Comparing Massive MIMO and mmwave Massive MIMO

Comparing Massive MIMO and mmwave Massive MIMO Robert W. Heath Jr. The University of Texas at Austin Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering Wireless Networking and Communications Group Joint work with Tianyang Bai Some new results of cooperation project! www.profheath.org

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Heath Group in the WNCG @ UT Austin 10 PhD students millimeter wave for 5G cellular transportation systems and wireless cloud device-to-device radio access networks millimeter wave for tactical ad hoc networks centimeter level navigation 3

! Introduction to 5G!

Usual 5G Motivation Slide hot warm cold D2D Infrastructure (more dense) small cell / HetNet distributed antennas Spectrum Efficiency massive MIMO micro cell network MIMO multiuser MIMO macro cell MIMO microwave cognitive millimeter wave Spectrum 5

Usual 5G Motivation Slide hot warm cold D2D Infrastructure (more dense) small cell / HetNet distributed antennas micro cell Spectrum Efficiency massive MIMO network MIMO Massive MIMO is a key technology for 5G multiuser MIMO macro cell MIMO microwave cognitive millimeter wave Spectrum 5

! Why massive MIMO at mmwave frequencies?!

M 3 MHz 30.0 30.56 32.0 33.0 34.0 35.0 36.0 37.0 37.5 38.0 38.25 39.0 40.0 42.0 43.69 46.6 47.0 49.6 50.0 54.0 ISM 6.78 ±.015 MHz ISM 13.560 ±.007 MHz ISM 27.12 ±.163 MHz 72.0 73.0 74.6 74.8 75.2 75.4 76.0 88.0 108.0 117.975 121.9375 123.0875 123.5875 128.8125 132.0125 136.0 137.0 137.025 137.175 137.825 138.0 144.0 146.0 148.0 149.9 150.05 150.8 152.855 154.0 156.2475 157.0375 157.1875 157.45 161.575 161.625 161.775 162.0125 173.2 173.4 174.0 216.0 220.0 222.0 225.0 235.0 30 MHz 300 Why Millimeter Wave? LAND LAND LAND LAND LAND Radio Astronomy RADIO ASTRONOMY LAND LAND LAND LAND AMATEUR BROADCASTING (TV CHANNELS 2-4) RADIO ASTRONOMY AERONAUTICAL RADIONAVIGATION BROADCASTING (TV CHANNELS 5-6) BROADCASTING (FM RADIO) AERONAUTICAL RADIONAVIGATION AERONAUTICAL (R) AERONAUTICAL AERONAUTICAL AERONAUTICAL (R) AERONAUTICAL (R) AERONAUTICAL (R) AERONAUTICAL (R) MET. SAT. (S-E) MET. SAT. (S-E) MET. SAT. (S-E) MET. SAT. (S-E) MOB. SAT. (S-E) SPACE RES. (S-E) SPACE OPN. (S-E) Mob. Sat. (S-E) SPACE RES. (S-E) SPACE OPN. (S-E) MOB. SAT. (S-E) SPACE RES. (S-E) SPACE OPN. (S-E) Mob. Sat. (S-E) SPACE RES. (S-E) SPACE OPN. (S-E) AMATEUR AMATEUR (E-S) AMATEUR cellular (E-S) RADIONAV- LAND LAND LAND MARITIME MARITIME LAND LAND LAND MARITIME MARITIME LAND MARITIME Land Mobile BROADCASTING (TV CHANNELS 7-13) Amateur Fixed Mobile Radiolocation Radiolocation Radiolocation LAND AMATEUR WiFi 30 MHz ISM 40.68 ±.02 MHz 300 MHz 300.0 300 MHz 300 MHz Radiolocation MARITIME RADIONAVIGATION 3 GHz 322.0 Radiolocation (S-E) (S-E) 2200 SPACE SPACE EARTH SPACE (LOS) RESEARCH EARTH OPERATION (LOS) (LOS) RESEARCH EXPLORATION OPERATION (s-e)(s-s) (LOS) EXPLORATION (s-e)(s-s) SAT. (s-e)(s-s) SAT. (s-e)(s-s) 2290 SPACE RES..(S-E) SPACE RES..(S-E) ** ** 2300 Amateur Amateur 2305 Amateur Amateur RADIOLOCATION RADIOLOCATION ** ** 2310 Radiolocation Radiolocation Mobile Fixed Mobile MOB Fixed FX MOB R- LOC. FX B-SAT R- LOC. 2320 B-SAT Mobile Mobile Radiolocatiolocation 2345 Fixed Radio- BCST- Fixed BCST- Radiolocation Radiolocation Mobile Fixed Mobile MOB Fixed FX MOB R- LOC. FX B-SAT R- LOC. B-SAT 2360 RADIOLOCATION RADIOLOCATION Fixed Fixed RADIO- LOCATION 328.6 AERONAUTICAL AERONAUTICAL RADIONAVIGATION RADIONAVIGATION 335.4 Amateur Radiolocation RADIO- LOCATION Radiolocation RADIO- LOCATION 399.9 RADIONAVIGATION RADIONAVIGATION (E-S) (E-S) AERONAUTICAL RADIONAVIGATION (Ground) 400.05 400.15 STD. FREQ. STD. & TIME FREQ. SIGNAL & TIME SAT. SIGNAL (400.1 SAT. MHz) (400.1 MHz) SAT. (S-E) RADIO- LOCATION AERO. RADIO- NAV.