Standards The SS-HS-5.1.2 Students will analyze how history is a series of connected events shaped by multiple cause and effect relationships, tying past to present. DOK 3 SS-HS-5.3.1 Students will explain how humans began to rediscover the ideas of the Classical Age (e.g., humanism, developments in art and architecture, literature, political theories) and to question their place in the universe during the and Reformation. DOK 2 SS-HS-2.1.1 Students will explain how belief systems, knowledge, technology and behavior patterns define cultures and help to explain historical perspectives and events in the modern world (1500 A.D. to present and United States (Reconstruction to present). DOK 2 Do Now Write a definition for the word, rebirth What was the? Causes of the Period following the middle ages (1400-1600) Rebirth of classical Greece and Rome Began in Italy Moved to northern Europe 1 st period to name itself and say nasty things about earlier times: Gothic & Dark Ages means Rebirth Looking back to Classical culture Ancient Greece and Rome Lessening of feudalism Church disrespected Nobility in chaos Growth of Middle Class through trade Fall of Constantinople Greek scholars fled to Italy Education Nostalgia among the Italians to recapture the glory of the Roman empire 1
Objectives During the middle ages Find God Prove pre-conceived ideas During the Find man Promote learning Northern and Late RELIGION/POLITICS Reformation; much political & religious violence IDEAS a skeptical Humanism ART a realism of everyday life: PORTRAITS, LANDSCAPES; oil painting MUSIC conservative perfection (Palestrina) & new approaches (madrigals) Timeline Guttenberg Bible 1456 Columbus reaches America 1492 Leonardo da Vinci: Mona Lisa c. 1503 Michelangelo: David 1504 Raphael: School of Athens 1505 Martin Luther s 95 theses 1517 Shakespeare: Romeo and Juliet 1596 Factors that Contributed to the Beginning of the Trade and commerce increased Cities grew larger and wealthier Newly wealthy merchants and bankers supported the growth of the arts and learning The was an age of recovery from the disasters of the 14 th century, such as the Black Death/Bubonic Plague, political instability, and a decline of Church power Recovery went hand-in-hand with a rebirth of interest in ancient culture (e.g., ancient Greece and Rome) A new view of human beings emerged as people in the Italian began to emphasize individual ability Do Now What were the factors that contributed to the beginning of the? 2
Italy Italian Cities Urban Societies Major Trading Centers Secular Society Movement Where did the begin? People lost their faith in the church and began to put more focus on human beings and material possessions How did the Crusades contribute to the? Crusades (1095 1291) = Religiously sanctioned military campaigns waged by Roman Catholics against Muslims who had occupied the near east since the Rashidun Caliphate (founded after Muhammad s death in 632, the Rashidun Caliphate was one of the largest empires of the time period) Increased demand for Middle Eastern products Stimulated production of goods to trade in Middle Eastern markets Encouraged the use of credit and banking The Black Death Also known as The Bubonic Plague, came about as a result of decades of overpopulation, economic depression, famine, and bad health and hygiene in some European regions. The Black Death The Black death was named for the discoloration of the body. It is believed to have been introduced by seaborne rats from the Black Sea area. By the early fifteenth century, western Europe had lost as much as 40% of its population to the plague. Black Death Fallout Even when the worst was over, smaller outbreaks continued, not just for years, but for centuries. The survivors lived in constant fear of the plague's return, and the disease did not disappear until the 1600s. The disease took its toll on the church as well. People throughout Christendom had prayed devoutly for deliverance from the plague. A new period of political turmoil and philosophical questioning lay ahead. Political Ideas of the Niccolò Machiavelli (1469-1527) An Italian Philosopher and Writer based in Florence during the The Prince (Published in 1532) Machiavelli believed: One can make this generalization about men: they are ungrateful, fickle, liars, and deceivers, they shun danger and are greedy for profit 3
Machiavelli observed city-state rulers of his day and produced guidelines for how to gain and maintain power. Absolute Rule Political Ideas of the Niccolò Machiavelli cont He felt that a ruler should be willing to do anything to maintain control without worrying about conscience. Better for a ruler to be feared than to be loved Ruler should be quick and decisive in decision making Ruler keeps power by any means necessary The end justifies the means Be good when possible, and evil when necessary Today, the term Machiavellian refers to the use of deceit in politics Excerpts from Machiavelli s, The Prince Extended Response Chapter XVII Whether it is better to be loved than feared Chapter XVIII How rulers should keep their promises Machiavelli s, The Prince Extended Response 1. Why does Machiavelli say that it is better for a prince "to be both loved and feared?" Is it possible for a prince to be both? Explain. 2. What is Machiavelli s view of human nature? How does this help explain what he says about the way in which a prince should rule? Do Now How does trade help spread culture, ideas, beliefs, etc.? 4
