of determinitic pecification covering algorithm wa adopted in thi paper to tudy the deployment of wirele image enor node. The effect of perceivable angle of the image enor and deployment 874-90/4 04 Bentham Open
Determinitic Deployment for Wirele Image Senor Node The Open Electrical & Electronic Engineering Journal, 04, Volume 8 669 method on coverage overlapping area i alo conidered to analyze the determinitic deployment mode of image enor node. Baed on the tudy of thi paper, we provide everal method to deploy the wirele image enor with different parameter and ome principle guidance for determinitic deployment of direction node. The ret of the paper i organized a follow. In ection, deployment method of WISN i choen. In ection 3, the deployment of circular way i dicued. The imulation tudy i decribed in ection 4. Finally, ome concluion remark are made in ection 5.. MODEL BUILDING The perceptual model of node can be divided into fixed and rotatable. The rotatable model mainly conider the intantaneou ening range. There exit ome challenge uch a delay monitoring, high energy conumption and complex algorithm. In order to meet the requirement of real-time monitoring and low energy conumption, in thi tudy, we chooe the tatic fixed ening model due to it low computational complexity. Fixed directional ening model of enor node are uually defined in the two-dimenional pace. There are three directional ening model: fan model, polygon model and irregular model. The fan model etablihed by Ma et al [0- ] i a widely ued model, where the perceived range i a fan-haped region with a node a the center and the perceived ditance a radiu (ee Fig. ()). A parameter et (P, R, V, α) i ued to repreent the model, where P denote the poition of node, R denote the ening radiu, V indicate the ening direction of the enor node, and α i the offet of the viual angle of node. A V B There are two deployment method can achieve real-time completely coverage. One i the circular mode, which combine the ector ening node into a circle. The other method i the tiled mode in which two relative node are in a group and two node in the ame poition are in a group a hown in Fig. (). In the circular deployment, the overlapping area i calculated a!! " = r ( " -!) # ". () $ % The average overlapping area per node i =!. (3)! " #" $ In the tiled deployment mode, overlapping area of each node i = r [! - in(!)]. (4) (a) The circular mode Fig. (). The deployment method. (b) The tiled mode The average overlapping area of thee two deployment mode are compared in Fig. (3). When the perceivable angle i greater than 6.5º, the overlapping area of tiled deploy- P Fig. (). The rotatable fan model. Thi paper implified the coverage model a a binary enor model (BSM) which i alo called 0- model or Boolean model []. The probability of the perceived target i baed on the node ening radiu rs a the dividing line to generate induction and unknown induction tate. Inductive quality of any pot of q can be expreed a:!# p(, q) = " $# 0 d(, q) % r d(, q) > r () where d(, q) i the traight line ditance between and q. Fig. (3). The comparion between circular deployment and tiled deployment.
670 The Open Electrical & Electronic Engineering Journal, 04, Volume 8 ment increae rapidly. In order to make the reearch more applicable to large value range of angle of image ening node, circular deployment i ued to tudy the region monitoring. Zhang et al. According to [3], when uing different graphic deployment, the formula can be derived to calculate the overlapping area of a pecification pattern: S = 3. CIRCULAR DEPLOYMENT MODEL 3.. Deployment Method The normalized coverage algorithm i ued to deploy the circle which conit of image enor node. The deployment method i hown in Fig. (4). r [n(! " in! )] (5) where n indicate the number of overlapping in a graphical pecification; θ i the central angle of overlapping area; and RS repreent node ening radiu. In the circular combination, the overlapping area caued by perception angle i the ectorial area: S = #! $ r ( ' ( % " &! ). '" ( (6) All the overlapping coverage area: S = S + N P! S (7) where NP indicate the number of round that i ued to form a pecification pattern, α i half of the node perceivable angle. (a) Equilateral triangle pattern (b) Square pattern Each node of the average overlapping area i calculated a: S + S NP S=. #! $ %% " && (c) Rhombu pattern (d) Regular hexagon pattern (8) In the pecification pattern deployment, central angle of overlapping part of equilateral triangle, quare, regular hexagon i et repectively a 60, 90, 60. They can be directly calculated uing Equation. (5). For the rhombu a hown in Fig. (5), the overlapping area i compoed of two part: S = r [(! # in! ) + 8 " -in " )] (9) (e) Irregular equilateral hexagon pattern Fig. (4). Specification of pattern. Fig. (5). Rhombu pattern. 