(Ground) 401.0 MET. SAT. (S-E) Space MET. Opn. SAT. (S-E) (S-E) Space SPACE Opn. RES. (S-E) (S-E) SPACE. RES. (S-E) SAT. (S-E). MET. AIDS SAT. (Radiosonde) (S-E) MET. AIDS (Radiosonde) SAT. (S-E) Earth Expl. Earth Expl Sat Satellite (E-S) (E-S) Earth Expl. Earth Expl Sat Satellite (E-S) (E-S) Met-Satellite (E-S) EARTH EXPL MET-SAT. SAT. (E-S) (E-S) SPACE OPN. MET. AIDS (Radiosonde) (S-E) 402.0 Earth Expl Met-Satellite (E-S) (E-S) Met-Satellite EARTH EXPL SAT. (E-S) (E-S) EARTH EXPL MET-SAT. SAT. (E-S) (E-S) MET. MET-SAT. AIDS (Radiosonde) (E-S) MET. AIDS (Radiosonde) 403.0 406.0 406.1 METEOROLOGICAL METEOROLOGICAL AIDS (RADIOSONDE) AIDS (RADIOSONDE) (E-S) (E-S) 410.0 SPACE RESEARCH SPACE RESEARCH (S-S) (S-S) 420.0 RADIO ASTRONOMY RADIO ASTRONOMY (S-E) RADIOLOCATION RADIOLOCATION Amateur Amateur 450.0 454.0 455.0 456.0 LAND LAND LAND LAND LAND AERONAUTICAL RADIONAVIGATION 460.0 462.5375 462.7375 467.5375 467.7375 470.0 Meteorological Satellite (S-E) Meteorological Satellite (S-E) LAND LAND LAND LAND LAND LAND LAND LAND LAND LAND (S-E) BROADCASTING BROADCASTING (TV CHANNELS (TV 14 - CHANNELS 20) 14-20) LAND LAND 512.0 RADIO ASTRONOMY Space Research (Passive) AERONAUTICAL RADIONAVIGATION BROADCASTING (TV CHANNELS 21-36) BROADCASTING (TV CHANNELS 21-36) AERO. RADIONAV. SAT (S-E) RADIOLOCATION Radiolocation Radiolocation Radiolocation Radiolocation RADIO- LOCATION RADIONAVIGATION Radiolocation Radiolocation MARITIME RADIONAVIGATION MARITIME METEOROLOGICAL RADIONAVIGATION AIDS Amateur 608.0 LAND LAND RADIO ASTRONOMY RADIO ASTRONOMY 614.0 Amateur RADIOLOCATION RADIO- LOCATION Amateur- sat (s-e) TV BROADCASTING TV BROADCASTING (E-S) (E-S) (E-S) 698 BROADCAST BROADCAST 746 BROADCAST BROADCAST 764 SPACE RESEARCH (E-S) Fixed (S-E) (S-E) 776 Mobile Satellite (S-E) (S-E) BROADCAST BROADCAST MET. (S-E) 794 Mobile Satellite (S-E) Mobile Satellite (S-E) (S-E) (S-E) 806 LAND LAND 821 824 849 851 866 869 894 896 901901 902 LAND LAND LAND LAND AERONAUTICAL AERONAUTICAL LAND LAND LAND LAND LAND LAND AERONAUTICAL AERONAUTICAL (E-S) EARTH EXPL. (S-E) (E-S) (E-S) Mobile Satellite (E-S) Mobile Satellite (E-S) (no airborne) Mobile Satellite (E-S)(no airborne) MET. (E-S) 300.0 322.0 (E-S) (E-S) 328.6 EARTH EXPL. SAT. (S-E) 335.4 EARTH EXPL. (S-E) 399.9 SPACE RESEARCH (S-E) (deep space only) 400.05 400.15 401.0 LAND LAND 402.0 Amateur 403.0 406.0 406.1 Amateur 410.0 RADIOLOCATION RADIOLOCATION 420.0 928 929 930 931 932 935 940 941 944 960 450.0 454.0 455.0 456.0 460.0 462.5375 462.7375 467.5375 467.7375 470.0 LAND LAND LAND LAND 512.0 608.0 614.0 698 746 764 776 794 806 821 824 849 851 866 869 894 896 901901 902 928 929 930 931 932 935 940 941 944 960 1215 1240 1300 1350 1390 1392 1395 1400 1427 1429.5 1430 1432 1435 1525 1530 1535 1544 1545 1549.5 1558.5 1559 1610 1610.6 1613.8 1626.5 1660 1660.5 1668.4 1670 1675 1700 1710 1755 1850 2000 2020 2025 2110 2155 2160 2180 2200 2290 2300 2305 2310 2320 2345 2360 2385 2390 2400 2417 2450 2483.5 2500 2655 2690 2700 2900 3000 LITE Y Y LLITE 3.0 3.1 3.3 3.5 3.6 3.65 Met-Satellite (E-S) 3.7 EARTH EXPL SAT. (E-S) MET-SAT. SPACE OPN. (E-S) (S-E) Earth Expl Sat (E-S) 4.2 LAND LAND LAND 4.4 4.5 4.8 4.94 4.99 5.0 5.15 5.25 5.35 AERONAUTICAL RADIONAV. 5.46 5.47 5.6 5.65 5.83 5.85 5.925 6.425 ISM 5.8 ±.075 GHz 6.525 6.70 6.875 7.025 7.075 7.125 7.19 7.235 7.25 7.30 7.45 7.55 7.75 7.90 Fixed 8.025 8.175 8.215 8.4 8.45 ISM 915.0 ± 13 MHz ISM 915.0 ± 13 MHz SPACE RESEARCH (S-E) 8.5 RADIOLOCATION Radiolocation 9.0 Radiolocation 9.2 AERONAUTICAL RADIONAVIGATION Radiolocation 9.3 Radiolocation 9.5 MARITIME RADIONAVIGATION RADIONAVIGATION Meteorological Aids LAND LAND LAND LAND RADIOLOCATION Radiolocation 10.0 Radiolocation Amateur RADIO- LOCATION 10.45 Amateur Satellite Amateur Radiolocation AERONAUTICAL RADIONAVIGATION AERONAUTICAL RADIONAVIGATION 10.5 10.55 10.6 RADIOLOCATION RADIO ASTRONOMY EARTH EXPL. SAT. (Passive) SPACE RESEARCH (Passive) 10.68 EARTH EXPL. (Passive) SPACE RESEARCH (Passive) RADIO ASTRONOMY 10.7 1215 RADIOLOCATION RADIOLOCATION 1240 RADIONAVIGATION (S-E) RADIONAVIGATION (S-E) (S-E) 11.7 RADIOLOCATION RADIOLOCATION Amateur Amateur 1300 Radiolocation Radiolocation AERONAUTICAL AERONAUTICAL RADIONAVIGATION RADIONAVIGATION (S-E) Mobile ** 12.2 1350 RADIOLOCATION RADIOLOCATION 1390 ** -SAT ** (E-S) -SAT 1392 (E-S) BROADCASTING RADIO ASTRONOMY RADIO EARTH ASTRONOMY EXPL SAT (Passive) EARTH EXPL SPA SAT CE RESEARCH (Passive) ( SPA Passive) CE RESEARCH ( Passive) 1395 1400 1427 Fixed (TLM) 1429.5 (TLM) ** LAND LAND ** 12.7 Fixed (TLM) (E-S) (TLM) LAND LAND LAND LAND (TLM) (TLM) 12.75 1430 1432 1435 1525 LAND (TLM) -SAT (S-E) -SAT (S-E) (TLM) LAND (TLM) (TLM) (E-S) SPACE RESEARCH (S-E) (Deep Space) ** ** 13.25 13.4 (AERONAUTICAL (AERONAUTICAL TELEMETERING) TELEMETERING) SAT. SAT. Mobile ** Mobile ** (Space to Earth) (Space to Earth) 1530 13.75 14.0 Mobile (Aero. TLM) SAT. (Space to Earth) MARITIME SAT. (Space to Earth) AERONAUTICAL RADIONAV. Space Research (E-S) Standard RADIO- Radiolocation Freq. and LOCATION Time Signal Satellite (E-S) RADIO- Radiolocation LOCATION SAT.