FIGURE 14-1 (a) Focal points F1 and F2, semimajor axis a, and semiminor b of an ellipse; (b) Kepler s second law

FIGURE 14-1 (a) Focal points F1 and F2, semimajor axis a, and semiminor b of an ellipse; (b) Kepler s second law

FIGURE 14-2 Satellite orbits: (a) circular; (b) elliptical

FIGURE 14-3 Satellite orbital terms

FIGURE 14-4 Satellite orbital patterns

FIGURE 14-5 (a) Angle of inclination; (b) ascending node, descending node, and line of nodes

FIGURE 14-6 Soviet Molniya satellite orbit

FIGURE 14-7 Three geosynchronous satellites in Clarke orbits

FIGURE 14-8 Satellites in geosynchronous earth orbits

FIGURE 14-9 Geosynchronous satellite position, subsatellite point, and Earth longitude and latitude coordinate system

FIGURE 14-10 Attenuation due to atmospheric absorption: (a) 6/4-GHz band; (b) 14/12-GHz band

FIGURE 14-11 Azimuth and angle of elevation, lookangles

TABLE 14-1 Longitudinal Position of Several Current Synchronous Satellites Parked in an Equatorial Arca

FIGURE 14-12 Azimuth angles for earth stations located in the northern hemisphere referenced to 180 degrees

FIGURE 14-13 Elevation angles for earth stations located in the Northern Hemisphere

FIGURE 14-14 Satellite classes: (a) spinner; (b) three-axis stabilizer

FIGURE 14-15 Spatial separation of satellites in geosynchronous orbit

FIGURE 14-16 WARC satellite frequency assignments

TABLE 14-2 Satellite Bandwidths Available in the United States

FIGURE 14-17 Satellite antenna radiation patterns (footprints)

FIGURE 14-18 Beams: (a) spot; (b) zonal; (c) earth

FIGURE 14-19 Satellite uplink model

FIGURE 14-20 Satellite transponder

FIGURE 14-21 Satellite downlink model

FIGURE 14-22 Intersatellite link

FIGURE 14-23 HPA input/output characteristic curve

TABLE 14-3 Noise Unit Comparison

FIGURE 14-24 P(e) performance of M-ary PSK, QAM, QPR, and M-ary APK coherent systems. The rms C/N is specified in the doublesided Nyquist bandwidth

FIGURE 14-25 Probability or error P(e) versus Eb/No ratio for various digital modulation schemes

FIGURE 14-26 Overall satellite system showing the gains and losses incurred in both the uplink and downlink sections. HPA, high-power amplifier; Pt, HPA output power; Lbo, back-off loss; Lf, feeder loss; Lb, branching loss; At, transmit antenna gain; Pr total radiated power = Pt Lbo -Lb - Lf; EIRP, effective isotropic radiated power Prad At; Lu, additional uplink losses due to atmosphere; Lp, path loss; Ar, receive antenna gain; G/Te, gain-to-equivalent noise ratio; Ld, additional downlink losses due to atmosphere; LNA, low-noise amplifier; C/Te, carrier-toequivalent noise ratio; C/No, carrier-to-noise density ratio; Eb/No, energy of bit-to-noise density ratio; C/N, carrier-to-noise ratio

TABLE 14-4 System Parameters for Three Hypothetical Satellite Systems

FIGURE 14-27 Antenna gain based on the gain equation for a parabolic antenna: A (db) = 10 log ( D/ )2 where D is the antenna diameter, = the wavelength, and = 0.55. To correct for a 100% efficient antenna, add 2.66 db to the value.

FIGURE 14-28 Free-space path loss (Lp) determined from Lp = 183.5 + 20 log f (GHz), elevation angle = 90, and distance = 35,930 km

TABLE 14-5 Link Budget for Example 25-10