Federal Urdu University of Arts, Science & Technology Islamabad Pakistan SECOND SEMESTER ELECTRONICS - I

SECOND SEMESTER ELECTRONICS - I BASIC ELECTRICAL & ELECTRONICS LAB DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING Prepared By: Checked By: Approved By: Engr. Yousaf Hameed Engr. M.Nasim Khan Dr.Noman Jafri Lecturer (Lab) Electrical, Senior Lab Engineer Electrical, Dean, FUUAST-Islamabad FUUAST-Islamabad FUUAST-Islamabad 1

Name: Registration No: Roll No: Semester: Batch: 2

CONTENTS Exp No List of Experiments 1 STUDY OF OSCILLOSCOPE 2 TROUBLESHOOTING OF DIODE 3 MEASURE AND PLOT THE FORWARD AND REVERSE CHARACTERISTICS OF A TYPICAL PN JUNCTION DIODE USING AN DIGITAL VOLT-METER 4 TO CONSTRUCT A HALF-WAVE RECTIFIER CIRCUIT AND TO CHECK ITS OUTPUT WAVEFORM ON OSCILLOSCOPE 5 TO CONSTRUCT A FULL-WAVE CENTER-TAP RECTIFIER CIRCUIT & TO CHECK AND MEASURE THE INPUT & OUTPUTS WAVE FORMS ON OSCILLOSCOPE 6 7 INTRODUCTION OF PROTEUS SOFTWARE TO CONSTRUCT A FULL-WAVE BRIDGE RECTIFIER CIRCUIT AND TO CHECK AND MEASURE THE INPUT AND OUTPUTS WAVE FORMS ON OSCILLOSCOPE 8 9 10 TO CHECK THE EFFECTS OF FILTER CAPACITANCE ON DC OUTPUT VOLTAGE AND RIPPLE ON OSCILLOSCOPE SOFTWARE SIMULATION To study the characteristics of zener diode To study the voltage regulation in zener diode regulating circuit 11 Series BIASED & UNBIASED Clippers 12 PARALLEL BIASED & UNBIASED Clippers 13 14 15 16 17 18 ZENER DIODE AS CLIPPER/LIMITERS Unbiased Clamper Biased Clamper Determine the type of transistor NPN or PNP and identifying the terminals (base, emitter and Collector) EXAMINE THE CHARACTERISTICS OF NPN THROUGH EXPERIMENTS EXAMINE THE CHARACTERISTICS OF PNP THROUGH EXPERIMENTS 3

EXPERIMENT NO 01 STUDY OF OSCILLOSCOPE: Dual Trace Oscilloscope 20MHz (GW INSTEK GOS-620) 4

Lab Task: 1. Generate the following signals from function generator and verify this on oscilloscope. Also draw it below. S.NO Frequency Amplitude Wave Type 1 5 KHz 3 V P-Peak Sine Wave 2 10 KHz 5 V P-Peak Square Wave 3 50 KHz 7 V P-Peak Triangular Wave 4 Of your own choice Of your own choice Of your own choice Example: 8

EXPERIMENT NO 02 TROUBLESHOOTING OF DIODE Testing a diode is quite simple, particularly if the multi-meter used has a diode check function. With the diode check function a specific known voltage is applied from the meter across the diode. With the diode check function a good diode will show approximately 0.7 V or 0.3 V when forward biased. When checking in reverse bias the full applied testing voltage will be sent on the display. An ohm-meter can be used to check the forward and reverse resistance of a diode if the ohm-meter has enough voltage to force the diode into conduction. Of course, in forward biased connection low resistance will be seen and in reverse biased connecting high. 9

OPEN DIODE In the case of an open diode no current flows in either direction which is indicated by the full checking voltage with the diode check function or high resistance using an ohmmeter in both forward and reverse connections. SHORTED DIODE In the case of a shorted diode maximum current flows indicated by 0V with the diode check function or low resistance with an ohm-meter in both forward and reverse connections. 10