(E-S) Space RADIO Land Mobile Research NAVIGATION SAT. (E-S) Satellite (E-S) Space Research Mobile (Aero. TLM) SAT. (Space to Earth) MARITIME SAT. (Space to Earth) 1535 MARITIME MARITIME (space to Earth) (space to Earth) (S-E) (S-E) 1544 (S-E) (S-E) 1545 AERONAUTICAL AERONAUTICAL (R) (space to Earth) Mobile (R) (space to Earth) Satellite (S- E) Mobile Satellite (S- E) 1549.5 14.2 Land Mobile Satellite (E-S) (E-S) 14.4 (Space to Earth) (Space to Earth) AERONAUTICAL (R) (space to Earth) AERONAUTICAL (R) (space to Earth) 1558.5 1559 1610 1610.6 1613.8 1626.5 AERONAUTICAL AERONAUTICAL (R) (space to Earth) (R) (space to Earth) 14.47 14.5 14.7145 Fixed Mobile SAT. (E-S) Land Mobile Satellite (E-S) Fixed Mobile FX SAT.(E-S) L M Sat(E-S) Mobile Space Research Fixed Space Research AERONAUTICAL RADIONAVIGATION AERONAUTICAL RADIONAVIGATION RADIONAV. RADIONAV. (Space to Earth) (Space to Earth) AERO. RADIONAVIGATION AERO. RADIONAVIGATION DET. SAT. (E-S) RADIO DET. SAT(E-S) SAT. SAT(E-S) AERO. RADIONAV. AERO. RADIO RADIONAV. DET. SAT. (E-S) RADIO DET. SAT. (E-S) RADIO ASTRONOMY SAT. (E-S) RADIO ASTRONOMY AERO. RADIONAV. AERO. RADIO RADIONAV. DET. SAT. (E-S) RADIO DET. SAT. (E-S) Mobile SAT. Sat. (E-S) (S-E) Mobile Sat. (S-E) 15.1365 Space Research Mobile 15.35 RADIO ASTRONOMY SPACE RESEARCH EARTH EXPL. SAT. (Passive) (Passive) AERONAUTICAL RADIONAVIGATION (E-S) (E-S) 15.4 15.43 RADIO ASTRONOMY RADIO ASTRONOMY SAT. (E-S) SAT. (E-S) RADIO ASTRONOMY RADIO ASTRONOMY SPACE RESEARCH SPACE (Passive) RESEARCH (Passive) 1660 1660.5 1668.4 15.63 15.7 16.6 17.1 METEOROLOGICAL AIDS (RADIOSONDE) METEOROLOGICAL AIDS (RADIOSONDE) RADIO ASTRONOMY RADIO ASTRONOMY AERONAUTICAL RADIONAVIGATION RADIOLOCATION Radiolocation RADIOLOCATION Space Res.(act.) Radiolocation RADIOLOCATION Radiolocation 1670 ** ** 1675 1700 METEOROLOGICAL AIDS (Radiosonde) METEOROLOGICAL AIDS (Radiosonde) METEOROLOGICAL (s-e) METEOROLOGICAL (s-e) BCST SAT. FX SAT (E-S) Radiolocation (E-S) Fixed Fixed 1710 MET. SAT. (s-e) MET. SAT. (s-e) 17.2 17.3 17.7 17.8 18.3 18.6 18.8 1755 19.3 19.7 1850 20.1 20.2 21.2 FX SAT (S-E) (S-E) STD FREQ. & TIME FX SAT (S-E) SAT (S-E) SPACE RES. EARTH EXPL. SAT. 2000 (E-S) (E-S) 2020 SPACE (E-S)(s-s) RES. SPACE EARTH SAT. (E-S)(s-s) EXPL. RES. EARTH SPACE EXPL. OP. SAT. (E-S)(s-s) SPACE OP. (E-S)(s-s) MOB. FX. 2025 MOB. 2110 FX. 2155 S) S) 21.4 22.0 22.21 22.5 22.55 2160 2180 23.55 MET. AIDS (Radiosonde) 300 MHz 3 GHz ** ** Amateur SAT(E-S) (E-S) (S-E)(E-S) SAT (E-S) Mobile** AERO RADIONAV SAT (E-S) Radioloc. RADIOLOC. Earth Expl Sat Space Res. (S-E) (S-E) SPACE RES. FX SAT (S-E) EARTH EXPL. SAT. (S-E) (S-E) (S-E) SAT. (S-E) ** RAD.AST ** EARTH EXPL. SAT. SPACE RES. INTER- 23.6 EARTH EXPL. SAT. (Passive) SPACE RES. (Passive) RADIO ASTRONOMY 24.0 AMATEUR AMATEUR 24.05 Amateur Radiolocation RADIO- LOCATION Earth Expl. Satellite (Active) 24.25 24.45 2385 2390 2400 AMATEUR AMATEUR AMATEUR ISM 2450.0 ± 50 MHz ISM 2450.0 ± 50 MHz INTER- RADIONAVIGATION 24.65 RADIOLOCATION (E-S) Earth INTER- Expl. Satellite (Active) 24.75 AMATEUR RADIOLOCATION (E-S) INTER- 2417 2450 Amateur Amateur Radiolocation Radiolocation (E-S) ISM 24.125 ± 0.125 GHz 25.05 Standard Frequency and Time Signal Satellite (E-S) RADIONAVIGATION Earth Exploration Satellite (S-S) Radiolocation Radiolocation 2483.5 RADIODETERMINATION RADIODETERMINATION SAT. (S-E) SAT. (S-E) (S-E) 2500 (S-E) BCST - SAT. BCST ** - SAT. ** FX-SAT (S - E) FX-SAT (S - E) 2655 E-Expl Sat Radio E-Expl Ast Sat Space Radio res. Ast MOB** Space B- res. SAT. MOB** FX FX-SAT B- SAT. FX FX-SAT 2690 RADIO ASTRON. RADIO SPACE ASTRON. RESEARCH SPACE EARTH RESEARCH EXPL EARTH SAT EXPL SAT 2700 (E-S) 25.25 25.5 27.0 std freq e-e-sat INTER-SAT. & time e-e-sat (s-s) INTER-SAT. Earth Exploration Satellite (S-S) INTER- Earth Exploration Satellite (S-S) 27.5 Radiolocation Radiolocation METEOROLOGICAL AIDS METEOROLOGICAL AIDS AERONAUTICAL RADIONAVIGATION AERONAUTICAL RADIONAVIGATION SAT (E-S) 2900 Radiolocation Radiolocation 3000 MARITIME RADIONAVIGATION MARITIME RADIONAVIGATION 3 GHz 3 GHz 29.5 (E-S) (E-S) 29.9 (E-S) (E-S) 30.0 30 GHz 30.0 31.0 31.3 31.8 32.0 32.3 (E-S) 33.0 33.4 36.0 37.0 37.6 38.0 38.6 39.5 40.0 40.5 41.0 42.5 43.5 45.5 46.9 47.0 47.2 48.2 50.2 50.4 51.4 52.6 54.25 55.78 56.9 57.0 