Measurement & Control of energy systems Teppo Myllys National Instruments
National Instruments Direct operations in over 50 Countries More than 1,000 products, 7000+ employees, and 700 Alliance Program Members Corporate headquarters in Austin, Texas Applications and Field Engineers Distributors NI Data Acquisition Technology Update 2
What We Do Low-Cost Modular Measurement and Control Hardware Productive Software Development Tools Highly Integrated Systems Platforms Used By Engineers and Scientists for Test, Design and Control 3
Graphical System Design LEGO Education WeDo Hands-on Learning for 7 year-olds CERN Large Hadron Collider the most powerful instrument on earth 4
INDUSTRIAL Internet of Things CONSUMER Internet of Things SMART SMART Factory Phone Grid Machine Connectivity Data Analytics Wearable TV City Appliances Car Home Based on Moor Insights & Strategy's report "Segmenting the Internet of Things (IoT)" 5
Agenda Introduction to Data Acquisition Signal Conditioning Data Acquisition Hardware Buses (USB, PCI(e), Ethernet) Form Factor Modularity and Integration Software Integration Measurement services (drivers etc.) Programming languages 6
What Is Data Acquisition (DAQ)? Data acquisition (DAQ) is the process of measuring an electrical or physical phenomenon such as voltage, current, temperature, pressure, or sound with a computer. Compared to traditional measurement systems, PC-based DAQ systems exploit the processing power, productivity, display, and connectivity of industry-standard computers providing a more powerful, flexible, and cost-effective measurement solution. 7
Signals Come in Two Forms: Digital and Analog Digital Analo g 8
Signals Come in Two Forms: Digital and Analog Digital Analo g 9
Analog Signals Analog signals are continuous signals that can be any value with respect to time. 10
Analog Terminology 4.71 V Level The instantaneous value of the signal at a given point in time. Shape The form that the analog signal takes, which often dictates further analysis that can be performed on the signal. Frequency The number of occurrences of a repeating event over time. 11
The Three R s of Data Acquisition: Resolution Resolution Range Rate 6-Bit Resolutio n Original Signal 3-Bit Resolutio n 12
The Three R s of Data Acquisition: Range Resolution Range Rate Range of -2V-10V to 2V to 10V Original Signal 3-Bit Resolutio n 13
The Three R s of Data Acquisition: Rate Resolution Range Rate Original Waveform (10 Hz) Sampling Rate = 100 25 11 Hz 14
DEMO: Effects of sampling rate vs. signal frequency (Time domain) 15
Following the Nyquist Theorem Prevents Aliasing Frequency To accurately represent the frequency of your original signal You must sample at greater than 2 times the maximum frequency component of your signal. Shape To accurately represent the shape of your original signal You must sample between 5 10 times greater than the maximum frequency component of your signal. 16
The Nyquist Theorem in Action Aliased Signal 100 Hz Sine Wave 100 Hz Sine Wave 100 Hz Sine Wave Sampled at 100 Hz Sampled at 200 Hz Sampled at 1 khz Adequately Sampled for Frequency Only Adequately Sampled for Both Frequency and Shape 17
DEMO: Effects of sampling rate vs. signal frequency (Frequency domain) 18
Conditioning Signals for Quality Measurements Signal conditioning improves a signal that is difficult for your DAQ device to measure Signal conditioning is not always required Signal Conditioning Noisy, Low-Level Signal Filtered, Amplified Signal 19
Common Signal Conditioning Examples Transducer/Signals Signal Conditioning Thermocouples Amplification, Linearization, Cold-Junction Compensation RTD (Resistance Temperature Detector) Current Excitation, Linearization Strain Gage Voltage Excitation, Bridge Configuration, Linearization Common Mode or High Voltage Isolation Amplifier Loads Requiring AC Switching or Large Current Flow High-Frequency Noise Electromechanical Relays or Solid-State Relays Low-Pass Filters 20
Examining Common Signal Conditioning for Voltage Measurements Amplification Attenuation Filtering Isolation 21