EXPERIMENT NO 03 MEASURE AND PLOT THE FORWARD AND REVERSE CHARACTERISTICS OF A TYPICAL PN JUNCTION DIODE USING AN DIGITAL VOLT-METER THEORY Figure 1 Junction diode being impressed forward and reverse voltage Semi-conductor diode allows the current to pass through in one direction but almost not in opposite direction. Because while it has low forward resistance, high reverse resistance. All semi-conductor diode generally has one-directional characteristic. FORWARD CURRENT The status connecting power to p side of pn junction diode with +, and to n side with as Figure 1(a) is called as being applied forward voltage or forward bias. At this time, current (forward current) flows through the diode. The fact that the hole of p field flows to n field and the electron of n field to p field vigorously makes big current I flowing from p to n. 11

REVERSE CURRENT The status adding external voltage to n side +, to p side as Figure 1(b) is called as being applied reverse voltage or reverse bias. At this time, very weak reverse saturation current flows from n to p field through diode. This current reaches to maximum value very easily and increasing reverse voltage doesn t increase this current more than that value. So we call it reverse saturation current. Figure 2 Forward v-i characteristic of power-junction diode PROCEDURE: Figure 3 12

1. Connect the circuits as shown in figure a and figure b 2. Connect current meter in series with resistor and diode and establish the circuit as Figure 3(a) to measure the forward current of diode. Measure the forward current (IF) as changing input voltage as table 1 and record it. 3. Connect current meter in series with resistor and diode to establish the circuit as Figure 3(b) to measure the reverse current of diode. Measure the reverse current (IA) as changing input voltage as table 1 and record it. 4. Draw forward and reverse current characteristic curve using the measured value of Table 1. (Graph 1 and 2) Table-1 Current Ge Diode Si Diode Input Voltage 1V Forward (IF) Forward (VF) Reverse (IR) Reverse (VR) Forward (IF) Forward (VF) Reverse (IR) Reverse (VR) 2V 3V 4V 5V 6V 7V 8V 13

Graph-1 (Si) Graph-2 (Si) 14

Graph-1 (Ge) Graph-2 (Ge) 15

EXPERIMENT NO 04 TO CONSTRUCT A HALF-WAVE RECTIFIER CIRCUIT AND TO CHECK ITS OUTPUT WAVEFORM ON OSCILLOSCOPE THEORY HALF-WAVE RECTIFIER Rectifier is the diode used in converting AC to DC and this process is rectification. The basic way of rectification is half-wave rectifier circuit shown in Figure 1. When the secondary voltage of transformer is positive half period ( V AB is +), diode D 1 becomes forward bias. Because it represents very low resistance value toward voltage source, so most of the secondary voltage appears both sides of load R L. Silicon and germanium are representative forward biased diode. The step-down range of silicon diode is from 0.5V to 1.0V and that of germanium diode is from 0.2V to 0.6V. Most of stepdown is ignored to make the interpretation of circuit simple. Especially when power supply is very high, forward step-down of diode becomes very small toward output voltage. 1 Figure 1(b) explains the action of half-wave rectifier. Note that the fact that output becomes 0 when the voltage of transformer ( V AB ) is negative (-). It is because diode becomes a backward bias (added anode toward cathode). It is the same as open circuit ideally. Average DC voltage ( V dc ) is the same as 0.318 times ( 0318. = 1/ π ) of maximum value. Most of voltage meter displays average value. So it indicates 0.318 times of maximum voltage toward half-wave rectifier. But effective value must be used to calculate power. The effective voltage toward half-wave rectifier circuit is 0.5 times of maximum 16

value. In case of half-wave; This 2 way of displaying voltage may cause some confusion. Fortunately, effective value and average value is mostly equal in general DC current. Therefore you may not worry about that. Average current I 0 is the current taken by dividing average voltage of load by load resistance. Step-down is so small in forward bias. But maximum input voltage appears as the step-down of both sides of diode in backward bias. We call it as Peak Reverse Voltage (PRV). Every diode has maximum allowable PRV rating which must not be exceeded and when the exceeding is happens, the factor extinguished. The voltage of diode V AC in Figure 1(b) follows V AB in backward bias. Therefore diode has very high resistance value. And note that step-down ( V AC ) is not 0 but a small positive value. It is a forward step-down of diode and generally it is less than 1V. APPARATUS: 1. Low-voltage AC power supply 2. One 1N4001 diode 3. Resistance 100Ω 4. Oscilloscope The diode need not be an exact model 1N4001. Any of the "1N400X" series of rectifying diodes are suitable for the task 17