3.. Node Overlapping Area In the circular deployment, only when the node angle could be divided exactly by π, there i no overlapping coverage; otherwie, it will produce coverage overlap becaue of the extra point of view, a a fan of AOB and MON in Fig. () overlap AON. For the irregular equilateral hexagon, a hown in Fig. (6), the central angle of overlapping area are different, o need to be calculated eparately. In order to make the overlapping area mall, it ha to firt determine the poition of O, O, center of O, O on point
Determinitic Deployment for Wirele Image Senor Node The Open Electrical & Electronic Engineering Journal, 04, Volume 8 67 a, b repectively, O3, O4 and O, O interect at point c, the center of the O3 and O4 in the ame line, in like manner, confirm the poition of O5, O6, O5, O6 and O, O interect at point d. The ide length of irregular equilateral hexagon [4] i "! # L = min $ r co( ), rc % & ' and interior angle i (0) rc! = " # arcin( ) () r where rc repreent the node communication radiu. "& ) "% "#, + "$ * _! "(! "' Fig. (6). Irregular equilateral hexagon pattern. Draw two traight line joining the center of O and c, the center of O and d, the length of i r. The ditance between O and O i:! x = L + # L# in( " $ ). () The central angle of overlapping area caued by O and O i x! co =. (3) r The central angle of the overlapping area are calculated according to x! = " arcco( ) (4) r! = ( " %# ) % $. (5) The overlapping area of irregular equilateral hexagon i: S = r [(! # in! ) + ( " # in " )]. (6) 4. SIMULATION ANALYSIS In the experiment, the effective coverage and connectivity are ued a the evaluation indice for the node deployment. The node ening radiu i 30 m, the range of communication radiu i between 4 m and 60 m, and the ening angle i within 6-7 (radian i 0.rad to 3rad). All the imulation are carried out uing MATLAB R03a. 4.. Deploy the Same Number of Node In order to realize the full deployment of each type of pecification, we elect the ame number of node to combine 3600 circle to tudy the effective coverage of the five deployment method. Since the interior angle of an equilateral triangle, quare and regular hexagon are invariant, the central angle of overlapping area are certain value, the effective coverage area are computed a hown in Table. Angle in rhombu and irregular equilateral hexagon can be changed according to the ratio between communication radiu and the ening radiu, under the premie of enuring communication. With the ame number of combination round, coverage area change over interior angle a can be een from Fig. (7). Comparing Table with Fig. (7), in the ame number combination circle, the coverage area of equilateral triangle i the larget. 4.. Deploy the Node in the Same Monitoring Area A quare area of S=000 m 000 m wa elected a the experimental cene uing connected coverage without conidering the boundary effect in the monitoring region. The number of combined round were ued and compared in different pecification graphic. The imulation reult are hown in Fig. (8) and Table. The equilateral triangle pattern, quare pattern and regular hexagon pattern can be ued to deploy within all cope of the ratio; however, when ue Table. The coverage area of the ame number combination round in different pecification of deployment. The pecification deployment The coverage area when ue 3600 combination round m Equilateral triangle 959758.473 Square 839368.98 Regular hexagon 7807404