58.2 59.0 59.3 64.0 65.0 66.0 71.0 74.0 75.5 76.0 77.0 77.5 78.0 81.0 84.0 86.0 92.0 95.0 100.0 102.0 105.0 116.0 119.98 120.02 126.0 134.0 142.0 144.0 149.0 150.0 151.0 164.0 168.0 170.0 174.5 176.5 182.0 185.0 190.0 200.0 202.0 217.0 231.0 235.0 238.0 241.0 248.0 250.0 252.0 265.0 275.0 300.0 (E-S) Standard Frequency and Time Signal Satellite (S-E) Stand. Frequency and Time Signal Satellite (S-E) EARTH EXPLORATION SAT. (Passive) RADIONAVIGATION SPACE RESEARCH (Passive) RADIO ASTRONOMY SPACE RESEARCH (deep space) RADIONAVIGATION INTER- SAT SPACE RES. RADIONAVIGATION INTER- RADIONAVIGATION RADIOLOCATION Radiolocation EARTH EXPL. SAT. (Passive) SPACE RE..(Passive) SPACE RESEARCH (space-to-earth) (S-E) SPACE RES. SAT. (S-E) - SAT. EARTH EXPL SAT (E-S) Earth Expl. Sat (s - e) SPACE RES. (E-S) SAT. SAT Mobile Fixed FX-SAT (S-E) BROAD- CASTING BCST SAT. BCST SAT. BROAD- CASTING ** (E-S) RADIO ASTRONOMY (E-S) (E-S) SAT (E-S). RADIONAV. MOB. SAT(E-S) RADIONAV.SAT. AMATEUR AMATEUR FX SAT(E-S) FX SAT(E-S) EARTH EXPLORATION FI XED (E-S) (E-S) SPACE RESEARCH SPACE RESEARCH (Passive) EARTH EXPLORATION (Passive) INTER- SAT EARTH EXPL-SAT (Passive) INTER- SAT SPACE RES. EARTH-ES INTER- SAT EARTH-ES SPACE RES. SPACE RES. EARTH EXPLORATION SAT. (Passive) INTER - SAT SPACE RES. EARTH EXPLORATION SAT. (Passive) SPACE RESEARCH (Passive) INTER- SAT RADIO- LOC. SPACE RES.. EARTH EXPLORATION SAT. (Passive) INTER- RADIO- LOCATION INTER- ** INTER- ** SPACE RESEARCH EARTH EXPLORATION INTER- RADIO NAVIGATION RADIO- NAVIGATION (E-S) (E-S) (E-S) AMATEUR AMATEUR RADIOLOC. Amateur RADIOLOC. Amateur Amateur Sat. RADIOLOC. AMATEUR AMATEUR SAT Amateur Satellite Amateur RADIO- LOCATION (S-E) (S-E) BROAD- CASTING BROAD- CASTING EARTH EXPLORATION (Passive) SPACE RESEARCH (Passive) RADIO ASTRONOMY (E-S) RADIO- LOCATION RADIO- NAVIGATION RADIO- NAVIGATION SPACE RESEARCH (Passive) EARTH EXPL. (Passive) (S-E) EARTH EXPLORATION (Passive) SPACE RESEARCH (Passive) RADIO ASTRONOMY EARTH EXPL SAT. (Passive) SPACE RESEARCH (Passive) INTER- Amatuer E A R T H EXPL. SAT SPACE RES. INTER- SAT. MO- BILE EARTH EXPL SAT. (Passive) SPACE RESEARCH (Passive) Radiolocation INTER- INTER- RADIO- LOCATION RADIO- NAVIGATION Radiolocation RADIO- NAVIGATION AMATEUR AMATEUR Amateur Amateur Satellite RADIO- LOCATION (S-E) SPACE RES. (Passive) EARTH EXPL. SAT. (Passive) (S-E) (S-E) SPACE RES. (Passive) RADIO ASTRONOMY EARTH EXPLORATION (Passive) INTER- EARTH EXPLORATION SAT. (Passive) INTER- SPACE RESEARCH (Passive) INTER- EARTH EXPLORATION (Passive) SPACE RESEARCH (Passive) RADIO ASTRONOMY INTER- RADIO- NAVIGATION RADIO- NAVIGATION EARTH EXPLORATION SAT. (Passive) SPACE RES. (Passive) (E-S) EARTH EXPLORATION (Passive) SPACE RESEARCH (Passive) RADIO ASTRONOMY (S-E) EARTH EXPL. SAT. (Passive) SPACE RES. (Passive) (S-E) (S-E) Amateur Amateur Satellite Radiolocation Radiolocation RADIO- LOCATION AMATEUR AMATEUR EARTH EXPLORATION (Passive) SPACE RES. (Passive) RADIO- NAVIGATION RADIO- NAVIGATION RADIO- ASTRONOMY (E-S) 30 GHz * EXCEPT AERO (R) ** EXCEPT AERO WAVELENGTH BAND DESIGNATIONS ACTIVITIES ISM 61.25 ±.250 GHz 59-64 GHz IS DESIGNATED FOR UNLICENSED DEVICES 30 GHz note: log scale so even smaller over here 300 GHz Huge amount of spectrum available in mmwave bands Technology advances make mmwave possible for low cost consumer devices mmwave research is as old as wireless itself, e.g. Bose 1895 and Lebedew 1895 ISM 122.5 ±.500 GHz 3 x 10 7 m 3 x 10 6 m 3 x 10 5 m 30,000 m 3,000 m 300 m 30 m 3 m 30 cm 3 cm 0.3 cm 0.03 cm 3 x 10 5 Å 3 x 10 4 Å 3 x 10 3 Å 3 x 10 2 Å 3 x 10Å 3Å 3 x 10-1 Å 3 x 10-2 Å 3 x 10-3 Å 3 x 10-4 Å 3 x 10-5 Å 3 x 10-6 Å 3 x 10-7 Å VERY LOW FREQUENCY (VLF) LF MF HF VHF UHF SHF EHF INFRARED VISIBLE ULTRAVIOLET X-RAY GAMMA-RAY COSMIC-RAY Audible Range AM Broadcast FM Broadcast P L S C X Radar Bands Radar Sub-Millimeter Visible Ultraviolet Gamma-ray Cosmic-ray Infra-sonics Sonics Ultra-sonics Microwaves Infrared X-ray FREQUENCY 0 10 Hz 100 Hz 1 khz 10 khz 100 khz 1 MHz 10 MHz 100 MHz 1 GHz 10 GHz 100 GHz 1 THz 10 13 Hz 10 14 Hz 10 15 Hz 10 16 Hz 10 17 Hz 10 18 Hz 10 19 Hz 10 20 Hz 10 21 Hz 10 22 Hz 10 23 Hz 10 24 Hz 10 25 Hz THE RADIO SPECTRUM 3 khz MAGNIFIED ABOVE 300 GHz ISM 245.0 ± 1GHz PLEASE NOTE: THE SPACING ALLOTTED THE SERVICES IN THE SPEC- TRUM SEGMENTS SHOWN IS NOT PROPORTIONAL TO THE ACTUAL AMOUNT OF SPECTRUM OCCUPIED. 300 GHz 7

