WCDMA -- Requirements and Practical Design

WCDMA -- Requirements and Practical Design Edited by Rudolf Tanner and Jason Woodard UbiNetics Ltd, UK

WCDMA -- Requirements and Practical Design

WCDMA -- Requirements and Practical Design Edited by Rudolf Tanner and Jason Woodard UbiNetics Ltd, UK

Copyright C 2004 John Wiley & Sons Ltd, The Atrium, Southern Gate, Chichester, West Sussex PO19 8SQ, England Telephone (+44) 1243 779777 Email (for orders and customer service enquiries): cs-books@wiley.co.uk Visit our Home Page on www.wileyeurope.com or www.wiley.com All Rights Reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, scanning or otherwise, except under the terms of the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988 or under the terms of a licence issued by the Copyright Licensing Agency Ltd, 90 Tottenham Court Road, London W1T 4LP, UK, without the permission in writing of the Publisher. Requests to the Publisher should be addressed to the Permissions Department, John Wiley & Sons Ltd, The Atrium, Southern Gate, Chichester, West Sussex PO19 8SQ, England, or emailed to permreq@wiley.co.uk, or faxed to (+44) 1243 770620. This publication is designed to provide accurate and authoritative information in regard to the subject matter covered. It is sold on the understanding that the Publisher is not engaged in rendering professional services. If professional advice or other expert assistance is required, the services of a competent professional should be sought. Other Wiley Editorial Offices John Wiley & Sons Inc., 111 River Street, Hoboken, NJ 07030, USA Jossey-Bass, 989 Market Street, San Francisco, CA 94103-1741, USA Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH, Boschstr. 12, D-69469 Weinheim, Germany John Wiley & Sons Australia Ltd, 33 Park Road, Milton, Queensland 4064, Australia John Wiley & Sons (Asia) Pte Ltd, 2 Clementi Loop #02-01, Jin Xing Distripark, Singapore 129809 John Wiley & Sons Canada Ltd, 22 Worcester Road, Etobicoke, Ontario, Canada M9W 1L1 Wiley also publishes its books in a variety of electronic formats. Some of the content that appears in print may not be available in electronic books. British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library ISBN 0-470-86177-0 Typeset in 10/12pt Times by TechBooks, New Delhi, India Printed and Bound in Great Britain by TJ International Ltd, Padstow, Cornwall. This book is printed on acid-free paper responsibly manufactured from sustainable forestry in which at least two trees are planted for each one used for paper production.

To the people who call a spade a spade. RT I would like to dedicate this book to Katherine and William. JPW

Contents Preface Acknowledgements Abbreviations page xvii xix xxi 1 Introduction 1 1.1 Evolution and Revolution of Mobile Telephony 1 1.1.1 The Cellular Revolution 1 1.1.2 The Growth of Cellular Technology 5 1.2 The Third Generation Partnership Project 9 1.2.1 3GPP Background 9 1.2.2 3GPP Standardization Organization 10 1.2.3 3GPP Standard Releases 11 1.2.4 3GPP Standards Evolution 12 1.3 3GPP Terminology 13 1.4 The Journey of a Bit 14 1.5 Structure of the Book 18 2 RF and Baseband Processing 19 2.1 Introduction 19 2.2 UMTS Radio Requirements 20 2.2.1 Receiver Performance Requirements 21 2.2.2 Transmitter Performance Requirements 21

viii CONTENTS 2.2.3 Frequency Bands and Channel Arrangements 21 2.2.4 Radio Architecture Overview 23 2.3 Receiver RF Design 25 2.3.1 Direct Conversion Receiver 26 2.3.2 Direct Conversion and Even-Order Distortion 27 2.3.3 Transmit Leakage and IP2 28 2.3.4 Receiver Sensitivity 30 2.3.5 Adjacent Channel Selectivity 31 2.3.6 Blocking and IP3 33 2.3.7 Spurious Emissions and LO Leakage 36 2.4 Receiver Baseband Design 36 2.4.1 Baseband Demodulation Performance 37 2.4.2 Pre ADC Signal Conditioning 39 2.4.3 Analogue to Digital Conversion 40 2.4.4 Receive Pulse Shape Filtering 42 2.4.5 Automatic Gain Control and Reference Point 46 2.4.6 Additional Receiver Signal Processing Functions 48 2.5 Transmitter Baseband Design 48 2.5.1 Baseband Modulation 48 2.5.2 Pre Digital to Analogue Conversion Signal Processing 50 2.5.3 Digital to Analogue Conversion 51 2.5.4 Post Conversion Processing 52 2.6 Transmitter RF Design 52 2.6.1 RF Up Conversion 52 2.6.2 Transmitter Direct up Conversion 54 2.6.3 Transmitter IF Based up Conversion 55 2.6.4 Transmitter Spurious and Noise Emissions 56 2.6.5 Transmitter Distortion and ACLR 56 2.6.6 Key Isolation Issues 57 2.6.7 Transmitter Power Control and Calibration 59 2.6.8 The Power Amplifier 61 2.6.9 Power Efficiency Enhancement 62 2.7 Future Trends 64 3 Physical Layer Chip Rate Processing 67 3.1 Introduction 67 3.1.1 Code Division Multiple Access 67 3.1.2 The WCDMA Air Interface 68 3.1.3 Role of Chip Rate Processing 69 3.2 Spreading and Scrambling 70 3.2.1 Spreading 71 3.2.2 Scrambling 74