Activity: Act-It-Out Work in groups Each group will receive role cards Review role cards and generate ideas for how to accurately bring your character to life Take a few minutes to prepare and practice Each group will conduct the Act-It-Out Do Now How did Italian city-states influence the? Milan One of the richest cities, it controls trade through the Alps. Venice Located on the Adriatic Sea, it is a major trade route between Asia & Europe. Florence Controlled by the Medici Family, who became great patrons of the arts. Genoa Had Access to Trade Routes Rome Headquarters of the Catholic Church All of these cities: Had access to trade routes connecting Europe with Middle Eastern markets Served as trading centers for the distribution of goods to northern Europe Major Italian City-States Milan Genoa Venice Florence Rome Italian City-States Because Italy failed to become united during the Middle Ages, many independent city-states emerged in Italy. Each city-state was controlled by a powerful family and dominated by a wealthy merchant class. Their interest in art and emphasis on personal achievement helped to shape the Italian. Example: The Medici family of Florence ranked among the richest merchants and bankers in Europe; they ruled Florence for over 70 years. 5
The Medici s The Medici Family Probably the most influential and important family of the. A good summary of the can be seen by looking at them. Acquired great wealth through banking and trade By 1400 they are one of the richest families in Italy, if not Europe Giovanni de Medici Medici s gain prominence under his reign Supports his friends bid to become Pope, when he wins the Medici family gets the Church s account Cosimo de Medici Son of Giovanni Takes over after his father dies Becomes an important patron to many artists during the early Godfather of the Medici Popes Giovanni de Medici Becomes a Cardinal at 13 Corrupt- Sells jobs to friends Becomes Pope Leo X at 38 yrs old Failed to control Martin Luther Guilio de Medici Becomes Pope Clement VII after his cousin Leo X dies Trying to hold on to a crumbling empire. Can t deal with Henry VIII Rome is attacked under his watch Paragraph Write Write a paragraph that explains how the Medici family was so influential to the. Reminder means rebirth of interest in ancient culture (Greece and Rome) 6
Architecture Developments in Architecture St. Peter s Basilica Elements of Greek & Roman buildings Columns, domes Symmetrical façade (front) Rounded arches Florence Cathedral dome, Santa Maria del Fiore (the Duomo), c. 1420 Filippo Brunelleschi (1377-1446) Challenged Gothic architecture Circular windows, square panels, geometric shapes, perspective Why might people be moving away from the Medieval style? St. Peter s Basilica St. Peter s Basilica Donato Bramante - Tempietto, San Pietro in Montorio, Rome. 7
San Luigi dei Francesi Gothic Architecture 8
Do Now Why do you think art was so influential during the? The produced new ideas that were reflected in the arts, philosophy, and literature. Patrons, wealthy from newly expanded trade, sponsored works which glorified city-states in northern Italy. Education became increasingly secular. Classical art showed the importance of people and leaders, as well as gods and goddesses Medieval art and literature focused on the Church and salvation art and literature focused on the importance of people and nature, along with religion Activity: Classical, Medieval, or? Think, Pair, Share Look at the piece of artwork and determine which period the artwork is from: Classical, Medieval, or List three reasons for your choice 1 2 9
3 4 5 Title: Madonna and Child with Two Angels Artist: Filippo Lippi Date: 1406 CE Time Period: Although the theme is religious, the Madonna is painted as a real woman. Clothing and furniture is modern. 6 7 1 10
Title: Bathing Venus Artist: Unnamed Roman Artist Date: 3rd Century BCE Time Period: Classical No emotion. 2 Title: Venus and Adonis Artist: Titian Date: 1550 CE Time Period: Pagan theme. Perspective. Modern techniques. Emotion 3 Title: Madonna and Child Enthroned Artist: Cimabue Date: 1280 CE Time Period: Medieval Influenced by the Byzantine style Hierarchical scale Halos Flat 4 Title: Grave Stele of Hegeso Artist: Unknown Greek Artist Date: 400 BCE Style: Classical Lack of background. Title: Bayeux Tapestry Artist: Unknown Artist Date: 1082 CE Time Period: Medieval Tells a story. Dressed in Medieval clothing. Title: Pieta Artist: Michelangelo Date: 1475 CE Time Period: Classic Greek clothing. Mary is a real woman. Greek architecture. Wrought with emotion. 5 6 7 11