SCHEMATIC DIAGRAM: PROCEDURE: FIGURE -2 1. Connect the diode to the low-voltage AC power supply as shown in a figure. Note that the resistor uses to limit the current. 2. Connect CH1 of oscilloscope to Input and CH2 to Output/Load Resistance of a circuit. 3. Switch on the oscilloscope and the sinusoidal supply. 4. Sketch the input waveform INPUT WAVEFORM 19

5. Measure and record time T, peak voltage Vp and peak to peak voltage Vpp of Input supply T= Vp: Vpp 6. With the oscilloscope DC. Coupled adjust the time-base and the Y amplifier sensitivity. 7. Sketch the waveform and label it to show the periods when the diode is conducting and those when it is not. Time T depends upon the frequency of your power supply. OUTPUT WAVEFORM 8. Measure and record time T and peak voltage Vp of output T= Vp: 9. Confirm this Vp should be very nearly equal to the peak voltage of the alternating supply. 20

COMMENTS: 21

EXPERIMENT NO 05 TO CONSTRUCT A FULL-WAVE CENTER-TAP RECTIFIER CIRCUIT & TO CHECK AND MEASURE THE INPUT & OUTPUTS WAVE FORMS ON OSCILLOSCOPE THEORY: More useful and effective way of converting AC to DC is using both positive and negative range of AC input signal. There are 2 kinds of circuit to use to do this. Figure-1 shows a circuit among the two. Because this method uses all of input wave type as DC output, it is known as full-wave rectification. Center-tap rectifier in Figure-1 uses secondary winding having center-tap. When the polarity of voltage is the same as figure, anode has a positive polarity toward cathode. So D 1 becomes a forward bias and conduction status. On the contrary, D 2 becomes a backward bias and non-conduction status. Therefore only D 1 supplies the current to load. Figure-1 Because the polarity of secondary voltage of transformer is inverted in the next half cycle of AC, so everything is in opposition to above condition. Therefore, D 1 becomes backward bias and D 2 becomes forward bias, then D 2 supplies current to load. Because each diode is insulation status during only the half cycle (by half cycle in turn), load current which is double the current of half-wave rectifying. Figure -2 shows its output wave type. Note that double the increase of frequency appears in output 22

substantially. It is because cycle of output wave type T is the half of AC input signal. Remember that frequency is the reciprocal of cycle. ( f =1/ T ). Center tap circuit has been the most general full-wave rectifying circuit but, bridge circuit becomes most general owing to the appearance of silicon diode having low price, high reliability and small size. Figure- 3: I/O waveforms of full wave rectifier 23

The reason is in the fact that it enables to cut down the size of transformer needed in getting the degree of output as well as center tap. Current flows in turn by dividing secondary side of transformer half and half during each half cycle of main-sub in center tap circuit. During this one cycle of the input sine wave, two positive DC pulses have been developed. With this Condition, the output frequency has doubled. If the input frequency is 50 hertz, the positive alternation will be present 50 times. After the full-wave rectification, there will be 100 positive pulses at the output. If the DC output signal is measured with a multi-meter, the indication will be the average value of the peak signal. To determine the average value of a full-wave rectified signal, multiply the peak value by 0.636 Example: VAVG = VP * 0.636 Input peak value = 10 V AC 10 V AC x 0.636 = 6.36 V DC 24

APPARATUS: 1. Low-voltage AC power supply 2. Two 1N4001 diode 3. Resistance 1KΩ 4. Oscilloscope The diodes need not be exact model 1N4001 units. Any of the "1N400X" series of rectifying diodes are suitable for the task, and they are quite easy to obtain. SCHEMATIC DIAGRAM PROCEDURE: 1. Connect the diodes to the low-voltage AC power supply as shown in a figure. 2. Connect CH1 of Oscilloscope to Input and CH2 to Output/Load Resistance of a circuit. 3. Switch on the oscilloscope and the sinusoidal supply. 4. Sketch the input waveform 25