CONTENTS ix 3.3 Physical Channels 75 3.3.1 Synchronization and Channel Estimation Channels 75 3.3.2 Cell Broadcast Channels 78 3.3.3 Dedicated Channels 79 3.3.4 Packet and Indicator Channels 82 3.3.5 Overview of Physical Channel Timing 84 3.4 The Receiver 84 3.4.1 Overview 84 3.4.2 RAKE Receiver Overview 85 3.4.3 RAKE Fingers 86 3.4.4 The Combiner 90 3.4.5 RAKE Architectures 91 3.4.6 RAKE Control 92 3.5 Cell Search 95 3.5.1 P-SCH Detection 96 3.5.2 S-SCH Detection 96 3.5.3 Cell ID Detection 97 3.5.4 P-CCPCH Transmit Diversity Status Identification 97 3.6 Power Control 98 3.6.1 Inner Loop Power Control 99 3.6.2 Outer Loop Power Control 101 3.6.3 Other Power Control Mechanisms 101 3.7 Handover 101 3.7.1 Introduction 101 3.7.2 Soft and Softer Handover 102 3.7.3 Hard Handover 103 3.7.4 SSDT 103 3.8 Transmit Diversity in the Downlink 104 3.8.1 Background 104 3.8.2 Open Loop Transmit Diversity 105 3.8.3 Closed Loop Transmit Diversity 106 3.9 Physical Layer Procedures 107 3.9.1 RACH Procedure 107 3.9.2 CPCH Procedure 108 3.9.3 PICH/PCH Procedure 109 3.9.4 DSCH Procedure 109 3.10 Measurements 109 3.10.1 Overview 109 3.10.2 Cell Measurements 110 3.10.3 Radio Link Measurements 112 3.10.4 Transport Channel Measurements 112

x CONTENTS 3.11 Compressed Mode 112 3.11.1 Introduction 112 3.11.2 Effects on CRP: an Overview 115 3.11.3 Compressed Mode Support in RAKE Fingers 115 3.11.4 Effects of Compressed Mode on the Combiner 118 3.11.5 Power Control in Compressed Mode 118 3.11.6 Transmit Diversity in Compressed Mode 120 3.11.7 Measurements in Compressed Mode 121 4 Physical Layer Bit Rate Processing 123 4.1 Introduction 123 4.1.1 Frequently Used Symbols 124 4.2 Transport Channels, Formats and Combinations 124 4.2.1 Example TFCS 127 4.3 Overview of the Bit Rate Processing Chain 129 4.3.1 BRP Chain in the Uplink 130 4.3.2 BRP Chain in the Downlink 132 4.3.3 Cyclic Redundancy Check Codes 135 4.3.4 Channel Coding and Code Block Segmentation 137 4.3.5 TrCH Interleaving 138 4.3.6 TrCH Multiplexing and Second DTX Insertion 140 4.3.7 PhCH Segmentation and Interleaving 141 4.4 Rate Matching 142 4.4.1 Rate Matching Patterns 143 4.4.2 Uplink Rate Matching 145 4.4.3 Downlink Rate Matching 148 4.5 Convolutional Encoding and Decoding 153 4.5.1 Convolutional Encoding 153 4.5.2 Terminology 156 4.5.3 Decoding of Convolutionally Encoded Data: the Viterbi Algorithm 156 4.5.4 Example Viterbi Decoding 160 4.5.5 Use of Other Metrics in the Viterbi Algorithm 160 4.5.6 Implementation of the Viterbi Algorithm 161 4.5.7 Performance Results 165 4.6 Turbo Encoding and Decoding 167 4.6.1 Encoder 167 4.6.2 Turbo Decoder Structure 169 4.6.3 The SOVA Decoder 173 4.6.4 Turbo Decoding Example 175 4.6.5 The Max Log MAP Algorithm 183 4.6.6 Turbo Interleaver Choice 184 4.6.7 Implementation of Turbo Decoders 185 4.6.8 Performance Results for Turbo Coding 187