Gain and Aperture in mmwave mmwave aperture isotropic radiator mmwave noise bandwidth TX P rx = P tx 4 R 2 2 4 RX microwave aperture receive spectral density receive aperture microwave noise bandwidth N o = kt e B Smaller wavelength means smaller captured energy at antenna 3GHz->30GHz gives 20dB extra path loss due to aperture Larger bandwidth means higher noise power and lower SNR 50MHz -> 500MHz bandwidth gives 10dB extra noise power 8

Gain and Aperture in mmwave mmwave aperture isotropic radiator TX P rx = P tx 4 R 2 2 4 G rx G tx mmwave noise bandwidth RX microwave aperture receive spectral density effective receive aperture transmit antenna gain microwave noise bandwidth N o = kt e B Smaller wavelength means smaller captured energy at antenna 3GHz->30GHz gives 20dB extra path loss due to aperture Larger bandwidth means higher noise power and lower SNR 50MHz -> 500MHz bandwidth gives 10dB extra noise power 8

Gain and Aperture in mmwave mmwave aperture isotropic radiator TX P rx = P tx 4 R 2 2 4 G rx G tx mmwave noise bandwidth MIMO RX microwave aperture receive spectral density effective receive aperture transmit antenna gain microwave noise bandwidth N o = kt e B Smaller wavelength means smaller captured energy at antenna 3GHz->30GHz gives 20dB extra path loss due to aperture Larger bandwidth means higher noise power and lower SNR 50MHz -> 500MHz bandwidth gives 10dB extra noise power Exploit gain from large antenna arrays 8

Constraints in mmwave Inform Theory & Design quantized phase shifters insertion loss mixed signal power consumption penetration loss mobility orientation Analog processing RF Chain 1-bit ADC ADC Analog processing RF Chain Joint processing 1-bit ADC ADC Baseband Baseband Processing Precoding no rich scattering Analog processing RF Chain 1-bit ADC ADC efficient antennas phase noise beam tracking feed antennas array geometry low gain equalization linearity synchronization 9

! Why massive MIMO at below mmwave frequencies?! * Meaning below 10 GHz ** We sometimes call this microwave but technically (apparently) microwave goes from 300 MHz to 300 GHz

