Human Exploration and Operations: AA Perspective Bill Gerstenmaier April 22, 2013
Exploration is Human and Robotic 2
Mazlan Othman Director of the United Nations Office for Outer Space Affairs Former Director General of Angkasa, the Malaysian National Space Agency 3
68 Countries Have Participated in ISS Utilization Argentina Australia Austria Belarus Belgium Bermuda Bolivia Brazil Bulgaria Canada Chile China Columbia Croatia Czech Republic Denmark Dominican Republic Ecuador Egypt Fiji Finland France Germany Ghana Greece Guatemala Hungary India Indonesia Ireland Israel Italy Japan Kazakhstan Luxembourg Kenya Kuwait Lebanon Macedonia Malaysia Mali Mexico The Netherlands New Zealand Nigeria Norway Peru Poland Portugal Republic of Korea Republic of South Africa Romania Russia Senegal Slovenia Spain Sweden Switzerland Taiwan Thailand Trinidad and Tobago Turkey Ukraine United Kingdom Uruguay United States Venezuela Vietnam 4
Cube Satellites After Deployment from ISS The JEM Small Satellite Orbital Deployer being released from the airlock and extended into space in preparation to jettison satellites. 5
15 Countries Contributed to the First Results from Alpha Magnetic Spectrometer The exact shape of the spectrum extended to higher energies, will ul9mately determine whether this spectrum originates from the collision of dark ma<er par9cles or from pulsars in the galaxy. The high level of accuracy of this data shows that AMS will soon resolve this issue. Credit: CERN Press Office release on paper in Physical Review Le/ers 6
CASIS Center for the Advancement of Science in Space CASIS Portfolio Life Sciences Earth observation / Remote sensing Materials Science Technology Development (new) Board of Directors The current CASIS Board was appointed in November, 2012. Under Florida state law, it is self-perpetuating the board is responsible for selecting its successors. Current Board top priority is hiring a new permanent Executive Director. The Board is also developing its strategy and mission concept for CASIS. CASIS has completed two solicitations, selecting proposals in protein crystal growth and materials science. The CASIS Science Advisory Board is currently examining the potential for Earth Observation and non-embryonic stem cell culture aboard the ISS. NASA released a Cooperative Agreement Notice (CAN) on February 14, 2011 for a non-profit entity to develop the capability to implement research and development projects utilizing the ISS National Laboratory. The objectives stated in the CAN included: Identify the unique capabilities of the ISS that provide breakthrough opportunities for non-nasa uses Identify and prioritize the most promising research pathways Increase the utilization of the ISS and facilitate matching of research pathways with funding sources In April, 2011, four proposals were received in response to the CAN. CASIS was awarded a Cooperative Agreement on August 31, 2011. 7
Commercial Resupply Services Antares A-One Rocket on Pad SpaceX CRS-2 Dragon Recovery Orbital: Test launch in progress Completed CRS-2, which launched 577 kg of pressurized cargo, 221 kg of unpressurized cargo. Returned 1235 kg of pressurized cargo back to Earth. 8
Bigelow Expandable Activity Model Concept image. Credit: Bigelow BEAM Project was initiated in January 2013 BEAM will be berthed to Node 3 Aft BEAM planned launch date is May 2015 in SpaceX8 mission Total Internal Inflated Volume ~565 ft 3 9
Made In Space Scheduled for 2014 launch, the first 3D printer on the ISS will investigate the effects of consistent microgravity on melt deposition additive manufacturing and will print parts in space Image Credit: Made In Space Builds 3D objects, layer-by-layer, with Acrylonitrile Butadiene Styrene (ABS) plastic (same material as Legos). 10
ISS is Our Space Biomedical Laboratory and Gateway to Mars Primary orbiting laboratory that enables space biomedical research involving crewmembers ISS One-year Mission - Launch in March 2015 Only facility capable of providing long-term exposure to the reduced-gravity environment of space Equipped as a space biomedical research platform Scott Kelly STS-103, STS-118, ISS 25/26 Mikhail Kornienko ISS 23/24 11