CONTENTS xi 4.7 TFC Detection 188 4.7.1 TFCI Transmission and Reception 189 4.7.2 Blind Transport Format Detection (BTFD) 190 4.8 Compressed Mode and the BRP 192 4.8.1 Compressed Mode Effects on Downlink BRP 193 4.8.2 Compressed Mode Effects on the Uplink BRP 195 4.9 BRP Limitations for Different TrCHs and CCTrCHs 196 4.10 Conclusions 197 5 Type Approval Testing: A Case Study 199 5.1 Introduction 199 5.2 History: the Making of the 3GPP DPCH BLER Requirements 202 5.3 Lab Testing 202 5.3.1 Typical Test Configuration for Downlink Fading Tests 202 5.3.2 Selecting Test Equipment 203 5.3.3 Downlink Reference Measurement Channel Test Signal 207 5.3.4 Propagation Channels 210 5.3.5 Test Environment and Test Uncertainty 213 5.3.6 Test Requirements 216 5.3.7 Lab Testing 217 5.4 Exemplary Measurement Results 218 6 Medium Access Control 221 6.1 Introduction 221 6.1.1 Data Exchange Between RLC and the Physical Layer 222 6.1.2 Selection of TFC for Transmission 225 6.1.3 RACH Transmission Control 225 6.1.4 Traffic Volume Measurements 225 6.1.5 Ciphering 225 6.2 MAC Functional Partitioning 226 6.2.1 MAC Configuration 226 6.2.2 MAC Rx/Tx 227 6.2.3 MAC Measurements 229 6.3 MAC Receive Functionality 230 6.3.1 Reception on BCH 231 6.3.2 Reception on PCH 231 6.3.3 Reception on FACH 231 6.3.4 Reception on DCH 232 6.3.5 Reception on DSCH 233 6.3.6 Deciphering 233 6.4 MAC Transmit Functionality 234 6.4.1 TFC Selection 234 6.4.2 Transmission on DCH 235 6.4.3 Transmission on RACH 236

xii CONTENTS 6.4.4 MAC Headers on RACH 237 6.4.5 Ciphering 238 7 Radio Link Control 239 7.1 Introduction 239 7.2 Transparent Data Transfer Service 243 7.2.1 Transparent Mode Transmit Entity (TM-TX) 243 7.2.2 Transparent Mode Receive Entity (TM-RX) 244 7.2.3 TMD PDU Schema 244 7.2.4 Transparent Mode Data Transmission 244 7.2.5 Transparent Mode Data Reception 244 7.2.6 Transparent Mode Discard 245 7.3 Unacknowledged Data Transfer Service 245 7.3.1 Unacknowledged Mode Transmit Entity (UM-TX) 245 7.3.2 Unacknowledged Mode Receive Entity (UM-RX) 246 7.3.3 UMD PDU Schema 247 7.3.4 Unacknowledged Mode Data Transmission 249 7.3.5 Unacknowledged Mode Data Reception 249 7.3.6 Unacknowledged Mode Discard 249 7.4 Acknowledged Data Transfer Service 250 7.4.1 Acknowledged Mode Transmit Entity (AM-TX) 250 7.4.2 Acknowledged Mode Receive Entity (AM-RX) 252 7.4.3 AM PDU Schema 252 7.4.4 Acknowledged Mode Transmission 254 7.4.5 Acknowledged Mode Reception 255 7.4.6 Control PDU Reception 256 7.4.7 Error Correction 257 7.4.8 Error Recovery 258 7.4.9 Automatic Repeat Request Mechanism 258 8 PDCP 261 8.1 Introduction 261 8.2 Overall Architecture 263 8.3 PDCP Interface 264 8.3.1 CPDCP 264 8.3.2 UPDCP 267 8.3.3 PDCP DATA REQ 267 8.4 Header Compression 268 8.4.1 Packet Identifier Value PID 268 8.4.2 IP Header Compression (RFC 2507) 269 8.4.3 Robust Header Compression (RFC 3095) 270 8.5 SRNS Relocation 271 8.5.1 Interpretation of Lossless SRNS Relocation 271 8.5.2 Lossless SRNS Relocation 271

CONTENTS xiii 8.5.3 PDCP Sequence Numbering 272 8.5.4 SDU Management in a Lossless PDCP Entity 272 8.5.5 Sequence Number Exchange During a Relocation 273 8.5.6 PDCP SN Synchronization Procedure 273 8.6 PDCP Header Formats 273 8.6.1 PDCP no Header PDU 274 8.6.2 PDCP DATA PDU 274 8.6.3 PDCP Sequence Number PDU 274 8.6.4 PDCP Header Fields 275 8.7 Handling an Invalid PDU Type and PID 276 9 Broadcast/Multicast Control 277 9.1 Introduction 277 9.2 CTCH Scheduling 279 9.2.1 Level 1 Scheduling 279 9.2.2 Level 2 Scheduling 279 9.3 BMC Operation 280 9.3.1 BMC Activation 280 9.3.2 Message Handling 280 9.3.3 BMC Deactivation 283 10 RRC 285 10.1 Introduction 285 10.1.1 Architecture 286 10.1.2 Functionality 289 10.2 Cell Selection and Reselection 292 10.2.1 PLMN Selection and Reselection 292 10.2.2 Cell Selection and Reselection in Idle Mode 292 10.2.3 Cell Reselection in Connected Mode 293 10.3 Reception of Broadcast System Information 294 10.3.1 Reception of System Information 294 10.3.2 System Information Blocks 296 10.3.3 Modification of System Information 297 10.4 Paging and Notification 298 10.4.1 Paging in Idle Mode 298 10.4.2 Paging in Connected Mode 298 10.4.3 Paging in Idle Mode 299 10.5 Establishment, Maintenance and Release of an RRC Connection Between the UE and UTRAN 299 10.5.1 RRC Connection 299 10.5.2 Signalling Connections 300 10.6 Establishment, Reconfiguration and Release of Radio Access Bearers 300