INPUT WAVEFORM 5. Measure and record time T, peak voltage Vp and peak to peak voltage Vpp of Input supply T= Vp: Vpp 6. With the oscilloscope DC. Coupled adjust the time-base and the Y amplifier sensitivity. 7. Sketch the output waveform and label it to show the periods when the diode D1 is conducting and when the diode D2 is conducting those. Time T depends upon the frequency of your power supply. OUTPUT WAVEFORM 8. Measure and record time T and peak voltage Vp of an output supply. T= Vp: 26

COMMENTS: 27

EXPERIMENT NO 06 INTRODUCTION OF PROTEUS SOFTWARE 28

EXPERIMENT NO 07 TO CONSTRUCT A FULL-WAVE BRIDGE RECTIFIER CIRCUIT AND TO CHECK AND MEASURE THE INPUT AND OUTPUTS WAVE FORMS ON OSCILLOSCOPE THEORY: A basic full-wave bridge rectifier is illustrated in Figure 1. Figure 1 Basic Full-Wave Bridge Rectifier A full wave bridge rectifier has one advantage over the conventional full-wave rectifier: the amplitude of the output signal. The frequency of the positive pulses will be the same in either rectifier. When the output signal is taken from a bridge rectifier, it is taken across the entire potential of the transformer; thus, the output signal will be twice the amplitude of a conventional full-wave rectifier. For the first half cycle of a bridge rectifier, refer to Figure 2. Figure 2 Full Wave Bridge Rectifier (First Half-Wave Cycle Operation) 29

During the first half cycle of the input signal, a positive potential is felt at Point A and a negative potential is felt at Point B. Under this condition, a positive potential is felt on the anode of D 2 and on the cathode of D 1. D 2 will be forward-biased, while D 1 will be reverse-biased. Also, a negative potential will be placed on the cathode of D 3 and the anode of D 4. D 3 will be forward-biased, while D 4 will be reverse biased. With D 3 and D 2 forward-biased, a path for current flow has been developed. The current will flow from the lower side of the transformer to Point D. D 3 is forward-biased, so current will flow through D 3 to Point E, from Point E to the bottom of the load resistor, and up to Point F. R3 is forward biased, so current will flow through D 2, to Point C, and to Point A. The difference of potential across the secondary of the transformer causes the current to flow. Diodes D 3 and D 2 are forward-biased, so very little resistance is offered to the current flow by these components. Also, the resistance of the transformer is very small, so approximately all the applied potential will be developed across the load resistor. If the potential from Point A to Point B of the transformer is 24 volts, the output developed across the load resistor will be a positive pulse approximately 24 volts in amplitude. Figure 3. Full-Wave Bridge Rectifier (Second Cycle Operation) When the next alternation of the input is felt (Figure 3), the potential across the transformer reverses polarity. Now, a negative potential is felt at Point A and a positive potential is felt at Point B. With a negative felt at Point C, D 1 will have a negative on the cathode and D 2 will have a negative on the anode. A positive at Point D will be felt on the anode of D 4 and the cathode of D 3. D 1 and D 4 will be forward-biased and will create a path for current flow. D 3 and D 2 will be reverse-biased, so no current will flow. The path for current flow is from Point A to Point C, through D 1 to Point E, to the lower side of the load resistor, through the load resistor to Point 30

F, through D 4 to Point D, and to the lower side of T1. Current flows because of the full potential being present across the entire transformer; therefore, the current through the load resistor will develop the complete voltage potential. The frequency of the output pulses will be twice that of the input pulses because both cycles of the input AC voltage are being used to produce an output. APPARATUS: 1. Low-voltage AC power supply 2. Four 1N4001 diode 3. Resistance 1KΩ 4. Oscilloscope The diodes need not be exact model 1N4001 units. Any of the "1N400X" series of rectifying diodes are suitable for the task, and they are quite easy to obtain. SCHEMATIC DIAGRAM Figure PROCEDURE: 1. Connect the diodes to the low-voltage AC power supply as shown in a figure. 2. Connect CH1 of Oscilloscope to Input and CH2 to Output/Load Resistance of a circuit. 3. Switch on the oscilloscope and the sinusoidal supply. 4. Sketch the input waveform 31