Orion Accomplishments Completed heatshield ready for transport to Textron in Boston, MA for Avcoat application Inert Abort motor delivered to Operations and Checkout Building at KSC Launch Abort System Ogive panel work at the Michoud Assembly Facility Backshell panel drilling at the Operations and Checkout Building at KSC Service module assembly at the Operations and Checkout Building at KSC Super Guppy carrying the Orion Heat Shield arriving at Hanscom Air Force Base in Boston, MA 12
SLS Accomplishments Systems Engineering & Integration SLS model wind tunnel testing at Langley Research Center Nov 2012 J-2X upper stage engine hotfire test at Stennis Space Center Feb 2013 Multi-Purpose Crew Vehicle Stage Adapter (MSA) Flight Hardware at Marshall Space Flight Center March 2013 Kennedy Space Center Pad 39B (artist s concept) with new crawler transporter and control room Jan 2013 RS-25 Engines at Stennis Space Center Oct 2012, shown with future RS-25 Test Stand A1 F-1 engine gas generator technology demonstration for an optional Advanced Booster concept hot-fire test at Marshall Space Flight Center, Jan 2013 System Requirements Review/System Definition Review Completed Qualification Motor 1 casting at ATK Oct 2012 13
Stages Manufacturing, Assembly, & Production/ Operations Snapshot at MAF Tooling Availability Next Big Step May- Enhanced Robo9c Weld Tool (ERWT) June- Ver9cal Weld Center (VWC) CDWT ERWT VWC VAC SRT
Stages Green Run Test Buildup at SSC B-2 Stage is 211 Tall Stages TesCng Next Big Step April 30% Design on Structural Build- Out & Electrical RestoraCon June Work Package 3 of 5 Awarded Upper Superstructure Level 18 Level 16 Level 7 Side A4er Demo & LOX Transfer Line Level 11 Level 8 Level 7 Above: Aspirator and Level 7 DemoliCon NASA Stennis Space Center, MS Test Stand B-2 Stages Green Run Le4: B- 2 Flame Deflector Flow TesCng 15
GSDO Accomplishments Crawler-transporter Modifications Crawlerway Modifications VAB Modifications Pad 39B Modifications including new hydraulic elevators Testing of Crawler-Transporter 2 Pad 39B new interface connections 16 16
Capability Driven Framework 17
Strategic Principles for Incremental Building of Capabilities Six key strategic principles to provide a sustainable program: 1. Executable with current budget with modest increases. 2. Application of high Technology Readiness Level (TRL) technologies for near term, while focusing research on technologies to address challenges of future missions 3. Near-term mission opportunities with a defined cadence of compelling missions providing for an incremental buildup of capabilities for more complex missions over time 4. Opportunities for US Commercial Business to further enhance the experience and business base learned from the ISS logistics and crew market 5. Multi-use Space Infrastructure 6. Significant International participation, leveraging current International Space Station partnerships 18
Common Capabilities Identified for Exploration Capability Driven Human Space Exploration Human Exploration of Mars The Horizon Destination Architecture Common Capabilities (Mission Needs) Low Earth Orbit Crew and Cargo Access Human - Robotic Mission Ops Adv. In-Space Propulsion Habitation Ground Operations Beyond Earth Orbit Crew and Cargo Access EVA Robotics & Mobility Crew Health & Protection! Technologies, Research, and Science Autonomous Mission Operations Avionics Communication / Navigation ECLSS Entry, Descent and Landing In-Situ Resource Utilization Power and Energy Storage Thermal Radiation Protection! SKGs Measurements / Instruments and Sensors 19