Classical Art Figures were lifelike but often idealized (more perfect than in real life) Figures were nude or draped in togas (robes) Bodies looked active, and motion was believable Faces were calm and without emotion Scenes showed either heroic figures or real people doing tasks from daily life Medieval Art Most art was religious, showing Jesus, saints, people from the Bible, and so on Important figures in paintings were shown as larger than others around them Figures looked stiff, with little sense of movement Figures were fully dressed in stiff-looking clothing Faces were serious and showed little feeling Paint colors were bright Art Artists showed religious and nonreligious scenes Art reflected a great interest in nature Figures were lifelike and three-dimensional, reflecting an increasing knowledge of anatomy Bodies looked active and were shown moving Figures were either nude or clothed Scenes showed real people doing everyday tasks Faces expressed what people were thinking Paintings were often symmetrical (balanced, with the right and left sides having similar or identical elements) Do Now Describe similarities and differences between Medieval art and art artists embraced some of the ideals of ancient Greece and Rome in their art. The purpose of art would no longer be to glorify God, as it had been in Medieval Europe. Artists wanted their subjects to be realistic and focused on humanity and emotion. Art and Patronage Italians patrons (financial supporters) were willing to spend a lot of money on art Art communicated social, political, and spiritual values and therefore, the consumption of art was used as a form of competition for social & political status. New Techniques also emerged. 12
Realism Perspective Emphasis on individualism Geometrical arrangement of figures Light and shadowing Softening of edges Artist able to live from commissions What was different in the? Characteristics of Art 1. Realism & Expression Expulsion from the Garden Masaccio 1427 First nudes since classical times. Perspective! Perspective! Perspective! Perspective! Perspective! Perspective! Perspective! First use of linear perspective! 2. Perspective The Trinity Masaccio 1427 What you are, I once was; what I am, you will become. 3. Emphasis on Individualism Batista Sforza & Federico de Montefeltre: The Duke & Dutchess of Urbino 5. Geometrical Arrangement of Figures Leonardo da Vinci 1469 The figure as architecture! The Dreyfus Madonna with the Pomegranate Piero della Francesca, 1465-1466. 13
6. Light & Shadowing/Softening Edges David Chiaroscuro: use of light and shade Ginevra de' Benci, a young Florentine noblewoman who, at the age of sixteen, married Luigi Niccolini in 1474. Sfumato: gradual blending of one area of color into another without a sharp outline Born in 1475 in a small town near Florence, is considered to be one of the most inspired men who ever lived; he was a sculptor, painter, engineer, architect, and poet. The Biblical shepherd, David (who killed Goliath) recalls the harmony and grace of ancient Greek tradition Michelangelo created his masterpiece David in 1504. 15c What a difference Sistine Chapel About a year after creating David, Pope Julius II summoned Michelangelo to Rome to work on his most famous project, the ceiling of the Sistine Chapel. a century makes! 16c Fresco is a technique of mural painting executed upon freshly laid plaster. Depicts the biblical history of the world from the Creation to the Flood 14
Pieta 1499 Marble Sculpture Creation of Eve Creation of Adam Separation of Light and Darkness The Last Judgment Captures the sorrow of the Virgin Mary as she cradles her dead son, Jesus on her knees Moses Mona Lisa (1503-1506) 1452-1519 Painter, Sculptor, Architect, Mathematician, Engineer, Inventor 15
The Last Supper (1495-1498) Madonna of the Rocks (1483-1486) Jesus and his apostles on the night before the crucifixion Notebooks Leonardo da Vinci dissected corpses to learn how bones and muscles work 16
Raphael Painter 1483-1520 Perspective Subjects are mainly secular, but can be religious The School of Athens Figures look idealized, but can also look like everyday ordinary people Pythagoras Bodies are active Clothed or unclothed Faces are expressive Detail 1510 Fresco Vatican City An imaginary gathering of great thinkers and scientists Socrates Plato and Aristotle Euclid Raphael (back) Self-portrait Oil on wood Albrecht Durer (1471-1528) Durer was the leading artist of German society. He had travelled to Italy to broaden his knowledge. Albrecht Durer Albrecht Durer (1471-1528) Young Hare Watercolor on Paper 10 x 9 1502 Zoroaster & Ptolemy Durer s artwork is highly detailed and is distinguished by a use of precise line. 17
Albrecht Durer Albrecht Durer (1471-1528) Self-portrait Oil on wood Albrecht Durer Four Horsemen of the Apocalypse 10 x 8 Woodcut print on paper Durer was one of the first artists in the Western world to use woodcut as a major art medium. His style was precise, and highly detailed, requiring great technical skill. Jan Van Eyck First great French painter was Jan van Eyck who developed techniques with oil based paints still used today Van Eyck s paintings display unusually realistic details and reveal the personality of their subjects Art Webquest http://www.sonic.net/bantam1/renart.html http://www.sonic.net/bantam1/renart.html 18