INPUT WAVEFORM 5. Measure and record time T, peak voltage Vp and peak to peak voltage Vpp of Input supply T= Vp: Vpp 6. With the oscilloscope DC. Coupled adjust the time-base and the Y amplifier sensitivity. 7. Sketch the output waveform and label it to show the periods when the diode D1 and D4 are conducting and when the diode D2 and D3 are conducting those. Time T depends upon the frequency of your power supply. 8. Sketch the output waveform during positive Half Cycle 32

9. Sketch the output waveform during negative Half Cycle 10. Sketch the output waveform OUTPUT WAVEFORM 11. Measure and record time T and peak voltage Vp of an output supply. T= Vp: 12. Compare Input and output voltages. 33

COMMENTS: 34

EXPERIMENT NO 08 TO CHECK THE EFFECTS OF FILTER CAPACITANCE ON DC OUTPUT VOLTAGE AND RIPPLE ON OSCILLOSCOPE THEORY: The Capacitor Filter The simple capacitor filter is the most basic type of power supply filter. The use of this filter is very limited. It is sometimes used on extremely high-voltage, low-current power supplies that require very little load current from the supply. This filter is also used in circuits where the power-supply ripple frequency is not critical and can be relatively high. The simple capacitor filter shown in figure 1 consists of a single-filter element. This capacitor (C) is connected across the output of the rectifier bridge in parallel with the load. The RC charge time of the filter capacitor (C) must be short and the RC discharge time must be long to eliminate ripple action when using this filter. In other words, the capacitor must charge up fast with preferably no discharge at all. Better filtering also results when the frequency is high; therefore, the full-wave rectifier output is easier to filter than the half-wave rectifier because of its higher frequency. Figure 1. - Full-wave rectifier with a capacitor filter The value of the capacitor is fairly large (several microfarads). When the pulsating voltage is first applied to the circuit, the capacitor charges rapidly and almost reaches the peak value of the rectified voltage within the first few cycles. The capacitor attempts to charge to the peak value of the rectified voltage anytime a diode is conducting, and tends to retain its 35

charge when the rectifier output falls to zero. (The capacitor cannot discharge immediately). The capacitor slowly discharges through the load resistance (R L ) during the time the rectifier is not conducting. The rate of discharge of the capacitor is determined by the value of capacitance and the value of the load resistance. If the capacitance and load resistance values are large, the RC discharge time for the circuit is relatively long. When the circuit is energized, the diode conducts on the positive half cycle and current flows through the circuit allowing C to charge. C will charge to approximately the peak value of the input voltage. The charge is less than the peak value because of the voltage drop across diodes. If fewer ripples are desired under heavy-load conditions, a larger capacitor may be used. APPARATUS: 1. Low-voltage AC power supply 2. Four 1N4001 diode 3. Capacitor 36

4. Oscilloscope The diodes need not be exact model 1N4001 units. Any of the "1N400X" series of rectifying diodes are suitable for the task, and they are quite easy to obtain. A larger capacitor value is fine to use in this experiment, so long as its working voltage is high enough. To be safe, choose a capacitor with a working voltage rating at least twice the RMS AC voltage output of the low-voltage AC power supply SCHEMATIC DIAGRAM INSTRUCTIONS: 1. Construct the bridge rectifier circuit by using rectifying diodes and RC smoothing circuit and connect it to the low-voltage AC power supply as shown in a figure. 2. Connect CH1 of Oscilloscope to Input and CH2 to Output of a circuit. 3. Switch on the oscilloscope and the sinusoidal supply. 4. Sketch the input waveform 37

INPUT WAVEFORM 5. With the oscilloscope DC. Coupled adjust the time-base and the Y amplifier sensitivity. 6. Check the output waveform when filtering capacitance is not connected and Sketch it. 7. Now connect filtering capacitance on Output side and check the output on oscilloscope and sketch it. 38

8. By changing RC change the Load and checks the effect on output waveform also sketches the output waveform. COMMENTS: 39

EXPERIMENT NO 09 SOFTWARE SIMULATION Verify Experiment 4 (Half Wave Rectifier), Experiment 5 (Full Wave Center tapped Rectifier), Experiment 6 (Full Wave Bridge Rectifier), Experiment 8 (Full Wave Bridge Rectifier with RC filter circuit) by the use of Proteus also submit a printout of a proper labeled schematic. 40