Multiuser MIMO What Happened? supports up to 8 antennas @ BS sensitive to scheduling algorithms can t spatially multiplex many UEs at once one or two antennas @ UE impaired by interference feedback becomes a huge bottleneck due to FDD performance with severe quantization favored by industry is dismal 11

Massive MIMO - Multiuser MIMO Reborn requires a lot of space 64 antennas or for the antennas more @ BS massive MIMO comes with spatially multiplex massive complexity tens of UEs at once accounts for out-ofcell interference TDD avoids significant feedback overheads performance depends on what CSI is available and how it is used 12

Issues in Massive MIMO CSI Feedback for FDD Operation * Quantized or analog feedback * Exploiting sparsity * Adaptive feedback techniques Algorithms Base Station Implementation * Designing good arrays * Feeding antennas, port matching * Reducing complexity * Managing interference * Mobility in the channel * Distributed antennas * Synchronization Current cooperation topic w/ H. Nikopour at Huawei in Ottawa! K. T. Truong and R. W. Heath, Jr., Effects of Channel Aging in Massive MIMO Sys- tems, Journal of Communications and Networks, Special Issue on Massive MIMO, vol. 15, no. 4, pp. 338-351, August 2013. Received the 2014 Journal of Communications and Networks Best Paper Award.! K. T. Truong and R. W. Heath, Jr., Impact of Spatial Correlation and Distributed Antennas for Massive MIMO systems, (invited) Proc. of the Asilomar Conf. on Signals, Systems, and Computers, Pacific Grove, CA, November 3-6, 2013. Protocols * Quantized or analog feedback * Performance analysis * Exploiting sparsity * Protocols 13

Differentiating features of below mmwave and mmwave

Channel Differences: Conventional vs. mmwave < 10 GHz WiFi or Cellular mmwave WiFi mmwave 5G bandwidth 1.4 MHz to 160 MHz 2.16 GHz 100 MHz to 2 GHz # antennas @ BS or AP 1 to 8 16 to 32 64 to 256 # antennas @ MS 1 or 2 16 to 32 4 to 16 delay spread 100 ns to 2 us 5 to 47 ns 12 to 40 ns angle spread 1 to 60 60 to 100 up to 50 # clusters 4 to 9 < 4 < 4 small-scale fading Rayleigh Nakagami non-fading or Nakagami large-scale fading distant dependent + shadowing distant dependent + shadowing distant dependent + blockage path loss exponent 2-4 2 LOS, 2.5 to 5 NLOS 2 LOS, 3.5 to 4.5 NLOS penetration loss some varies possibly high channel sparsity less more more spatial correlation less more more LOS: line-of-sight NLOS: non-line-of-sight Data synthesized from various sources 15

Some Differentiating Features massive mmwave massive beamforming digital analog or hybrid number of simultaneous users more than 10 up to 4 blockage sensitivity low high outage important no yes orientation sensitivity low high cell size macro or micro pico network deployment low density higher density or hotspot backhaul wired or out-of-band inband 16

Comparing sub-millimeter wave and millimeter wave in terms of coverage and capacity

Approach for Comparison Consider large network with randomly deployed BSs Use stochastic geometry to analyze SINR and rate distribution Usual (boring) Poison point process model (no clustering, GPP, etc) Uplink and downlink are different network, but w/ same density! Consider a large number of antennas at the base station performance analyzed for a typical user TDD based massive MIMO w/ matched filtering Incorporate differentiating features into the spatial correlation model small infinity of base stations and antennas creates challenges large infinite [And11] J. G. Andrews, F. Baccelli, and R. K. Ganti, "A Tractable Approach to Coverage and Rate in Cellular Networks", IEEE Transactions on Communications, November 2011. [Hae13] M. Haenggi, Stochastic Geometry for Wireless Networks, Cambridge Press 2013. [Mar10] T. L. Marzetta, Noncooperative cellular wireless with unlimited numbers of base station antennas, IEEE Trans. Wireless Commun., Nov., 2010. 18

Differences Included in the Analysis < 10 GHz mmwave small-scale fading correlated with high rank correlated with low rank, varies with LOS or NLOS large-scale fading distant dependent pathloss distant dependent with random blockage model and outage network deployment low BS density high BS density UE array configuration single antenna directional antenna with gain # users served simultaneously higher (10 or more) few (limited by beamforming) 19

! Massive MIMO Analysis!

SINR Analysis of Massive Microwave M antennas at BS Single antenna at MS Channel estimate of -th BS to its k-th user pilot contamination interference inside-of-cell out-of-cell inside-of-cell out-of-cell 21

SINR Analysis of Massive Microwave M antennas at BS Single antenna at MS Channel estimate of -th BS to its k-th user pilot contamination interference infinite # interferers inside-of-cell out-of-cell inside-of-cell out-of-cell 21

Channel Model Assumptions antennas at BS & single antenna at MS Channel vector modeled as Path loss in power Covariance matrix for small-scale fading i.i.d. random vector Use log-distance model for path loss gain A link of length d has path loss Mean square of eigenvalues of is finite, i.e., More general than the finite maximum eigenvalue assumption [Hoy13] Ensure the rank of grows with the size of antennas M Intuitively assumes larger array sees more independent multi-path Reasonable assumption in rich-scattered microwave [Hoy13] J. Hoydis et al, Massive MIMO in the UL/DL of Cellular Networks: How Many Antennas Do We Need? IEEE JSAC, Feb, 2013 22

SINR Convergence Results T. Bai, R. W. Heath, Jr., Asymptotic coverage and rate analysis in massive MIMO cellular networks, submitted to GlobalSIP, June 2014 Prior version available on Arxiv 23

SINR Convergence Results Lemma 1 (even with correlation asymptotic orthogonality holds) When,, and. T. Bai, R. W. Heath, Jr., Asymptotic coverage and rate analysis in massive MIMO cellular networks, submitted to GlobalSIP, June 2014 Prior version available on Arxiv 23