67 The Open Electrical & Electronic Engineering Journal, 04, Volume 8 Zhang et al. Fig. (7). The coverage area when uing 3600 combination round deployed in rhombu and irregular equilateral hexagon pattern. Fig. (8). The number of the combined round according to the radiu proportion. Table. Optimal regular deployment pattern according to the radiu proportion. r / r c Optimal regular deployment 0 < r c / r! Regular hexagon < r c / r < Irregular equilateral hexagon r c / r = Square < r c / r < 3 Rhombu 3! r / r Equilateral triangle c the rhombu pattern and irregular equilateral hexagon pattern, it hould to enure all the combined round are able to communicate with each other. In a pecification graphical deployment, the imulation reult of uing different overlapping average of a node are illutrated in Fig. (9). A can be een from Fig (9), the five deployment pattern have the ame change trend for average overlapping area, and the five line are parallel to each other. In the five deployment pattern, the overlapped area of equilateral triangle pattern i the minimum. When the perceived angle i le than 0.3, there i a mall difference among equilateral triangle, rhombu, and regular hexagon. When the perceived
Determinitic Deployment for Wirele Image Senor Node The Open Electrical & Electronic Engineering Journal, 04, Volume 8 673 Fig. (9). The overlapping area of a node of different pecification graphical deployment. angle i more than 93.4, five deployment node overlap area increae rapidly. The effect of communication requirement of combined round and the perceivable angle of image enor are comprehenively conidered, calculate the total overlapping area of different pecification graph in the ame monitoring area. From the imulation reult in Fig. (0), the following concluion can be obtained: () except the irregular equilateral hexagon pattern, although the rhombu pattern only uit for < rc / r < 3, in the ame monitoring area, the overlapping area of four deployment mode fluctuate with the perceived angle. () for the image enor node with mall perceivable angle, the quare deployment may not be uitable. (3) when rc / r <.5, the equilateral triangle deployment mode ue more combined round, but the overlapping area in the monitoring area i the leat; when < rc / r < 3, rhombu deployment i the optimal method. 5. CONCLUSION AND FURTHER WORK In thi paper, the determinitic deployment of wirele image enor node were invetigated. The coverage model wa implified to 0- model. By uing the ame number to deploy, analyi and contrat the effective coverage of different deployment mode. Synthetically conidering the perceivable angle, the ratio of communication radiu and ening radiu, the number of combined round are ued in the ame area. By analyzing the reult, in the premie of enuring the communication between node, image enor network deployed in normalization circular deployment method, with the ame number of combined round, equilateral triangle deployment cover the larget area, in the ame monitoring area, when < rc / r < 3, rhombu deployment i optimal. Since the reearch model i an ideal model, it cannot decribe the effect of node monitoring accurately. In our future work, we plan to ue probabilitic model to carry out reearch analyi for determinitic circular deployment. Fig. (0). The overlapping area of different deployment.
674 The Open Electrical & Electronic Engineering Journal, 04, Volume 8 Zhang et al. CONFLICT OF INTEREST The author confirm that thi article content ha no conflict of interet. ACHNOWLEDGEMENTS Thi work wa upported in part by project upported by National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant No.3300470) and project upported by the Fundamental Reearch Fund for the Central Univeritie (Grant No.TD03-3). REFERENCES [] J. Yick, B. Mukherjee and D. Ghoal, Wirele enor network urvey, Computer network the International Journal of Computer & Telecommunication Networking, vol. 5, no., pp. 9-330, Augut 008. [] J. Zhang, W. Li, X. Zhao, X. Bai, and C. Chen, Simulation and Reearch on Data Fuion Algorithm of the Wirele Senor Network Baed on NS, in Proceeding of 009 WRI World Congre on Computer Science and Information Engineering, Lo Angele, CA, pp. 66-70, March 009. [3] Y. S. He and W. 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Zhou, Study on optimal regular deployment pattern of wirele enor network, Reearch Journal of Applied Science, Engineering and Technology, vol. 4, no. 5, pp. 300-303, 0. Received: September 8, 04 Revied: December, 04 Accepted: December 3, 04 Zhang et al.; Licenee Bentham Open. Thi i an open acce article licened under the term of the Creative Common Attribution Non-Commercial Licene (http://creativecommon.org/licene/bync/3.0/) which permit unretricted, non-commercial ue, ditribution and reproduction in any medium, provided the work i properly cited.