EXPERIMENT NO 10 ZENER DIODE OBJECTIVES: To study the characteristics of zener diode To study the voltage regulation in zener diode regulating circuit APPARATUS: 1. DC Power supply 2. Low-voltage AC power supply 3. Zener Diode 6V,9V 4. Resistance 0.1K, 1K, 3.3K 5. Oscilloscope Part A: Zener diode characteristics PROCEDURE: 1. Construct the circuit of figure. Set the DC supply to 0V and record the measured value of R Figure-1 2. Set the DC supply (E) to the values appearing in Table 1 and measure both V Z and V R. Calculate the zener current, I Z using Ohm s law given in the table and complete the table. 3. Plot I Z versus V Z using data in table 1 on graph paper. 41

R (Measured) = Table: Volts 0 1 3 5 7 9 11 13 15 V Z (V) V R (V) I Z = V R / R meas (ma) Graph: 42

Part B: Zener diode Regulation 1. Construct the circuit of figure-2. Record the measured value of each resistor. Figure -2 2. Measure the value of V L and V R. Using the measured values, calculate the value for current through R, I R and R L, I L and current through zener diode I Z. 3. Checks the output waveform on oscilloscope also sketch the output waveform. R (measured) = V R (measured) = R L (measured) = V L (measured) = I R -V R /R = I L = V L / R L = I Z = I R - I L = 43

4. Change R L to 3.3Kohm and repeat step 2. 5. After changing load resistance Check the output waveform on oscilloscope also sketch it Change RL to 3.3K ohm R L (measured) = V R (measured) = V L (measured) = I R -V R /R = I L = V L / R L = I Z = I R - I L = 6. Comment on the results obtained in steps 2 and 3. PROTEUS Instruction 1. Construct the circuit in fig 2 using PROTEUS 2. Find the Values of V L, V R, I Z, I L and I R when R L =1K ohm. 3. Change R L to 3.3K ohm; find the same values as step 2. 44

EXPERIMENT NO 11 SERIES CLIPPERS Part-A: Series Un-Biased Clipper. APPARATUS: 1. Low-voltage AC power supply 2. One 1N4001 diode 3. Resistors(100-ohm, 1k-ohm) 4. Oscilloscope The diodes need not be exact model 1N4001 units. Any of the "1N400X" series of rectifying diodes are suitable for the task, and they are quite easy to obtain. Circuit Diagram PROCEDURE: Figure-1 1. Connect the diode to the low-voltage AC power supply as shown in a figure. Note that the resistor uses to limit the current. 2. Connect CH1 of oscilloscope to Input and CH2 to Output/Load Resistance of a circuit. 3. Switch on the oscilloscope and the sinusoidal supply. 4. Sketch the input waveform 45

Part-B: Series Biased Clipper. APPARATUS: 1. Low-voltage AC power supply 2. One 1N4001 diode 3. Resistors(100-ohm, 1k-ohm) 4. Oscilloscope The diodes need not be exact model 1N4001 units. Any of the "1N400X" series of rectifying diodes are suitable for the task, and they are quite easy to obtain. Circuit Diagram PROCEDURE: Figure-2 1. Connect the diode to the low-voltage AC power supply as shown in a figure. Note that the resistor uses to limit the current. 2. Connect CH1 of oscilloscope to Input and CH2 to Output/Load Resistance of a circuit. 3. Switch on the oscilloscope and the sinusoidal supply. 4. Sketch the input waveform 47

COMMENTS: SOFTWARE SIMULATION Construct the circuit in Figure-1 & Figure-2 by the use of Proteus Software also Submit a printout of a proper labeled schematic. Include hand calculation. 49

ASSIGNMENT Construct the circuit in Figure-1, 2, 3 &4 by the use of Proteus Software also Submit a printout of a proper labeled schematic. Include hand calculation. Figure-1 Figure-2 Figure-3 Figure-4 50