SINR Convergence Results Lemma 1 (even with correlation asymptotic orthogonality holds) When,, and. Theorem 1 [Downlink Asymptotic SIR] When, the downlink SIR converges as SIR limited by pilot contamination. The CCDF of the asymptotic SIR approximately equals Convergence with an infinite number of nodes is non-trivial Use Campbell s them and factorial moment to prove convergence Uplink SINR has the same asymptotic distribution Asymptotic rate are the same in downlink and uplink An increasing function of path loss exponent T. Bai, R. W. Heath, Jr., Asymptotic coverage and rate analysis in massive MIMO cellular networks, submitted to GlobalSIP, June 2014 Prior version available on Arxiv 23

SINR Simulations(1/2) BS distributed as PPP Assume IID fading Avg. ISD: 1000 meters Converges to the asymptotic bound 24

SINR Simulations(2/2) Gain from large # of antennas BS distributed as PPP Avg. ISD: 1000 meters SINR grows as path loss exponent grows 25

! mmwave Massive MIMO Analysis!

SINR Analysis of Massive mmwave Standard massive MIMO @ BS Does not explicitly incorporate beamforming or hardware constraints Buildings LOS path Associated Transmitter NLOS Path Typical Receiver Interfering Transmitters T. Bai, R. Vaze, and R. W. Heath, Jr., ``Analysis of Blockage Effects in Urban Cellular Networks, To appear IEEE Trans. Wireless Commun., June 2014 On arxiv. T. Bai and R. W. Heath Jr., Coverage and rate analysis for millimeter wave cellular networks, submitted to IEEE Trans. Wireless Commun., March 2014. On arxiv. M. R. Akdeniz, Y. Liu, M. K. Samimi, S. Sun, S. Rangan, T. S. Rappaport, E. Erkip, Millimeter Wave Channel Modeling and Cellular Capacity Evaluation, available on arxiv. 27

SINR Analysis of Massive mmwave Standard massive MIMO @ BS Does not explicitly incorporate beamforming or hardware constraints Buildings LOS path Associated Transmitter NLOS Path Typical Receiver Sectored beamforming pattern model @ UE Back lobe gain Main lobe array gain Interfering Transmitters Main lobe beamwidth T. Bai, R. Vaze, and R. W. Heath, Jr., ``Analysis of Blockage Effects in Urban Cellular Networks, To appear IEEE Trans. Wireless Commun., June 2014 On arxiv. T. Bai and R. W. Heath Jr., Coverage and rate analysis for millimeter wave cellular networks, submitted to IEEE Trans. Wireless Commun., March 2014. On arxiv. M. R. Akdeniz, Y. Liu, M. K. Samimi, S. Sun, S. Rangan, T. S. Rappaport, E. Erkip, Millimeter Wave Channel Modeling and Cellular Capacity Evaluation, available on arxiv. 27

Blockage + Outage Model Blockage exponent proportional to building density LOS: K=0 non-los K>0 randomly located buildings Outage no outage (blockage) stochastic building model outage (no signal) Exponentially decreasing LOS probability Received Signal Model If not in outage * LOS with p(r) * NLOS with 1-p(R) S. Rangan, T. S. Rappaport, E. Erkip, Millimeter Wave Cellular Wireless Networks: Potentials and Challenges, available at http://arxiv.org/abs/1401.2560. 28

Channel Model Assumptions Use blockage model to determine LOS/ NLOS status Path loss exponent 2 in LOS and around 4 in NLOS for!! Assume deterministic channel for LOS links Measurement shows small-scale fading has minor effects in mmwave Assume steering vectors Path loss in power h (k) `n u (k) `n 1/2 = (k) `n A(k) `n M u (k) `n Directivity gain at MS Unit steering vector for all LOS links asymptotically orthogonal Requires angles of arrival to have no overlap if using ULA at BSs NLOS paths the same channel structure as in microwave cases NLOS links potentially have more multi-path 29

SINR Convergence Results * T. Bai, R. W. Heath, Jr., Asymptotic coverage and rate analysis in massive MIMO cellular networks, to be submitted soon, prior version available on Arxiv 30

SINR Convergence Results Lemma 2 For a LOS link, h(k). h (k) `n `n p. /M! (k) `n A(k) `n * T. Bai, R. W. Heath, Jr., Asymptotic coverage and rate analysis in massive MIMO cellular networks, to be submitted soon, prior version available on Arxiv 30

SINR Convergence Results Lemma 2 For a LOS link, h(k). h (k) `n `n p. /M! (k) `n A(k) `n Lemma 3 For any two mmwave links, * T. Bai, R. W. Heath, Jr., Asymptotic coverage and rate analysis in massive MIMO cellular networks, to be submitted soon, prior version available on Arxiv 30

SINR Convergence Results Lemma 2 For a LOS link, h(k). h (k) `n `n p. /M! (k) `n A(k) `n Lemma 3 For any two mmwave links, Theorem 2 [Asymptotic mmwave DL SINR] The mmwave downlink SINR converges in distribution as! SINR DL d.! 2 (1) 00 A (1) 00 / X `6=0 (1) `0 A(1) `0! 2. * T. Bai, R. W. Heath, Jr., Asymptotic coverage and rate analysis in massive MIMO cellular networks, to be submitted soon, prior version available on Arxiv 30

SINR Convergence Results Lemma 2 For a LOS link, h(k). h (k) `n `n p. /M! (k) `n A(k) `n Lemma 3 For any two mmwave links, Theorem 2 [Asymptotic mmwave DL SINR] The mmwave downlink SINR converges in distribution as! SINR DL d.! 2 (1) 00 A (1) 00 / X `6=0 (1) `0 A(1) `0! 2. Asymptotic SINR different from microwave due to channel structure Effects of noise vanishes in mmwave massive networks Analytical expressions for asymptotic SINR distribution available* * T. Bai, R. W. Heath, Jr., Asymptotic coverage and rate analysis in massive MIMO cellular networks, to be submitted soon, prior version available on Arxiv 30