One of the richest men in the Italian city-state of Milan. After long being ruled by the Visconti Family, Francesco Sforza was the leader of a band of mercenaries, and became the Duke of Milan. Created an efficient tax system that generated enormous revenues for the government. Francesco Sforza Cultural and educational reform The study of classical culture (ancient Greece and Rome), in contrast with the study of things related to the church and religion Celebrated the individual Was supported by wealthy patrons (financial supporters) The Family in Italy: To maintain the family marriages were arranged by parents to strengthen business or family ties. This was usually done while children were young and bonded with a contact. The most important part of the bond was the dowry which was the sum of money presented by the wife s family. Literature flourished during the and spread ideas, which can be greatly attributed to Johannes Gutenberg. In 1455 Gutenberg printed the first book produced by using the moveable type Printing Press, The Bible, and started a printing revolution that would transform Europe. Literacy rates increased 19
Petrarch Poet, Humanist scholar Francesco Petrarch 1304-1374 Assembled Greek and Roman writings Wrote: Sonnets to Laura (Love poems in the Vernacular) Influenced William Shakespeare Baldassare Castiglione s The Courtier provided an outline of what was considered ideal for men and for women. Ideals for Men and Women During the Expected to be well educated, especially in the classics Charming, Polite and Witty Dancing, singing, poetry and music were all necessities Also, being strong and athletic is important Some Characteristics of the Ideal Man The Ideal Woman The Man Questions Like men, women were expected to Know classical literature Play music, dance and be charming However, women were not expected to be poets or painters They should inspire art Manage house & kids Not get involved in social discussions Broad knowledge about many things in different fields. Deep knowledge/skill in one area. Able to link information from different areas/disciplines and create new knowledge. The Greek ideal of the well-rounded man was at the heart of education. What are the 3 main values of the? Describe the ideal man. Describe the ideal woman. What is a Man? 20
English poet and playwright Well-known plays include: Hamlet, Macbeth, Romeo and Juliet Influence and Impact on the : He expanded the impact of theatre through dramatic potential of characterization (his characters were very complex), plot, language (creative), and genre William Shakespeare 1564-1616 Geoffrey Chaucer (1340-1400) Highly placed civil servant Used the English language as literary vehicle Skill in the art of human observation Canterbury Tales Told the story of a group of pilgrims that were on a journey. Dante Alighieri (1265-1321 ) Wrote The Divine Comedy He wrote it in his native language Italian instead of Latin Travels through the Catholic version of Heaven, Hell, and Purgatory In it he critiques the Catholic church by writing corrupt church members in Hell and Purgatory First female professional writer Wrote The Book of the City of Ladies She used this book for her defense of female rights. She also advocates for female and male equality within the realm of education Christine de Pisan (1365-1428?) Review Questions 1. The first real Man is considered to be a. Machiavelli b. Petrarch c. Raphael d. Da Vinci A man is good at everything he tries; Da Vinci was an excellent painter, sculptor, poet, musician, and inventor 2. The Prince is a humanist book written by Machiavelli that says a. A prince can only become king if he is a legitimate heir of the monarch b. A ruler should use whatever means to get the desired end result c. Not all rulers are effective but the ones who are show sympathy to their subjects d. The most practical way for a monarch to rule is to justify the decisions he makes to his people Machiavelli came up with the theory that the end justifies the means ; in other words, it s okay to ignore morals as long as the ruler holds on to his power 21
3. The can be best characterized as a time when a. There were many new ideas created in Europe b. Italy became the most powerful place in Europe c. European artists and philosophers tried to imitate the works of the ancient Greeks and Romans d. People began to focus on humans rather than on God philosophers tried to revive ancient texts from Rome by going on archeological expiditions 4. Dante, Petrarch, and Pisan were all a. Influential Catholic humanist writers of the b. Influential Catholic humanist painters of the c. Influential Catholic humanist musicians of the d. Influential Catholic humanist sculptors of the Petrarch was the father of Humanism; Pisan called for early reforms of women s rights; Dante wrote in his native language of Italian rather than Latin. 5. A humanist would most likely agree with which statement? a. Humans are just as good as God b. Human capabilities are limitless c. Humans have limited abilities d. Humans have certain rights Petrarch was the first to combine Christianity with humanism saying that if people are created in God s image, then why couldn t their abilities be infinite as well? He wasn t saying that humans had God s powers, but they had like-powers. 6. The got its start in Italy because a. Italians were more naturally artistic and musical than the rest of Europe b. Other rulers tried to put down any artists who painted scenes that were humanist c. Italy had a strategic position on the crossroads of the silk road in the middle of the Mediterranean Sea d. Italy didn t have mountains like Greece so it was easier to transport works of art from one citystate to another Money from Mediterranean trade helped make Italian city-states very powerful 22