EXPERIMENT NO 12 Part-A: Parallel Un-Biased Clipper. APPARATUS: Parallel Clippers 1. Low-voltage AC power supply 2. One 1N4001 diode 3. Resistors(100-ohm, 1k-ohm) 4. Oscilloscope The diodes need not be exact model 1N4001 units. Any of the "1N400X" series of rectifying diodes are suitable for the task, and they are quite easy to obtain. Circuit Diagram PROCEDURE: Figure-1 1. Connect the diode to the low-voltage AC power supply as shown in a figure. Note that the resistor uses to limit the current. 2. Connect CH1 of oscilloscope to Input and CH2 to Output/Load Resistance of a circuit. 3. Switch on the oscilloscope and the sinusoidal supply. 4. Sketch the input waveform 51

Part-B: Parallel Biased Clipper. APPARATUS: 1. Low-voltage AC power supply 2. One 1N4001 diode 3. Resistors(100-ohm, 1k-ohm) 4. Oscilloscope The diodes need not be exact model 1N4001 units. Any of the "1N400X" series of rectifying diodes are suitable for the task, and they are quite easy to obtain. Circuit Diagram PROCEDURE: Figure-2 1. Connect the diode to the low-voltage AC power supply as shown in a figure. Note that the resistor uses to limit the current. 2. Connect CH1 of oscilloscope to Input and CH2 to Output/Load Resistance of a circuit. 3. Switch on the oscilloscope and the sinusoidal supply. 4. Sketch the input waveform 53

COMMENTS: SOFTWARE SIMULATION Construct the circuit in Figure-1 & Figure-2 by the use of Proteus Software also Submit a printout of a proper labeled schematic. Include hand calculation. 55

EXPERIMENT NO 13 ZENER DIODE AS CLIPPER APPARATUS: 1. Low-voltage AC power supply 2. Zener Diode 6V,9V 3. Resistance 100 Ohm, 1K 4. Oscilloscope Note: Zener diode can use for limiting just as normal diode. The difference to consider for a zener limiter is its zener breakdown characteristics. PROCEDURE: 1. Construct the circuit as shown in figure. Figure 2. Connect CH1 of oscilloscope on Input. Checks the input waveform on oscilloscope also sketch the input waveform. 56

3. Connect CH2 of oscilloscope on output side and checks the output waveform on oscilloscope also sketch it. COMMENTS: SOFTWARE SIMULATION Construct the circuit in Figure by the use of Proteus Software also Submit a printout of a proper labeled schematic. Include hand calculation. 57

EXPERIMENT NO 14 Unbiased Clamper APPARATUS: 1. Low-voltage AC power supply 2. One 1N4001 diode 3. Resistor 1k-ohm 4. Capacitor 5. Oscilloscope The diodes need not be exact model 1N4001 units. Any of the "1N400X" series of rectifying diodes are suitable for the task, and they are quite easy to obtain. Circuit Diagram PROCEDURE: Figure 1. Connect the diode to the low-voltage AC power supply as shown in a figure. Note that the resistor uses to limit the current. 2. Connect CH1 of oscilloscope to Input and CH2 to Output/Load Resistance of a circuit. 3. Switch on the oscilloscope and the sinusoidal supply. 4. Sketch the input waveform 58

COMMENTS: SOFTWARE SIMULATION Construct the circuit in Figure by the use of Proteus Software also Submit a printout of a proper labeled schematic. Include hand calculation. 60

EXPERIMENT NO 15 Biased Clamper APPARATUS: 1. Low-voltage AC power supply 2. One 1N4001 diode 3. Resistor 1k-ohm 4. Capacitor 5. Oscilloscope The diodes need not be exact model 1N4001 units. Any of the "1N400X" series of rectifying diodes are suitable for the task, and they are quite easy to obtain. Circuit Diagram PROCEDURE: Figure 1. Connect the diode to the low-voltage AC power supply as shown in a figure. Note that the resistor uses to limit the current. 2. Connect CH1 of oscilloscope to Input and CH2 to Output/Load Resistance of a circuit. 3. Switch on the oscilloscope and the sinusoidal supply. 4. Sketch the input waveform 61

COMMENTS: SOFTWARE SIMULATION Construct the circuit in Figure by the use of Proteus Software also Submit a printout of a proper labeled schematic. Include hand calculation 63