Simulations (1/2) Blockage model 1. LOS prob. 2. Avg. LOS range 200 meters 3. Avg. ISD: 200 meters 4. LOS path loss exponent: 2 5. NLOS exponent: 4! No MS beamforming SINR Coverage 1 0.9 0.8 0.7 0.6 0.5 Asymptotic 10 2 antennas 10 3 antennas Convergence to the asymptotic SINR in distribution 0.4 0.3 0.2 0.1 10 5 0 5 10 15 20 25 SINR Threshold in db 31

Simulations (2/2) Blockage model 1 1. LOS prob. 2. Avg. LOS range 100 meters 3. LOS path loss exponent: 2 4. NLOS exponent: 4 5. In outage if link > 300 m 0.9 0.8 0.7 MS beamforming improve SINR! mmwave MS beamforming: 1. 6 db gain 2. 90 degree beam width Coverage Probability 0.6 0.5 0.4 0.3 ISD 100 m ISD 200 m ISD 400 m ISD 200 400 m +MS BF gain 6 db Increasing BS density does not always increase SINR 0.2 as there are more LOS pilot contaminators 0.1 10 5 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 SINR threshold in db Asymptotic SINR 32

! Comparisons!

Asymptotic Coverage Comparison Blockage model 1. LOS prob. 2. Avg. LOS range 100 meters 3. LOS path loss exponent: 2 4. NLOS exponent: 4 5. Outage if > 300 m!!! Microwave path loss exponent: 4! mmwave MS beamforming: 1. 6 db gain 2. 90 degree beam width Coverage Probability 1 0.9 0.8 0.7 0.6 0.5 0.4 0.3 ISD 200 m +MS BF gain 6 db ISD 400 m+ MS BF gain 6 db ISD 600m +MS BF gain 6 db Microwave: ISD 1000 m mmwave is worse in low SINR if base stations are not dense enough 0.2 mmwave better in high SINR 0.1 10 5 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 SINR threshold in db 34

Coverage with Finite # of Antennas mmwave blockage model 1. LOS prob. 2. Avg. LOS range 100 meters 3. LOS path loss exponent: 2 4. NLOS exponent: 4! Mmwave 1. Avg. ISD: 200 meters 2. 4 users per cell 3. No MS beamforming!! Microwave 1. Avg. ISD 400 meters 2. 10 users per cell 3. path loss exponent: 4 SINR Coverage Probability 0.7 0.6 0.5 0.4 0.3 0.2 0.1 mmwave better than microwave, possibly due to assuming smaller # of users Gain from larger # of antennas 0 10 5 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 SINR threshold in db Microwave 64 antennas mmwave 16 antennas mmwave 128 antennas 35

Training Overhead BW (MHz) OFDM symbol time CP length Coherence time OFDM symbol# in a slot # of users per training symbol Microwave (2 GHz) 30 71.5 4.76 500 7 14 MmWave* (28 GHz) 500 4.16 0.46 35 8 7 Using OFDM symbol as training, max. # of simultaneous users** Given per user rate, cell throughput can be computed as Training overhead Overhead from CP * Z. Pi. F. Khan, "A millimeter-wave massive MIMO system for next generation mobile broadband," In proc. of Asilomar, Nov. 2012 ** T. L. Marzetta, Noncooperative cellular wireless with unlimited numbers of base station antennas, IEEE Trans. Wireless Commun., Nov., 2010. 36

Asymptotic Rate Comparison Spectrum efficiency (bps/hz) # of users/cell % useful BW Cell throughput (Mbps) ISD (m) Rate per area (Mbps/ km2) Micro SISO 2.0 1 30*93.4% 56.0 400 446 20x Micro Massive MIMO Micro Massive MIMO MmWave Massive MIMO 3.6 14 30*80.0% 1209.6 400 9626 3.6 14 30*80.0% 1209.6 200 38522 5.2 4 500*77.8% 8229.1 200 208450 4x 5x MmWave MS beamforming: 6 db gain with 90 degree beam width Asymptotic rate gain is substantial 37

Rate with Finite Antennas Spectrum efficiency (bps/hz) # of users/cell BW* Overhead(MHz ) Cell throughput (Mbps) ISD (m) Rate per area (Mbps/ km2) Micro SISO 2.0 1 30*93.4% 56.0 400 446 Micro 64 antennas Micro 64 antennas 1.2 10 30*80.0% 288.0 400 2292 1.2 10 30*80.0% 288.0 200 9172 10x 20x 4x 10x MmWave 16 antennas 2.2 4 500*77.8% 3388.1 200 107850 1.5x MmWave 128 antennas 3.0 4 500*77.8% 4260.5 200 147072 MmWave MS beamforming: 6 db gain with 90 degree beam width Still notably large gain with finite antennas 38

Massive MIMO Rates with Different User Numbers Micro 64 antennas Micro 64 antennas Micro 64 antennas Micro 64 antennas Spectrum efficiency (bps/hz) # of users/cell BW* Overhead(MHz) Cell throughput (Mbps) ISD (m) Rate per area (Mbps/ km2) 2.0 4 30*80.0% 192.0 400 1528 1.6 6 30*80.0% 230.4 400 2407 1.2 10 30*80.0% 288.0 400 2292 0.9 14 30*80.0% 302.4 400 2406 Micro 64 antennas 0.8 20 30*66.7% 320 400 2547 Micro 64 antennas 0.6 28 30*66.7% 336 400 2674 Micro 64 antennas 0.4 42 30*53.3% 269 400 2138 Cell throughput non-monotonic with user # 39

MmWave Massive MIMO Rates with Different User Numbers Spectrum efficiency (bps/hz) # of users/cell BW* Overhead(MHz) Cell throughput (Mbps) ISD (m) Rate per area (Mbps/ km2) MmWave 128 antennas 3.0 4 500*77.8% 4261 200 147072 MmWave 128 antennas 2.8 7 500*77.8% 6959 200 221510 MmWave 128 antennas 2.5 14 500*67.8% 11865 200 377670 MmWave MS beamforming: 6 db gain with 90 degree beam width Max. # of users limited by # of RF chains 40

Conclusion Go Massive at mmwave if network dense at lower frequencies if network sparse