Asteroid Strategy NASA s asteroid strategy aligns relevant portions of NASA s science, space technology, and human exploration capabilities for a human mission, advanced technology development, efforts to protect the planet, and engages new industrial capability and partnerships Leverages existing NASA efforts Asteroid Identification and Characterization efforts for target selection Solar Electric Propulsion for transport to and return of the target asteroid Robotic servicing techniques for capture SLS and MPCV missions for asteroid rendezvous Benefits future exploration objectives for carrying humans further into space than ever before Deep space navigation and rendezvous to enable crewed operations in deep space High power solar electric propulsion to enable efficient transportation to deep space destinations In space robotics for capture/control of uncooperative objects 20
Asteroid Mission Would Consist of Three Main Segments Identify Redirect Explore Asteroid Identification Segment: Ground and space based NEA target detection, characterization and selection Notional Asteroid Redirection Segment: Solar electric propulsion (SEP) based asteroid capture and maneuver to trans-lunar space Asteroid Crewed Exploration Segment: Orion and SLS based crewed rendezvous and sampling mission to the relocated asteroid 21
Asteroid Capture & Retrieval Mission Concept Capture and redirect a 7-10 meter diameter, ~500 ton near-earth asteroid (NEA) to a stable orbit in trans-lunar space Enable astronaut missions to the asteroid as early as 2021 Parallel and forward-leaning development approach Artist s concept of a capture mechanism 22
Asteroid Mission Capabilities Support Long-Term Mars Strategy Demonstration of Core Capabilities for deep space missions: Block 1 SLS, MPCV, and ARV with 40kW Solar Electric Propulsion (SEP) system EVA, proximity operations, AR&D, deep space navigation and communications Demonstrates ability to work and interact with a small planetary body: Systems for instrument placement, sample acquisition, material handing, and testing Understanding of mechanical properties, environment, and mitigation of hazards Provides a platform for possible Exploration Test beds, Science Missions, International and Commercial Partnership Opportunities: Exploration capability development to support multiple possible paths (lunar surface and deep space) Robotic sample acquisition, caching, storage operations, and crew transfer operations for future sample return missions (potential Lunar/Mars Sample Return options) Additional science investigations related to the understanding of primitive solar system bodies (contributes to an understanding of the origin and evolution of the solar system) Platform for testing and development of long-duration habitation systems Understanding of mechanical properties and composition for bulk radiation shielding, precious metals, ISRU, and other commercial mining uses 23
Interplanetary Trajectory Trajectory to Asteroid DV = 3868 m/s TOF = 671 days (1.84 yr) Asteroid Retrieval DV = 152 m/s TOF = 1092 days (2.99 yr) 24
Earth-Moon System Trajectory Earth-Sun Rotating Frame Sun 9-JUN-2023 Lunar flyby (altitude 127 177 km) Earth thrust arc Trajectory to Storage Orbit DV = 35 m/s TOF = 251 days (0.7 yr) Moon 15-FEB-2024 Lunar flyby (altitude 9300 km) Earth-Moon Rotating Frame (thrust arcs not shown) Orbit Trim Maneuvers (for long term stability) 15-FEB-2024 Lunar flyby DV = 25 m/s TOF = 257 days (0.7 yr) Final DRO Oct. 2024 Earth 25
22 Day Nominal Asteroid Retrieval & Utilization Mission Overview Outbound FD01 Launch/TLI FD02-FD05 Outbound Trans- Lunar Cruise FD06 Lunar Gravity Assist FD07-FD09 Lunar to DRO Cruise Joint Operations FD10 Rendezvous FD11 EVA #1 FD12 Suit Refurbishment, EVA #2 Prep FD13 EVA #2 FD14 Contingency/Departure Prep FD15 Departure Inbound FD16 DRO to Lunar Cruise FD17 Lunar Gravity Assist FD18-FD21 Inbound Trans-Lunar Cruise FD22 Earth Entry and Recovery 26
The Future of Human Space Exploration Exploration Destinations and One-Way Transit Times Mars 6-9 Months International Space Station 2 Days Moon 3-7 Days Earth Lagrange Points and other stable lunar orbits 8-10 Days Near-Earth Asteroid 3-12 Months Human Spaceflight Capabilities Robotics and Mobility Deep Space Habitation Advanced Spacesuits Advanced Space Communications Advanced In-Space Propulsion In Situ Resource Utilization Human-Robotic Systems Last updated: 04/15//2013