Amplification Used on low-level signals Maximizes use of analog-to-digital converter (ADC) range and increases accuracy Increases signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) Amplifier 22
Attenuation Decreases the input signal amplitude to fit within the range of the DAQ device Necessary when input signal voltages are beyond the range of the DAQ device Attenuator 23
Filtering Filters remove unwanted noise from a measured signal and block unwanted frequencies Time Domain Lowpass Filter Time Domain Frequency Domain Frequency Domain 24
DEMO: Filtering 25
Isolation Isolation helps to pass a signal from its source to a measurement device without a direct physical connection Blocks high common-mode signals Breaks ground loops Protects your instrumentation Electromagnetic Isolation Capacitive Optical 26
Data Acquisition Hardware 27
Architecture of an Integrated Measurement System NI CompactDAQ hardware combines a 1-, 4-, or 8-slot chassis with over 50 measurement-specific NI C Series I/O modules and can operate stand-alone with a built-in controller or connect to a host computer over USB, Ethernet, or 802.11 Wi-Fi. Sensor Measurement Device Software Signal Conditioning Analog-to-Digital Converter Driver Software Application Software 28
NI Is the Global Leader in Data Acquisition With more than 20 years of DAQ hardware history and millions of channels sold PCI M Series X Series, WSN NuBus PXI PXI Express, NI CompactDAQ 1-Slot NI CompactDAQ 1988 1989 1995 1996 1998 2003 2004 2005 2006 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 ISA R Series NI Wi-Fi DAQ Ethernet DAQ NI CompactDAQ Stand-Alone Chassis E Series USB DAQ, PCI Express USB X Series SC Express 29
NI Data Acquisition Hardware Families PXI Optimized for high channel counts and tight synchronization System NI CompactDAQ Customize with a variety of chassis and module types Desktop DAQ Install in a desktop PC slot for maximum data throughput Single Device Portable DAQ Easily connect to any laptop or desktop with simple setup 30
Traditional Hardware Components Mixed-Measurement Systems Usually Involve Additional Connectivity and Conditioning Sensors/Signals Physical Connectivity Signal Conditioning ADC Thermocouple Screw Term TC Jack Amplification, Cold-Junction Compensation, Filtering Accelerometer BNC SMB Excitation, Anti-Alias Filtering, Dynamic Range Strain Gage Screw Term 10P10C (RJ50) Voltage Excitation, Bridge Configuration, Linearization, Filtering Solar Cell Screw Term Banana Isolation (etc) 31
C Series I/O Modules Over 100 NI and Partner Modules Analog Input Analog Output Digital I/O Relay Output Counter, Pulse Generation Communication CAN LIN PROFIBUS Motion Control Wireless Engine Control Signal Conditioning Rugged Mechanicals Signal Conditioning/Filtering Isolation Barrier 32
Data Acquisition : Hardware & Software Integration
Why is Software Important? Total Measurement Application Cost = Price of HW + Price of SW + Cost of Development 36%, Price of HW & SW Visible Price 64%, Development Time Costs Hidden Costs Source: National Instruments Survey of Data Acquisition Customers and Prospects 2005 34
DAQ Software Options Test and Data Management Software NI TestStand, DIAdem Interactive Tools LabVIEW SignalExpress Interactive development Application Development Software LabVIEW Graphical Development LabWindows/ CVI ANSI C Development Measurement Studio Visual Studio Components Measurement and Control Services: NI-DAQmx or NI-DAQmx Base Data Acquisition Hardware 35
Measurement & Automation Explorer (MAX) Task and channel creation Built-in test panel windows Device configuration and connection management Signal connection diagrams 36
The LabVIEW Environment Front Panel User Interface Block Diagram Program Logic 40
LabVIEW Data Acquisition Demo 41
Spider Dredging System Level Seabed for Oil and Gas Exploration Application: Controlling hydraulic systems on the Nexans Spider remote operated vehicle (ROV) as it levels the seabed and clears a path for the pipeline. The LabVIEW platform has helped Nexans develop a system that is easy to maintain due to the consistent programming paradigm for both HMI and embedded control, even in extreme conditions. 42
Questions? 43